scholarly journals Reversible dementia due to Neurocysticercosis: improvement of the racemose type with antihistamines

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
Gislaine Cristina Lopes Machado-Porto ◽  
Leandro Tavares Lucato ◽  
Fábio Henrique de Gobbi Porto ◽  
Evandro Cesar de Souza ◽  
Ricardo Nitrini
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Imaging Findings ◽  
Human Central Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Morbidity ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Subarachnoid Spaces

Infection of the human central nervous system (CNS) by the larvae of Taenia solium, termed neurocysticercosis (NCC), is endemic in most developing countries, where it is a major cause of acquired seizures and other neurological morbidity, including neuropsychiatric symptoms. However, despite its frequent manifestation, some findings, such as cognitive impairment and dementia, remain poorly understood. Less commonly, NCC may affect the ventricular system and subarachnoid spaces and this form is known as extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis. A particular presentation of the subarachnoid form is called racemose cysticercosis, which has a progressive pattern, frequently leads to hydrocephalus and can be life-threatening. Here we review a case of the racemose variety of cysticercosis, complicated by hydrocephalus and reversible dementia, with remission of symptoms after derivation and that remained stable with use of dexchlorpheniramine. We discuss the challenges in diagnosis, imaging findings, treatment and follow-up of this disease.

scholarly journals Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for clinical diagnosis of neurocysticercosis in symptomatic patients

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 647-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reynaldo Mendes de Carvalho Junior ◽  
Dorcas Lamounier Costa ◽  
Savyo Carvalho Soares ◽  
Carlos Henrique Nery Costa
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Cerebral Spinal Fluid ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Parasitic Disease ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Human Central Nervous System ◽  
Elisa Kit

INTRODUCTION: Neurocysticercosis is an infection of the human central nervous system caused by the metacestode larvae of Taenia solium. Neurocysticercosis is the most common parasitic disease in developing countries. Epilepsy is the most common clinical manifestation. Difficulties in confirming the diagnosis motivated the evaluation of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). METHODS: Twenty-two patients with NCC and 44 control patients were studied. CSF was analyzed using a commercial ELISA kit developed for NCC. Sensitivity and specificity were measured and a multivariate logistic regression was performed. RESULTS: Sensitivity and specificity of ELISA were 31.8% and 100%, respectively, with accuracy of 77.3%. Only the size of the lesions proved to be important for performance of the test. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that ELISA contributes to the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis if the result is negative or if the patient has a lesion of 2 cm or more.

Unilateral Neuroimaging Findings in Pediatric Craniofacial Scleroderma: Parry-Romberg Syndrome and En Coup de Sabre

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 753-762
Author(s):  
Ronald R. Seese ◽  
Daniel Glaser ◽  
Andre Furtado ◽  
Kavita Thakkar ◽  
Kathryn S. Torok
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Localized Scleroderma ◽  
Imaging Findings ◽  
History Of ◽  
Parry Romberg Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Associations

Objective: Parry-Romberg syndrome (PRS) and en coup de sabre (ECDS) are subtypes of craniofacial localized scleroderma. Systematic analyses of central nervous system imaging findings and their clinical associations in children are lacking. Here, we aim to characterize neuroimaging findings and associated neurological symptoms in these conditions. Methods: Neuroimaging and neurological symptoms of children evaluated at our institution with a diagnosis of PRS or ECDS were retrospectively reviewed. Laterality, location, stability, and number of lesion(s) were evaluated, as was the presence of susceptibility lesion(s) and contrast enhancement. History of seizures or headaches was noted. Results: From 2003 to 2019, 80 patients with PRS or ECDS were followed at our institution. Neuroimaging was completed in 73 and found to be abnormal in 25. In 12 (48%) of these 25 cases, headaches and/or seizures were present. In the vast majority of these cases (22/25, 88%), lesions were ipsilateral to skin findings. White matter was involved in 19 (76%) patients. MRI abnormalities preceded a rheumatological diagnosis in 7 (28%). Susceptibility lesions were noted in 11 (44%), and 8 (73%) of these patients endorsed a history of headaches. Most lesions were in the supratentorial compartment, did not enhance, and were stable at 1-year follow up imaging. Of those with progression, susceptibility findings were present at baseline. Conclusions: Neuroimaging findings in pediatric PRS and ECDS are often supratentorial, stable, unilateral, and ipsilateral to skin findings, and they can precede cutaneous findings.

scholarly journals Large Cysticercus in the Cerebellopontine Angle: Case Report

2017 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 147-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sushil Kumar ◽  
Amit Garg ◽  
Amit Handa
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Cerebellopontine Angle ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Large Cyst ◽  
The Central Nervous System

AbstractNeurocysticercosis is an infection of the central nervous system caused by larvae of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium. We report a case of large cyst in the cerebellopontine angle that increased in size under observation and surgery revealed it to be cysticercus. It was removed in toto and patient improved on follow-up.

Cysticercosis

2010 ◽  
pp. 1193-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector H. Garcia ◽  
Robert H. Gilman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Human Central Nervous System ◽  
Helminthic Infection

Cysticercosis, infection by larvae of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium (see Chapter 7.10.2), is the commonest helminthic infection of the human central nervous system. It accounts for up to 30% of all seizures and epilepsy in endemic countries, and travel and immigration now lead to its more frequent presentation in industrialized countries....

scholarly journals False-positive magnetic resonance imaging findings in follow-up of pediatric patients with tumors of the central nervous system

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 2050313X1666623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satiro Nakamura De Oliveira ◽  
Ignacio Gonzalez-Gomez ◽  
Ashok Panigrahy ◽  
Mark Krieger ◽  
Gordon McComb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Imaging Findings ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Neurocysticercosis: A rare disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 286-291
Author(s):  
Diya Wilson ◽  
Khayati Moudgil
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Central Nervous System Infection ◽  
Neglected Tropical Disease ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Neurological Morbidity ◽  
Significant Burden ◽  
Acquired Epilepsy

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a rare central nervous system infection that is preventable and is caused by the Taenia solium tapeworm larval stage. This disorder is the world’s most common cause of acquired epilepsy and a significant cause of neurological morbidity. This disease is pleomorphic due to several complex factors such as cysticerci characteristics, stages of development, and many more which leads to difficulties in inaccurate diagnosis and adequate stage-wise care. The introduction of cystidical medications, however, has led to a stronger prognosis of NCC-affected patients with an increase in the patient’s clinical course of the disease. After diagnosis most seizure patients do not experience epilepsy. Since Neurocysticercosis remains a neglected tropical disease, the management, and prevention of T. so ilium transmission and strategies for eradicating NCC from endemic areas should be highlighted and prioritized in global healthcare to minimize the significant burden on healthcare and the economy.

Sex Differences in Cognition

2019 ◽  
pp. 41-66
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Hampson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Spatial Cognition ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Human Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Organizational and activational effects of sex steroids were first discovered in laboratory animals, but these concepts extend to hormonal actions in the human central nervous system. This chapter begins with a brief overview of how sex steroids act in the brain and how the organizational-activational hypothesis originated in the field of endocrinology. It then reviews common methods used to study these effects in humans. Interestingly, certain cognitive functions appear to be subject to modification by sex steroids, and these endocrine influences may help explain the sex differences often seen in these functions. The chapter considers spatial cognition as a representative example because the spatial family of functions has received the most study by researchers interested in the biological roots of sex differences in cognition. The chapter reviews evidence that supports an influence of both androgens and estrogens on spatial functions, and concludes with a glimpse of where the field is headed.

scholarly journals High-grade astrocytoma with piloid features (HGAP): the Charité experience with a new central nervous system tumor entity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Bender ◽  
Eilís Perez ◽  
Mihaela Chirica ◽  
Julia Onken ◽  
Johannes Kahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
World Health ◽  
Central Nervous System Tumor ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
High Grade Astrocytoma ◽  
Tumor Entity

Abstract Purpose High-grade astrocytoma with piloid features (HGAP) is a recently described brain tumor entity defined by a specific DNA methylation profile. HGAP has been proposed to be integrated in the upcoming World Health Organization classification of central nervous system tumors expected in 2021. In this series, we present the first single-center experience with this new entity. Methods During 2017 and 2020, six HGAP were identified. Clinical course, surgical procedure, histopathology, genome-wide DNA methylation analysis, imaging, and adjuvant therapy were collected. Results Tumors were localized in the brain stem (n = 1), cerebellar peduncle (n = 1), diencephalon (n = 1), mesencephalon (n = 1), cerebrum (n = 1) and the thoracic spinal cord (n = 2). The lesions typically presented as T1w hypo- to isointense and T2w hyperintense with inhomogeneous contrast enhancement on MRI. All patients underwent initial surgical intervention. Three patients received adjuvant radiochemotherapy, and one patient adjuvant radiotherapy alone. Four patients died of disease, with an overall survival of 1.8, 9.1, 14.8 and 18.1 months. One patient was alive at the time of last follow-up, 14.6 months after surgery, and one patient was lost to follow-up. Apart from one tumor, the lesions did not present with high grade histology, however patients showed poor clinical outcomes. Conclusions Here, we provide detailed clinical, neuroradiological, histological, and molecular pathological information which might aid in clinical decision making until larger case series are published. With the exception of one case, the tumors did not present with high-grade histology but patients still showed short intervals between diagnosis and tumor progression or death even after extensive multimodal therapy.

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