scholarly journals Comparison of 15N isotope methods to determine the recovery efficiency of nitrogen from green manure

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ednaldo da Silva Araújo ◽  
Bárbara Fernanda da Silva ◽  
Emerson Dalla Chieza ◽  
Segundo Urquiaga ◽  
José Guilherme Marinho Guerra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Recovery Efficiency ◽  
Corn Plant ◽  
15N Isotope ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Jack Bean ◽  
Synthetic Fertilizer

Abstract: The objective of this work was to compare three methods of 15N isotope application to the soil in order to determine the recovery efficiency of nitrogen derived from green manure by corn (Zea mays). The used experimental design was a randomized complete block with six replicates. The treatments consisted of three 15N isotope methods: indirect method I, isotope dilution with 15N-labelled synthetic fertilizer applied through a small hole next to each corn plant; indirect method II, isotope dilution with 15N-labelled synthetic fertilizer spread in the furrow next to the corn planting row; and direct method, application of a legume straw as green manure, treated with 2.23% excess 15N. The green manure used was jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). Applying synthetic 15N to the soil (indirect methods I and II) did not interfere in the estimation of the recovery efficiency of N derived from green manure. The recovery efficiency of N from green manure was 17% for the indirect methods, overestimated when compared with that of 7% for the direct method. The direct method is the most adequate to determine the recovery efficiency of N from green manure.

scholarly journals The Preference of Direct or Indirect Methods in Preparing the Statement of Cash Flows in Decision Making: An Academic Perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 206
Author(s):  
Abdullah, S. Hardan ◽  
Majed, A. Qabajeh ◽  
Aymen, M. Alshanti
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Academic Rank ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Statement Of Cash Flows ◽  
Qualitative Characteristics ◽  
Academic Sector

Two methods are used when reporting cash flows from operating activities: the direct method or the indirect method, both are acceptable from IAS with a preference of direct method. Thus, this paper examines which method of reporting the statement of cash flows provides useful information the decision makers rely on for decision making purposes. To achieve this aim, participants were selected from academic sector represented by universities professors. The study is based on the conceptual framework: qualitative characteristics of accounting information. To be useful, information must be relevant and represents faithfully what it claims to represent. In order to distinguish more useful financial information from those less useful, enhancing qualitative characteristics were examined. Results show that academic professors provide support for direct method of reporting cash flows over indirect method. The study sought to determine the effect of academic rank on these results. Evidence reveals that full and associate professors endorsed the preference of direct method more than assistant professors and lecturers. These results recommend the legislative bodies and entities to adopt the direct method in preparation the statement of cash flows.

scholarly journals Estimating emission from gas power plant in palembang, indonesia using direct and indirect methods

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 02037
Author(s):  
Gabriel Andari Kristanto ◽  
Alditho Farrasi Anantoputra
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Emission Factor ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Total Particulate Matter ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Gas Power Plant ◽  
A Direct Method ◽  
Direct And Indirect Methods

Nowadays, almost every daily activity is supported by the availability of energy, especially electricity. As the Borang 60 MW Gas Power Plant in Palembang, Indonesia emits air pollutants such as SO2, NOx, CO, and total particulate matter (total PM), an emission inventory needs to be developed. Various methods can be used in the inventory of emissions; among others are a direct method based on direct measurement and an indirect method which involves the calculation of total emissions by emission factor. This study aims to estimate the emissions from the gas power plant in Palembang using direct and indirect methods and analyze the most suitable emission factor for Indonesian conditions. The comparison between emissions measured by direct and indirect methods found that the indirect method using the emission factor of AP-42 gives more accurate results for SO2 and NOx, whereas the total emission of CO is more accurately calculated based on the indirect method using the emission factor developed by Kurokawa et al. (2013); the median value of total PM is more accurately calculated based on the indirect method using the emission factor developed by the IPCC.

scholarly journals The usefulness of operating cash flow information: Does format matter?

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shadi Farshadfar
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Flow Information ◽  
Operating Cash Flow ◽  
Future Cash Flows ◽  
Direct And Indirect Methods ◽  
Level Analysis

This study investigates whether the direct method of presenting cash flows from operations is superior to the indirect method in its ability to forecast future cash flows. It also considers the effect of industry characteristics on the relative usefulness of direct and indirect methods of cash flow presentation. The study, which uses a sample of Australian firms, finds that both the direct and indirect methods improve the forecast of future cash flows. However, the indirect method of reporting cash flows from operations is more relevant than the direct method in predicting future cash flows. Evidence from the industry-level analysis overall reinforces the main results.

scholarly journals A Comparative Evaluation of the Marginal and Internal Fit of Laboratory-fabricated Monolithic Zirconia Crowns using Direct and Indirect Methods of Scanning: An in vitro Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
Kushal N Gandhi
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Zirconia Crowns ◽  
Monolithic Zirconia ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Internal Fit ◽  
Direct And Indirect Methods

ABSTRACT Aim To evaluate the marginal and internal fit of laboratoryfabricated monolithic zirconia crowns using direct and indirect methods of scanning. Materials and methods A stainless steel master model was selected, which included stainless steel die, outer cap, and inner cap. The study was divided into two groups. In group I, direct method of scanning was carried out in which the stainless steel die was scanned directly with chairside scanner, and in group II, impression of the stainless steel die was made and gypsum die was fabricated, which was then subjected to scanning. Zirconia blanks or blocks were milled, sintered, and polished to obtain 10 zirconia crowns of each group. Replica technique was used to evaluate fit of crowns by using light body as cement analog. The crowns were then sectioned, viewed under a stereomicroscope, and each predetermined region was measured and evaluated for marginal and internal fit. Results The descriptive statistics showed that the mean marginal fit for indirect method was higher compared with that for direct method. The results of paired-sample t-test revealed that mean marginal and internal fit for indirect method was on the upper side of the scale, whereas the mean for the direct method is on the lower side of the scale. Thus, the difference in the means of two methods was quite large and likely to be significant. Conclusion The results did show better marginal and internal fit in crowns fabricated by the direct method; however, the crowns fabricated by the indirect method had more discrepancy, but were in the clinically acceptable limit. Clinical significance The present study would serve as a useful guide in deciding which method of scanning would give a better marginal and internal fit of monolithic zirconia crowns for longevity of restorations. How to cite this article Gandhi KN, Ram SM. A Comparative Evaluation of the Marginal and Internal Fit of Laboratory-fabricated Monolithic Zirconia Crowns using Direct and Indirect Methods of Scanning: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent 2017;7(1):22-27.

scholarly journals Analisa Eisiensi Economizer Terhadap Boiler (Gas Dan Solar) Di PT. Spindo III, Tbk

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Finus Ainun ◽  
Jamaaluddin Jamaaluddin
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Pipe Production ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
A Direct Method ◽  
Galvanize Pipe ◽  
Boiler Feed Water

The role of boiler machines at PT. SPINDO in the galvanize pipe production process is very important, where the steam produced by the fire tube boiler machine is directly distributed into the blow system for the cleaning of the remaining galvanic in the pipe and heating the water for pipe washing. To determine the efficiency of the boiler, a direct method is used to analyze the efficiency of boiler machines and indirect methods as a way of calculating the amount of efficiency if an economizer is installed. The efficiency of diesel-fueled boilers using the direct method yields an average yield of 40.7% (forty point seven percent) and 45.84% (forty five point eighty four percent) for gas-fired boilers. However, by using an indirect method, efficiency if installed economizer is obtained at 85.55% (eighty five point fifty five percent) for diesel-fueled boilers with a capacity of 5 tons and 81.76% (eighty one point seventy six percent) of the efficiency of a gas-fired boiler with a capacity of 2 (two) tons. Efficiency improvements can also be done in many ways, including maintenance of a good and scheduled boiler machine for good boiler feed water treatment.  

scholarly journals KEANEKARAGAMAN HYMENOPTERA PARASITOID PADA PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT PTPN VIII CINDALI, BOGOR

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Ichsan Luqmana Indra Putra ◽  
Pudjianto . ◽  
Nina Maryana
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Oil Palm Plantation ◽  
Parasitic Hymenoptera ◽  
Sweep Net

Diversity of parasitic Hymenoptera in PTPN VIII oil palm plantation Cindali, Bogor. One group of important natural enemies in oil palm plantation is parasitic Hymenoptera. The purpose of this research is to know the diversity and fluctuation of parasitic Hymenoptera PTPN VIII Cindali oil palm plantation. This research was conducted in 6 blocks of oil palm in September 2014 – June 2015. There were 5 plots in every observation blocks 39.2 x 39.2 m in size, and used direct and indirect method. Direct method done by 5 plants in every plots was taken randomized to observed and taken the herbivore insects to reared until the parasitic Hymenoptera came out. Observation of cover crops conducted by 3 subplots determined diagonally in every plots 9.8 x 9.8 m in size and herbivore insects was observed and collected. Indirect methods used sweep net and yellow pan trap. The result of this research, 26 parasitic Hymenoptera families was found, with the Braconidae was the most morphospecies found and the most individual amount was Scelionidae. The abundance of parasitoid in every month fluctuated.

Indirect vs direct measurement of magnesium and zinc in erythrocytes.

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
P A Deuster ◽  
U H Trostmann ◽  
L L Bernier ◽  
E Dolev
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Zn Content

Abstract We evaluated three methods (two indirect and one direct) for determining the magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) content of erythrocytes, to compare methodologic differences and to establish a method suitable for use in field studies. For the indirect methods, erythrocytes in whole blood were lysed by adding either de-ionized water (I) or nitric acid, 2 mol/L (II). For the direct method (III), erythrocytes were isolated by density centrifugation, washed, then digested in concentrated HNO3. Mg and Zn concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in plasma and whole blood for the indirect methods, and in the pellet for the direct method. Hematocrit and hemoglobin were measured, and erythrocytes were sized and counted on all samples. Within-run CVs for the three methods ranged from 2.2% with method III for Mg to 5.4% with method I for Zn. CVs for reproducibility of the analytical procedures ranged from 2.6% with method II for Zn to 4.2% with method I for the two cations. Analytical recoveries of added Mg and Zn ranged from 93.8 to 104.7%. When values for the three methods were compared, those by method I were significantly (p less than 0.05) lower than those by methods II and III. Values obtained by method II were 100.1% for Mg and 102.4% for Zn of those by the direct method. Thus, the indirect method with 2 mol/L HNO3 lysing solution provides a reproducible, reliable, accurate, and simple technique for measuring Mg and Zn in erythrocytes.

scholarly journals Diurnal variation of leukocyte counts affects the indirect estimation of reference intervals

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antje Torge ◽  
Rainer Haeckel ◽  
Mustafa Özcürümez ◽  
Alexander Krebs ◽  
Ralf Junker
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Indirect Estimation ◽  
Late Afternoon ◽  
Reference Limits ◽  
Leukocyte Counts

Abstract It has been observed that the estimation of reference intervals of leukocytes in whole venous blood leads to higher upper reference limits (uRLs) with indirect methods than has been reported in the literature determined by direct approaches. This phenomenon was reinvestigated with a newer, more advanced indirect method, and could be confirmed. Furthermore, a diurnal variation was observed with lower values during the morning and higher values in the late afternoon and at night. This observation can explain why indirect approaches using samples collected during 24 h lead to higher uRLs than direct methods applied on samples collected presumably in the morning.

scholarly journals Теплоемкость и магнитокалорический эффект соединений LaFe-=SUB=-11.2-x-=/SUB=-Mn-=SUB=-x-=/SUB=-Co-=SUB=-0.7-=/SUB=-Si-=SUB=-1.1-=/SUB=- (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3)

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 752
Author(s):  
Н.З. Абдулкадирова ◽  
А.М. Алиев ◽  
А.Г. Гамзатов ◽  
P. Gebara
Keyword(s):  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Curie Temperature ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Magnetocaloric Effect ◽  
Intermetallic Compounds ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Capacity Data ◽  
Value Changes

The specific heat and magnetocaloric effect of the LaFe11.2-хMnxCo0.7Si1.1 intermetallic compounds (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) were measured in the temperature range 80–300 K and in magnetic fields up to 8 T. The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) was estimated using two methods: direct method in cyclic magnetic fields, as well as an indirect method from heat capacity data. It was shown that an increase in the concentration of Mn atoms leads to a shift in the Curie temperature of the TC toward lower temperatures, while the FM value changes slightly.

Flow Measurement to a Kaplan Turbine Using a Direct Method and an Indirect One

2016 ◽  
Vol 823 ◽  
pp. 361-366
Author(s):  
Ana Maria Budai ◽  
Adrian Cuzmos ◽  
Cristian Fanica ◽  
Damaschin Pepa ◽  
Cosmin Ursoniu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Measurement ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hydropower Plant ◽  
Kaplan Turbine ◽  
A Direct Method

The paper present two different methods for measuring flow in hydropower, one direct and one indirect method. The study consists in comparing the results obtained by measurements made by both methods in a Romanian hydropower plant. The indirect method used is the Winter-Kennedy method. The other method involves direct measurement of the flow rate of water using a specialized outfit in this.

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