scholarly journals Liming and electrochemical attributes of an oxisol under no tillage

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís Reynaldo Ferracciú Alleoni ◽  
Fernando César Bachiega Zambrosi ◽  
Silvino Guimarães Moreira ◽  
Luís Ignácio Prochnow ◽  
Volnei Pauletti
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Electric Potential ◽  
Salt Effect ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Full Rate ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
General Improvement

No tillage areas are increasing in Brazil especially due to a general improvement in water and nutrient availability to plants. Few results have reported the effect of liming on soil electrochemical attributes in areas under the no tillage system. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of liming (at the soil surface and incorporated to 0.2 m) on soil pH, point of zero salt effect (PZSE), electric potential, soil organic matter (SOM), and yield of soybean and corn, cultivated on an Typic Hapludox, submitted 12 years to no tillage. Rates of lime of 1/3, 2/3 and the total amount calculated for soil to reach a base saturation of 70 % (2.5 ton ha-1) were applied on soil surface. The full rate was also applied and incorporated to the 0.2 m depth. The effect of liming on PZSE was low due, most likely, to the low lime rates used in the experiment. SOM contents decreased as rates of applied lime increased, with the highest variation occurring between the control and the full rate of lime when incorporated. No clear effect of the lower values of SOM was observed in the PZSE values. The lack of interaction among lime rates and soil depth contributed for this situation, once the effect of SOM was diluted when considering the values of PZSE as the average for the soil layers (0-0.1; 0.1-0.2 and 0.2-0.3 m). There was no variation in the soil electric potential and in the yield of soybean and corn as a function of lime rates.

scholarly journals Abundance and diversity of soil arthropods and fungi in shelterbelts integrated with pastures in the central tablelands of New South Wales, Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 560-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.W. Mbuthia ◽  
J.H. Shariff ◽  
A. Raman ◽  
D.S. Hodgkins ◽  
H.I. Nicol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Soil Arthropods ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
The Relationship

Shelterbelts are important for the sustainability of agriculture because they provide a variety of benefits to farmers and the society. Several published papers demonstrate that integration of shelterbelts with agroecosystems offers positive outcomes, such as better yield, more congenial microclimate, and greater organic matter levels. Nonetheless, soil biological diversity, the driver of greater organic matter levels, has not been convincingly tested and verified yet. In addressing this gap, we measured abundance and diversity of populations of arthropods and fungi in three<br />11-year old shelterbelts integrated with pasture to determine whether a correlation exists between the abundance of and diversity in populations of arthropods and fungi in two seasons: late autumn-early winter (May&ndash;June 2011) and late winter-early spring (August&ndash;September 2011). Litter from the soil surface and soil from two depths were sampled at increasing distance from the midpoint of shelterbelts for the extraction of arthropods and isolation culturing of fungi. The relationship among distance, depth and biodiversity of different groups of arthropods and fungi was analysed using linear regression. We found that over both seasons arthropod abundance in the litter and soil declined with increasing distance from the midpoint of the shelterbelts, and with soil depth. However, fungi abundance in either season was not affected by proximity to the shelterbelt but increased with greater soil depth. Distance from the shelterbelt midpoints did not bear an impact on the diversity richness of both arthropods and fungi.

Effect of Tillage and Application Method on Corn (Zea mays) Response to Imidazolinone Residues in Soil

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen A. Renner ◽  
Oliver Schabenberger ◽  
James J. Kells
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Moldboard Plow

Field studies on a sandy loam soil determined the influence of application method and rate and subsequent tillage on corn response to imazaquin and imazethapyr residues remaining in the soil. Imazaquin was applied preplant incorporated (PPI) and preemergence (PRE) at 70, 140, and 280 g ai/ha and postemergence (POST) at 70 and 140 g/ha. Imazethapyr was applied PPI and PRE at 70, 105, and 140 g ai/ha and POST at 70 and 105 g/ha. Subsequent tillage included fall moldboard plowing followed by spring field cultivation, fall chisel plowing followed by spring field cultivation, and no tillage. Herbicide dissipation was determined by analyzing soil cores taken in the spring at the time of corn planting and by measuring corn height and grain yield. Imidazolinone residues were detected in only 1 of 2 yr. Imazaquin was detected more frequently than imazethapyr. Imazaquin concentrations in the upper 10 cm of soil 11 mo after a PPI application of 280 g/ha were 5, 6, and 7 ng/g of soil in moldboard plow, chisel, and no-tillage systems, respectively. Imazaquin (5 ng/g) was also detected in the 10–18-cm soil depth in the moldboard plow system. Corn height and grain yield were not reduced from imazaquin or imazethapyr, regardless of application method or rate in any tillage system.

scholarly journals Relationship between the mass of organic matter and carbon in soil

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silmara R. Bianchi ◽  
Mario Miyazawa ◽  
Edson L. de Oliveira ◽  
Marcos Antonio Pavan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Loss On Ignition ◽  
Oxidation Degree ◽  
Wide Range

The quantity of soil organic matter (SOM) was estimated through the determination of soil organic carbon (SOC) times a factor, which assumes that 58% of the SOM was formed by carbon. A number of soil samples with wide range of SOC content collected in the state of Paraná, Brazil were evaluated in the laboratory. SOC was measured by Walkley-Black method and the total SOM by loss on ignition. The SOC was positively correlated with SOM. The SOM/SOC ratio varied from 1.91 to 5.08 for the soils. It shows that Brazilian SOM has greater oxidation degree. Although, the SOM and SOC decreased with soil depth the SOM/SOC ratio increased. It showed that SOM in the subsoil contained more oxygen but less carbon than the SOM in the upper soil surface. The CEC/SOC also increased with depth indicating that the functional groups of the SOM increased per unity of carbon.

Sequestration of Organic Carbon Influenced by the Application of Straw Residue and Farmyard Manure in Two Different Soils

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Mahmoodabadi ◽  
Elina Heydarpour
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Uncultivated Soil

Abstract Soil organic carbon is one of the most important soil components, which acts as a sink for atmospheric CO2. This study focuses on the effect of different methods of organic matter application on the soil organic carbon sequestration in a 4-month experiment under controlled greenhouse conditions. Three rates of straw residue and farmyard manure were added to uncultivated and cropland soils. Two treatments of straw residue and farmyard manure incorporation were used into: a soil surface layer and 0-20 cm soil depth. The result showed that the application of organic matter, especially the farmyard manure incorporation led to a significant increase in the final soil organic carbon content. Higher amounts of soil organic carbon were stored in the cropland soil than in the uncultivated soil. On average, the soil surface layer treatment caused a higher sequestration of soil organic carbon compared to the whole soil depth treatment. If higher rates of organic matter were added to the soils, lower carbon sequestration was observed and vice versa. The result indicated that the carbon sequestration ranged farmyardmanure > strawresidue and cropland soil > uncultivated soil. The findings of this research revealed the necessity of paying more attention to the role of organic residue management in carbon sequestration and prevention of increasing global warming.

scholarly journals Structural changes and degradation of Red Latosols under different management systems for 20 years

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1293-1303 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Tavares Filho ◽  
Thadeu Rodrigues de Melo ◽  
Wesley Machado ◽  
Bruno Vieira Maciel
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Reference Area ◽  
Perennial Crop ◽  
Structural Units

Soils are the foundation of terrestrial ecosystems and their role in food production is fundamental, although physical degradation has been observed in recent years, caused by different cultural practices that modify structures and consequently the functioning of soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate possible structural changes and degradation in an Oxisol under different managements for 20 years: no-tillage cultivation with and without crop rotation, perennial crop and conventional tillage, plus a forested area (reference). Initially, the crop profile was described and subsequently, 10 samples per management system and forest soil were collected to quantify soil organic matter, flocculation degree, bulk density, and macroporosity. The results indicated structural changes down to a soil depth of 50 cm, with predominance of structural units ∆μ (intermediate compaction level) under perennial crop and no-tillage crop rotation, and of structural units ∆ (compacted) under conventional tillage and no-tillage. The soil was increasingly degraded in the increasing order: forest => no-tillage crop rotation => perennial crop => no-tillage without crop rotation => conventional tillage. In all managements, the values of organic matter and macroporosity were always below and bulk density always above those of the reference area (forest) and, under no-tillage crop rotation and perennial crop, the flocculation degree was proportionally equal to that of the reference area.

scholarly journals Soil compaction and cover with black oat on soybean grain yield in lowland under no-tillage system

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amauri Nelson Beutler ◽  
Alison Machado Fontinelli ◽  
Lucas Santos da Silva ◽  
Leandro Galon ◽  
Matheus Martins Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Surface Residue ◽  
Residue Removal ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Oat Straw ◽  
Winter Fallow

ABSTRACT: Brazil is the largest exporter and second largest producer of soybean grains. Most of this production is from plants grown under no-tillage system (NT). This research evaluated the effect of soil compaction, and different amounts of black oat residues on the soil surface on soybean growth and grain yield in lowland under NT. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with seven treatments and four replications, in the 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 crop seasons. The treatments consisted of: 1) winter fallow without soil compaction (WF); 2) winter fallow with soil compaction (WF-C); 3) black oats and complete removal of surface residues, with soil compaction (0R-C); 4) black oats and removal half of surface residues, with soil compaction (0.5R-C); 5) black oats without surface residue removal, with soil compaction (1R-C); 6) black oats without surface residue removal, plus the residues from treatment 3, with soil compaction (2R-C); 7) black oats without surface residue removal, without soil compaction (1R). When the soybean plants were at the phenological stage R2, they were evaluated nodule, root and shoot dry matter, nitrogen contents, plant height, and grain yield. The soil physical properties were evaluated in the 0.0-0.05, 0.10-0.15 and 0.20-0.25 m layers. The soybean aerial dry matter is > 38% in non-compacted soil in year with soil water excess, regardless of the amount of surface oat straw. In year with small water deficit, soil with more surface oat straw produced > 5% shoot dry matter and > 4% of soybean grain, regardless of compaction. The plant growth and grain yield soybean in lowland varied according to the water conditions, and were affected by soil compaction and amounts of black oats residues on soil surface.

scholarly journals Farm systems, soil chemical properties, and clay dispersion in watershed áreas

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Letícia Pit Nunes ◽  
Glassys Louise de Souza Cortez ◽  
Thadeu Rodrigues Melo ◽  
Alex Figueiredo ◽  
Cassio Alexandre Rolan Wandscheer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Conventional System ◽  
Clay Dispersion ◽  
Farm Systems ◽  
Tillage System

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different farm systems on clay dispersion and its relationship with soil chemical properties and the no-tillage system participatory quality index (IQP), in watershed areas in the west of the state of Paraná, Brazil. The farm systems evaluated were: no-tillage; no-tillage with crop succession; no-tillage with soil disturbance; and conventional system. In addition, the farm systems were evaluated for their IQP. Soil samples were collected at 0.0-0.20-m soil depth, in 40 agricultural areas and in 6 native forests considered as references. The degree of clay dispersion, total organic carbon, pH (CaCl2), exchangeable potassium (K+), available phosphorus (P), exchangeable calcium and magnesium (Ca2++Mg2+), and potential acidity (H+Al3+) were determined. A linear multiple regression model was fitted by the method of least squares. The averages of clay dispersion degree per watershed were compared at 5% probability. The farm systems were compared by Scott-Knott’s test. Soil chemical properties showed a higher influence on clay dispersion than the different farm systems assessed. The no-tillage system alone showed the highest content of organic carbon, which was similar to those of the native areas. The conventional system and the no-tillage system with soil disturbance showed a lower IQP and a higher degree of clay dispersion than the areas with the no-tillage system alone. The IQP allows distinguishing the conventional system from the no-tillage system.

scholarly journals KLASSIFIKASI BAHAN ORGANIK TANAH BUKIT PINANG-PINANG KAWASAN HUTAN HUJAN TROPIK GUNUNG GADUT PADANG

Jurnal Solum ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Yulnafatmawita Yulnafatmawita ◽  
Asmar Asmar ◽  
Mimien Harianti ◽  
Suci Betrianingrum
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Heavy Fraction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Mineral Particles ◽  
Very High

A research about soil organic matter (SOM) classification based on the density was conducted for soil in Bukik Pinang-Pinang region.  The objective of this research was to identify whether the SOM in Pinang-Pinang area, having very high annual rainfall, was mostly particulate or had been associated with mineral particles.  Soils were sampled at three different land use, forest, bush, and mixed wood land on 0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm soil depth.  Soil organic matter was classified into 2 classes, < 1.0 g cm-3 and ≥ 1.0 g cm-3 by using pure aquadest.  Total and fractionated SOM samples were analyzed by using Walkley and Black method in soil laboratory, Agriclculture College, Andalas University.  The result showed that, among the three land use surveyed, mixed wood land use gave the highest SOM, then followed by bush land.  Soil OM content in forest ecosystem was much lower than the other two land use for the whole depth.  Based on the density, SOM particulate was higher on the soil surface and decrease by depth in each land use.  Among the ecosystem, SOM under forest was less associated with soil particles than that under bush and mixed wood land. Key Words:  SOM-light fraction, SOM-heavy fraction, land use

scholarly journals Leaching of microplastics by preferential flow in earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) burrows

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miao Yu ◽  
Martine van der Ploeg ◽  
Esperanza Huerta Lwanga ◽  
Xiaomei Yang ◽  
Shaoliang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Groundwater Systems ◽  
Set Up

Environmental contextMicroplastics found in soil pose several potential environmental risks. This study shows that microplastics on the soil surface can be ingested by earthworms and transported to the lower soil layers. In this way, microplastics may enter the food chain and find their way into groundwater systems, especially in cases where the water table is shallow. AbstractIn the current study, we examine how the activities of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) affect microplastic (MP) distribution and concentration in soil, with a focus on low density polyethylene (LDPE). We also want to determine if MPs can be flushed out with water. We used a laboratory sandy soil column (polyvinyl chloride tube) experimental set-up and tested five different treatments: (1) treatment with just soil (control) to check if the saturated conductivity (Ksat) could be impacted by MP, (2) treatment with MP, (3) treatment with MP and litter, (4) treatment with earthworms and litter as a second control for treatment 5 and (5) treatment with MPs, earthworms and litter. Each treatment consisted of eight replicates. For the treatments with MP, the concentration of MP added at the start of the experiment was 7% by weight (3.97g, polyethylene, 50% 1mm–250µm, 30% 250µm–150µm and 20% &lt;150µm) based on 52.78g of dry litter from Populus nigra. In the treatments using earthworms, two adult earthworms, with an initial average weight of (7.14±0.26) g, were placed in each column. Results showed that LDPE particles could be introduced into the soil by the earthworms. MP particles were detected in each soil sample and within different soil layers for the earthworm treatments. Earthworms showed a tendency to transport the smaller MP particles and that the amount of MPs in size class &lt;250μm increased in soil samples with increasing soil depth in comparison to the other size classes. After leaching, MPs were only detected in the leachate from the treatments with the earthworms, and the MP had similar size distributions as the soil samples in the 40–50cm layer of the treatment with MP, earthworms and litter. The results of this study clearly show that biogenic activities can mobilise MP transport from the surface into the soil and even be leached into drainage. It is highly likely that biogenic activities constitute a potential pathway for MPs to be transported into soil and groundwater.

Spring- and Fall-Tillage System Effects on Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Emergence from a Coastal Plain Soil2

1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Chapin ◽  
J. S. Thomas ◽  
M. J. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Hessian Fly ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Primary Tillage ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Wheat Stubble ◽  
Southeastern Coastal Plain

Fall emergence of Hessian fly, (HF) Mayetiola destructor (Say), was measured from wheat stubble subjected to combinations of spring burning and tillage, and fall tillage in the South Carolina Coastal Plain. In a split-plot experiment, the main-plot effect was a spring treatment, consisting of either: no-tillage, burning, disking, burning and disking or bottom-plowing. The subplot effect was fall tillage (either disking or no-tillage). Among the spring treatments, burning alone gave no reduction in HF emergence. Spring disking reduced HF emergence 54%. Spring burning plus disking reduced emergence 70–96%. No emergence was detected from the bottom-plowed treatments. Fall disking reduced emergence 48–50% in plots that had no spring tillage. Plots disked in both the fall and spring had the same level of HF emergence as plots disked only in the spring or only in the fall. Fall disking greatly increased emergence (up to 23×) from plots where HF had been effectively buried in the spring (previously burned and disked). The disk harrow is the primary tillage implement in the southeastern Coastal Plain, and disking wheat stubble substantially reduced HF emergence. However, repetitive disking can be of limited value or detrimental, in reducing HF emergence from some Coastal Plain soils, in that previously buried puparia might be returned to the soil surface. There was no apparent effect of tillage on emergence timing.

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