Active surveillance of canine visceral leishmaniasis and american trypanossomiasis in rural dogs from non endemic area

The canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) and american trypanosomiasis are important zoonoses in public health and dogs are the main domestic reservoir of the parasite for humans. The goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence of circulating antibodies anti-Trypanosoma cruzi and anti-Leishmania sp. in sera of dogs from the rural area of Botucatu, SP, Brazil. During the annual vaccination campaign against canine rabies in rural area, 689 blood samples were taken and processed by indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. The serological tests revealed the absence of antibodies anti-Leishmania spp., but anti-T. cruzi antibodies were detected in 3 (0.4%) dogs.

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Occurrence of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Phlebotominae) and canine visceral leishmaniasis in a rural area of Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612014087 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 456-462 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Julio Cesar Pereira Spada ◽

Diogo Tiago da Silva ◽

Kennya Rozy Real Martins ◽

Lílian Aparecida Colebrusco Rodas ◽

Maria Luana Alves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Rural Area ◽

Antibody Test ◽

Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽

Climatic Data ◽

Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Relative Air Humidity ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

One Year

This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Lutzomyia longipalpis and also the canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in a rural area of Ilha Solteira, state of São Paulo. Blood samples were collected from 32 dogs from different rural properties (small farms) and were analyzed by ELISA and the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) in order to diagnose CVL. From these serological tests, 31.25% of the dogs were positive for CVL and these were distributed in 66.7% (8/12) of the rural properties, which were positive for L. longipalpis. CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) light traps were installed in 12 properties (one per property) and insects were caught on three consecutive days per month for one year. L. longipalpis was present on 100% of the rural properties visited, at least once during the twelve-month interval, totaling 64 males and 25 females. The insects were more numerous after the peak of the rain, but the association between prevalence of peridomestic vectors and the climatic data (precipitation, relative air humidity and temperature) and the occurrences of CVL among dogs on each rural property were not statistical significant (p <0.05). However, the occurrence of CVL cases in dogs and the presence of L. longipalpis indicate that more attention is necessairy for the control of this disease in the rural area studied.

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Serodiagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Northeastern Italy: Evaluation of Seven Serological Tests

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8121847 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 1847

Author(s):

Margherita Ortalli ◽

Daniele Lorrai ◽

Paolo Gaibani ◽

Giada Rossini ◽

Caterina Vocale ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Western Blot ◽

Rapid Test ◽

Antibody Test ◽

Screening Tests ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Northeastern Italy ◽

Indirect Immunofluorescent ◽

Immunofluorescent Antibody Test

This study compares the performance of seven assays, including two ELISA (Leishmania ELISA IgG + IgM, Vircell Microbiologists; Leishmania infantum IgG ELISA, NovaTec), three rK39-based immunochromatographic tests (rK39-ICTs) (Leishmania Dipstick Rapydtest, Apacor; On Site Leishmania IgG/IgM Combo Rapid Test, CTK Biotech; LEISHMANIA Strip quick Test, Cypress Diagnostic), one indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) (Leishmania-Spot IF, BioMérieux), and one western blot (WB) (Leishmania WESTERN BLOT IgG, LDBio Diagnostics) for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Serum samples from 27 VL patients living in northeastern Italy were analyzed, as well as the serum samples from 50 individuals in whom VL diagnosis was excluded. The WB and the IFAT had 96% sensitivity, followed by the ELISA (63% and 74%, respectively). The rK39-ICT exhibited the worst performance among the serological tests, with sensitivities ranging from 52% to 70%. By combining selected ELISA/ICT, the sensitivity of VL detection reached 89%. IFAT and WB outperformed ELISA and rK39-ICT by possessing optimal sensitivity, but their high cost and complexity of execution would not allow their employment as screening tests. In conclusion, the combination of easy-to-perform tests, such as ICT and ELISA, could improve sensitivity in the serodiagnosis of Mediterranean VL.

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PARTICIPATION OF TICKS IN THE INFECTIOUS CYCLE OF CANINE VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS, IN TERESINA, PIAUÍ, BRAZIL

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo ◽

10.1590/s0036-46652014000400005 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 297-300 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

José Henrique Furtado Campos ◽

Francisco Assis Lima Costa

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Bone Marrow Aspiration ◽

Antibody Test ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Positive Skin ◽

Leishmania Spp ◽

The City ◽

Infectious Cycle ◽

Immunofluorescence Antibody Test

In this study, we detected Leishmania spp. infection in R. sanguineus collected from dogs that were naturally infected with L. (L.) infantum. We examined 35 dogs of both sexes and unknown ages. The infected dogs were serologically positive by the immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Quick Test-DPP (Dual Path Platform), as well as parasitological examination of a positive skin biopsy or sternal bone marrow aspiration. Ten negative dogs were included as controls. The ticks that infested these dogs were collected in pools of 10 adult females per animal. The PCR was performed with specific primers for Leishmania spp., which amplified a 720-bp fragment. Of the 35 analyzed samples, a product was observed in eight samples (8/35; 22.9%). We conclude that the presence of parasite DNA suggests that ticks participate in the zoonotic cycle of canine visceral leishmaniasis, in the city of Teresina, Piauí.

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Canine visceral leishmaniasis in Londrina, Paraná - investigation and case report

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n3p1371 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 1371

Author(s):

Eloiza Teles Caldart ◽

Cínthia Peres Camilo ◽

Jéssica Regina Moreira ◽

Andressa Maria Rorato Nascimento de Matos ◽

Fernanda Pinto Ferreira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Present Report ◽

Northern Region ◽

Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽

Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Mild Anemia ◽

Severe Clinical Picture ◽

Search For Information

Dogs are considered the main reservoirs of visceral leishmaniasis for humans, which also present a chronic and severe clinical picture when affected. The objective of the present report was to describe a canine visceral leishmaniasis case diagnosed in Londrina, an indene city, and its investigation. A street animal with extensive dermatological lesions, onychogryphosis, mild anemia and leukopenia was attended at a veterinary hospital in Londrina, where positivity was reported for Leishmania spp. in serological tests. Cytology was positive in bone marrow, PCR and parasite culture were positive in skin, spleen, liver, lymph node and bone marrow, and DNA sequencing confirmed the species of the parasite as L. (L.) infantum. The official diagnosis was made by the Central Laboratory of Paraná (LACEN), and through an official report, an investigation of the case was started for the confirmation of autochthony. An active search for the vector and other canine cases in the neighborhood was carried out along with a search for information on the origin of the animal in question. However, the species, Lutzomyia longipalpis, new canine cases, or origin of the sick animal were not identified. Although, the present case cannot be confirmed as autochthonous, we suggest that it is necessary to disseminate the present report to serve as a warning to veterinarians and other public health professionals in the northern region of Paraná to be attentive to suspicious cases and to not fail to investigate these cases to the end.

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Canine Leishmaniasis: Serological Results in Private and Kennel Dogs Tested over a Six-Year Period (2009–2014) in Abruzzo and Molise Regions, Italy

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8121915 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 1915

Author(s):

Fabrizio De Massis ◽

Carla Ippoliti ◽

Simona Iannetti ◽

Manuela Tittarelli ◽

Sandro Pelini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fluorescent Antibody ◽

Antibody Test ◽

Information Management System ◽

Canine Leishmaniasis ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Leishmania Spp ◽

Molise Region ◽

Favorable Conditions ◽

Laboratory Information Management

This paper reports the results of serological tests for the detection of antibodies against Leishmania spp. in Abruzzo and Molise regions from 2009 to 2014, with the aim of evaluating the presence and distribution of canine leishmaniasis. Data were extracted from the Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) of the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Abruzzo and Molise, and then the dog identification numbers were matched with those stored in the Canine Registries of the two regions to get information about the age of dogs at time of testing. Dogs were considered positive when having an IFAT (Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test) titer ≥1:80. In total, 41,631 dogs were tested, 85.3% from Abruzzo and 14.7% from Molise. At the provincial level, the percentage of positive dogs ranged from 5.2% (L’Aquila, Abruzzo region) to 21.8% (Campobasso, Molise region). Findings are consistent with the hypothesis that in the coastal areas, the relationships between the host, the vector, and the agent are more favorable for the spreading of CanL, and it seems that densely populated urban internal areas have less favorable conditions. Being a dog hosted in a kennel seems not to be a factor increasing the probability that dogs show positivity, even in long-term sheltering conditions.

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Canine visceral leishmaniasis: perception, prevalence, and spatial distribution in municipality of Nossa Senhora do Livramento, Mato Grosso, Brazil

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612020017 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Matheus Roberto Carvalho ◽

Álvaro Felipe de Lima Ruy Dias ◽

Arleana do Bom Parto Ferreira de Almeida ◽

Mário Ribeiro Alves ◽

Adilson Santos Paes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Rapid Test ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Spatially Distributed ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Leishmania Spp

Abstract The midwest region of Brazil has witnessed an increase in the number of cases of human (HVL) and canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the population’s perception of these diseases, factors associated with CVL, its spatial distribution, and the prevalence of anti-Leishmania spp. in 385 dogs, determined using a commercially available immunochromatographic rapid test and confirmed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Of the 385 samples, 54 were positive for CVL and confirmed by ELISA, corresponding to a prevalence of 14%. Knowledge of signs of CVL by tutors (p = 0.038); previous occurrence of CVL in the vicinity (p = 0.022); symptomatic dog(s) (p = 0.014), splenomegaly (p = 0.055), and ear ulcer(s) (p = 0.059) were significantly associated with CVL. The results revealed a significant prevalence of CVL spatially distributed in rural and urban contexts. The association between environmentally related variables and perception and the occurrence of CVL underscores the importance of implementing control and prevention strategies primarily focused on environmental management and health education activities.

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Canine visceral leishmaniasis: study of methods for the detection of IgG in serum and eluate samples

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo ◽

10.1590/s0036-46652010000400005 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 193-196 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Fabiano B. Figueiredo ◽

Maria F. Madeira ◽

Lílian D. Nascimento ◽

Tuanne R. Abrantes ◽

Eliame Mouta-confort ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Filter Paper ◽

Rio De Janeiro ◽

Serological Test ◽

Fluorescent Antibody ◽

Antibody Test ◽

Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Leishmania Chagasi ◽

Blood Samples ◽

One Year

The Brazilian Ministry of Health recommends the culling and euthanasia of dogs with a positive serological test for canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). In the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro, the technique used for the diagnosis of CVL is the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), using blood samples eluted on filter paper (eluate). A dog survey was conducted over a period of one year in the region of Carapiá, in order to evaluate the diagnosis of CVL in this region. All animals underwent clinical examination, and blood samples (serum and eluate) were collected for analysis by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) and IFAT. A skin biopsy was obtained for parasitological examination (culture). A total of 305 animals were studied and Leishmania chagasi was isolated from nine animals. Sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 96.6% for ELISA, respectively, 100% and 65.5% for IFAT (cut-off at a 1:40 dilution), 100% and 83.4% for IFAT (cut-off at a 1:80 dilution), and 22.2% and 97.0% for eluate IFAT. In conclusion, ELISA was the best tool for the diagnosis of CVL among the serological techniques tested. The present results suggest the need for a better evaluation of filter paper IFAT as the only diagnostic method for CVL in the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro.

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Assessment of a New Antigen Detection Test for the Diagnosis of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis

American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene ◽

10.4269/ajtmh.21-0125 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Claudia Abeijon ◽

Stefano Pizzirani ◽

Antonio Campos-Neto

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Protein Detection ◽

Antigen Detection ◽

Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Antigen Protein ◽

Simple Exposure

Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a serious zoonotic disease in Brazil and Southern Europe. CVL is primarily caused by Leishmania infantum and its diagnosis relies primarily on detection of parasites in bone marrow or lymph node aspirates by microscopic observation of the parasites in stained smears, parasite culture, or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Serological tests exist but they do not distinguish active disease from simple exposure to parasite antigens. Here, we have assessed the utility of a new monoclonal antibody––based antigen (protein) detection test for the diagnosis of CVL. The test was positive in 70% of beagle dogs experimentally infected with L. infantum. In contrast, culture of the parasites from bone marrow aspirates was positive in only 40% of the infected animals. These preliminary results suggest that this antigen detection test, which we have recently described for the diagnosis of human VL, has the potential to be a useful diagnostic tool for CVL.

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Comparison of serological and molecular tests to investigate Leishmania spp. infections in stray dogs from an area of intense visceral leishmaniasis transmission in Brazil

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612021067 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Anna Maria da Cruz Ferreira Evaristo ◽

Andreina de Carvalho Araujo ◽

Andréa Pereira da Costa ◽

Kamila Gaudêncio da Silva Sales ◽

José Alexandre Menezes da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Skin Lesions ◽

Leishmania Infection ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Stray Dogs ◽

Transmission Cycle ◽

Molecular Assays ◽

Leishmania Spp

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the level of exposure to Leishmania infection in stray dogs in an area of intense visceral leishmaniasis transmission in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Blood samples from 178 dogs were analyzed using serological and molecular assays: rapid immunochromatographic test (ICT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), and conventional and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (cPCR and qPCR). Positivity values obtained with serological tests were 71.4% (127/178), 70.2% (125/178), and 50.6% (90/178) using ICT, ELISA, and IFAT, respectively, with 38.8% (69/178) of the dogs were simultaneously positive for all three tests. The positivity values obtained with cPCR and qPCR were 20.2% (36/178) and 38.8% (69/178), respectively, with 11.8% (21/178) testing positive in both molecular assays. Overall, 87.1% (155/178) were positive for anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies and/or Leishmania spp. DNA. Positivity to one or more tests was statistically associated with lymphadenomegaly, skin lesions, lymphocytosis, anemia and hyperproteinemia. The results of this study revealed a high level of exposure to Leishmania in stray dogs in an area of intense human visceral leishmaniasis transmission, suggesting that dogs play a role as reservoirs in the transmission cycle of this zoonosis.

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Evaluation of Eight Serological Tests for Diagnosis of Imported Schistosomiasis

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.05680-11 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 19 (6) ◽

pp. 948-953 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

Hans-Friedemann Kinkel ◽

Sabine Dittrich ◽

Britta Bäumer ◽

Thomas Weitzel

Keyword(s):

Antibody Test ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Content Type ◽

Commercial Kits ◽

Few Data ◽

Indirect Immunofluorescent ◽

Positive Results ◽

Immunofluorescent Antibody Test

ABSTRACTThe diagnosis of schistosomiasis in individuals from countries where the disease is not endemic is challenging, and few data are available on the accuracy of serological diagnosis in those patients. We evaluated the performance of eight serological assays, including four commercial kits, in the diagnosis of imported schistosomiasis in individuals from areas where the disease is not endemic, including six enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using three different antigens, an indirect hemagglutination assay, and an indirect immunofluorescent-antibody test. To analyze the assays, we used a total of 141 serum samples, with 121 derived from patients with various parasitic infections (among which were 37 cases of schistosomiasis) and 20 taken from healthy volunteers. The sensitivity values for detection of schistosomiasis cases ranged from 41% to 78% and were higher forSchistosoma mansonithan forS. haematobiuminfections. Specificity values ranged from 76% to 100%; false-positive results were most frequent for samples from patients with cestode infections. By combining two or more tests, sensitivity improved markedly and specificity decreased only moderately. Serological tests are useful instruments for diagnosing imported schistosomiasis in countries where the disease is not endemic, but due to limitations in test sensitivities, we recommend the use of two or more assays in parallel.

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