scholarly journals As pesquisas de Newton sobre a luz: Uma visão histórica

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 4202-1-4202-32
Author(s):  
Roberto de Andrade Martins ◽  
Cibelle Celestino Silva
Keyword(s):  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Robert Hooke ◽  
Robert Boyle ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
Christiaan Huygens ◽  
René Descartes

Este artigo apresenta uma visão histórica geral sobre o desenvolvimento dos trabalhos de Isaac Newton a respeito da óptica, desde suas primeiras investigações em 1664 até o final de sua vida, quando publicou as várias edições de seu livro Opticks. Para permitir uma compreensão adequada do trabalho de Newton, são também apresentadas as contribuições de outros autores importantes do Século XVII, especialmente René Descartes, Walter Charleton, Robert Boyle, Robert Hooke e Christiaan Huygens. A análise dos trabalhos inéditos e publicados de Newton permite notar que ele jamais chegou a uma teoria definitiva a respeito da luz e das cores, adotando diversas hipóteses diferentes e mutuamente inconsistentes. O estudo aqui apresentado pode contribuir para complementar as visões simplificadas sobre a história da óptica e das contribuições de Newton sobre esse tema, bem como corrigir diversos equívocos presentes em obras didáticas e de divulgação científica sobre o assunto.

The Curious Eye

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Webster
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Human Vision ◽  
Francis Bacon ◽  
Robert Hooke ◽  
Robert Boyle ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
Johannes Kepler ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Historical Moment

The Curious Eye explores early modern debates over two related questions: what are the limits of human vision, and to what extent can these limits be overcome by technological enhancement? Today, in our everyday lives we rely on optical technology to provide us with information about visually remote spaces even as we question the efficacy and ethics of such pursuits. But the debates surrounding the subject of technologically mediated vision have their roots in a much older literary tradition in which the ability to see beyond the limits of natural human vision is associated with philosophical and spiritual insight as well as social and political control. The Curious Eye provides insight into the subject of optically mediated vision by returning to the literature of the seventeenth century, the historical moment in which human visual capacity in the West was first extended through the application of optical technologies to the eye. Bringing imaginative literary works by Francis Bacon, John Milton, Margaret Cavendish, and Aphra Behn together with optical and philosophical treatises by Johannes Kepler, René Descartes, Robert Hooke, Robert Boyle, and Isaac Newton, The Curious Eye explores the social and intellectual impact of the new optical technologies of the seventeenth century on its literature. At the same time, it demonstrates that social, political, and literary concerns are not peripheral to the optical science of the period but rather an integral part of it, the legacy of which we continue to experience.

The Symbol Master

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Integral Calculus ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
René Descartes

This chapter focuses on the symbols created by Gottfried Leibniz. Alert to the advantages of proper symbols, Leibniz worked them, altered them, and tossed them whenever he felt the looming possibility that some poorly devised symbol might someday unnecessarily complicate mathematical exposition. He foresaw how symbols for polynomials could not possibly continue into algebra's generalizations at the turn of the seventeenth century. He knew how inconvenient symbols trapped the advancement of algebra in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. By the last half of the seventeenth century, symbols were pervasive in mathematics manuscripts, largely due to Leibniz, along with others such as William Oughtred, René Descartes, and Isaac Newton. Among the more than 200 new symbols invented by Leibniz are his symbols for the differential and integral calculus.

Richard Baxter as Philosophical Theologian

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Sytsma
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Thomas Hobbes ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Robert Boyle ◽  
Mechanical Philosophy ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
Pierre Gassendi ◽  
The Way

This chapter argues for Baxter’s importance as a theologian engaged with philosophy. Although Baxter is largely known today as a practical theologian, he also excelled in knowledge of the scholastics and was known in the seventeenth century also for his scholastic theology. He followed philosophical trends closely, was connected with many people involved in mechanical philosophy, and responded directly to the ideas of René Descartes, Pierre Gassendi, Robert Boyle, Thomas Willis, Thomas Hobbes, and Benedict de Spinoza. As a leading Puritan and nonconformist, his views are especially relevant to the question of the relation of the Puritan tradition to the beginnings of modern science and philosophy. The chapter introduces the way in which “mechanical philosophy” will be used, and concludes with a brief synopsis of the argument of the book.

The Libraries of Newton, Hooke and Boyle

1966 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-55 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Scientific Theories ◽  
Robert Hooke ◽  
Sir Isaac Newton ◽  
Robert Boyle ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

The demand and search for the scientific literature of the past has grown enormously in the last twenty years. In an age as conscious as ours of the significance of science to mankind, some scientists naturally turned their thoughts to the origins of science as we know it, how scientific theories grew and how discoveries were made. Both institutions and individual scientists partake in these interests and form collections of books necessary for their study. How did their predecessors fare in this respect? They, of course, formed their libraries at a time when books were easy to find—and cheap. But what did they select for their particular reading? For example, what did the libraries of the three greatest scientists of the seventeenth century, Sir Isaac Newton, Robert Hooke and Robert Boyle, look like? Fortunately in the case of Newton, the history of his books is now fairly clear, thanks to the devoted labours of Colonel R . de Villamil (i), but it is a sad reflection on our attitude to our great intellectual leaders that this library o f the greatest English scientist, whose work changed the world for hundreds of years, was not taken care of, was, in fact, forgotten and at times entirely neglected.

scholarly journals O anímico mecânico e o visível orgânico: a moderna abordagem do ser vivo no mecanicismo e na história natural

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-157
Author(s):  
Adriano Perin ◽  
Erica Mastella Benincá ◽  
Mariana Nunes Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Robert Boyle ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
Historia Natural

Este artigo aborda a consideração dos seres vivos pelos teóricos do mecanicismo e da história natural, com o objetivo de esclarecer os precedentes da autonomia científica posteriormente concedida à biologia. A primeira seção pondera sobre a abordagem mecanicista, quanto à sua substituição moderna da teoria animista e às suas especificações no pensamento de René Descartes (1596-1650) e Robert Boyle (1627-1691). A segunda seção toma em apreço a metodologia de observação do visível levada a cabo pelos teóricos da História natural, quanto aos elementos que possibilitaram o seu surgimento, à sua estru-tura, ao seu caráter observacional assistemático e ao seu método específico. A conclusão apresentada é a de que as abordagens de mecânica e observacional dos seres vivos nos séculos XVII e XVIII contribuíram para a posterior constituição da biologia como campo de estudo.

scholarly journals PAPPUS DE ALEXANDRIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (20) ◽  
pp. 08-17
Author(s):  
Lucicleia Chagas Magno ◽  
Miguel Chaquiam ◽  
Ruan Wenderson De Oliveira Sousa ◽  
Ruan Wenderson De Oliveira Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Blaise Pascal ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
René Descartes

Este trabalho tem como objetivo presentar vida e obra de Pappus de Alexandria, com destaque em seu teorema, e teve como base a seguinte questão de pesquisa: Qual a contribuição de Pappus de Alexandria à Matemática? Os caminhos foram percorridos tensdo como objetivo apresentar vida e obra de Pappus de Alexandria, com destaque em seu teorema. Neste sentido, a pesquisa, de cunho qualitativo, foi amparada em métodos bibliográficos, durante a qual foram revisados estudos de Chaquiam, (2017); Chaves (2013); Estrada, Sá et al (2000); Gillispie e Pereira (2007); Garnica e Souza (2012); Jones (s/d); Miguel e Miorim, (2002) e Roque (2012). Desse modo, com a execução dessa pesquisa foi possível observar que os trabalhos produzidos por Pappus de Alexandria, apresentam grandes contribuições à Matemática, em particular á Geometria, e também, a outras áreas de conhecimento, como na geografia, música, hidrostática, alquimia e na astronomia, além disso, sua principal obra, a Coletânea, e seu famoso teorema serviram como fonte de informação e inspiração para outros matemáticos, os quais contribuíram para a construção e aprimoramento de novos conhecimentos matemáticos, dentre eles, podemos citar René Descartes, Pierre de Fermat, Blaise Pascal, Isaac Newton e G. W Leibniz. Por conseguinte, percebeu-se que a História da Matemática é um ramo que estuda a evolução dos conteúdos matemáticos dentro do processo histórico-cultural, sendo um importante instrumento para o ensino de Matemática, principalmente, para a construção de conceitos, por isso torna-se essencial, também, o estudo e a utilização de biografias de personagens que contribuíram de alguma forma á Matemática, além de ser uma forma interessante de despertar o interesse dos estudantes pela Matemática e pela História da Matemática e, muito mais, fazer uso da história da matemática como recurso didático no processo de ensino e aprendizagem da matemática.

Physics and Metaphysics in Descartes and Newton

2019 ◽  
pp. 803-815
Author(s):  
Andrew Janiak
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Space Time ◽  
First Line ◽  
Unpublished Manuscript ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
Time And Motion ◽  
René Descartes

Isaac Newton had a vexed relationship with his most important immediate predecessor in mathematics and philosophy, René Descartes. He was typically loath to admit the importance of Cartesian ideas for the development of his own thinking in mathematics and natural philosophy. For this reason, generations of students and scholars relying on Newton’s published work had little inkling of Descartes’s significance. This unfortunate fact was compounded by the tendency of philosophers to focus on the Meditations or the Regulae in their scholarship, for it was Descartes’s Principles above all that influenced Newton’s thinking as a young man. With the discovery of a previously unpublished manuscript amongst Newton’s papers by two famous historians of science in the middle of the twentieth century, everything changed. The manuscript, now known as De Gravitatione after its first line, illustrates the astonishing care with which Newton read the Principles, focusing his critical acumen on Descartes’s understanding of space, time, and motion. These criticisms of Descartes, in turn, shine light on otherwise opaque passages in Newton’s most significant published discussion of space, time, and motion, the Scholium in Principia mathematica. Indeed, the very title of the latter work represents both an homage to, and a swipe at, Descartes’s work: Newton would offer mathematical principles of natural philosophy to replace Descartes’s qualitative account. It is not a stretch to say that Newton saw further because he stood on Descartes’s shoulders, even if he wouldn’t admit it publicly.

Creating Science: The Royal Society and the New Literatures of Science

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret J. M. Ezell
Keyword(s):  
Direct Observation ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Scientific Instruments ◽  
Robert Hooke ◽  
Robert Boyle ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
Language Of Science ◽  
John Wilkins ◽  
Thomas Sprat

An overview of the founding of the Royal Society of London and early members, including Robert Hooke, Isaac Newton, John Wilkins, Robert Boyle, and Henry Oldenburg, who first published the Philosophical Transactions. In addition to the creation and improvement of scientific instruments, including microscopes and telescopes, as recorded by their historian Thomas Sprat, the members of the Royal Society wished to create a language of science free from distorting images and metaphor and to base science on empirical experiments and direct observation. Although challenged by many for promoting an atheist understanding of the natural world, members such as Robert Boyle defended science as complementary with theology. The Society promoted publications and established networks of scientific correspondence to include members outside London and on the Continent.

The library of the Rev. John Flamsteed, F. R. S., first astronomer royal

1973 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-143 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Robert Boyle ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
Religious Nature

The major sources from which this author index of the books in John Flamsteed’s private library prior to 1685 (I) has been compiled, are two inventories drawn up in his own hand on 4 January 1676/7 and 6 March 1683/4 respectively (2). The earlier document, containing 139 items, begins by listing books which may be broadly classified as mathematical in character (covering subjects like astronomy, horology, optics, etc.). Others grouped under ‘Philosophy: & others y t Arte’, although including the natural philosophies of Rene Descartes and Robert Boyle, are generally of a religious nature. The remainder are standard works by popular classical authors and several astronomical ephemerides. The fact that only nineteen titles are cited under a final sub-heading ‘86 alia’ suggests that Flamsteed did not finish his task, and that his library then comprised well over 200 volumes. No fewer than 92 new titles appear in the later list of 149 items; but it is impossible to determine which (and how many) of those were acquired during the intervening seven years, particularly from 1681 to 1684 while Flamsteed was giving the Gresham College lectures in Astronomy.

scholarly journals Presentación del editor invitado Reflexiones filosóficas sobre el color

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Luis Xavier López Farjeat
Keyword(s):  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Arthur Schopenhauer ◽  
Thomas Reid ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
Siglo Xx

¿Qué es el color? Muchos físicos, químicos y filósofos han tratado de responder. Y posiblemente todos tengan algo de razón. Sin embargo, cada teoría, cada filosofía del color, arroja nuevas interrogantes y plantea dificultades. En este volumen hemos querido abordar el problema del color o de la percepción del color bajo la óptica de pensadores cuyas aportaciones en esta materia han sido poco exploradas: Teofrasto, René Descartes, Isaac Newton, Thomas Reid, Arthur Schopenhauer y algunos fenomenólogos del siglo xx, como Wilhelm Schapp o Adolf Reinach —por mencionar tan sólo dos de los muchos nombres que aparecen en el agudo análisis elaborado por Alejandro Vigo sobre filósofos pertenecientes a la tradición husserliana y post-husserliana.

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