Resistance of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), to cypermethrin in outbreak areas in Midwestern Brazil

Abstract Population explosions of the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) have become a serious concern for livestock producers near sugarcane mills in some regions of Brazil due to the insect’s massive reproduction on sugarcane byproducts and waste. Despite the limited efficiency of insecticides for controlling stable fly outbreaks, producers still rely on chemical control to mitigate the alarming infestations in affected areas. This study evaluated the susceptibility of S. calcitrans populations to cypermethrin in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Stable flies were tested from three field populations and two colonies, established from flies previously collected at sugarcane mills. Wild flies were collected with Nzi traps in areas of sugarcane plantations. Both wild and colonized flies were exposed to eleven concentrations of cypermethrin in impregnated filter paper bioassays. All the populations proved to be resistant to cypermethrin, with resistance factors among field populations ranging from 6.8 to 38.6. The intensive use of insecticides has led to the development of pyrethroid resistance in stable fly populations in the proximities of sugarcane mills in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul.

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Mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance inHaematobia irritans (Muscidae) from Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612013005000016 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 136-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Antonio Thadeu Medeiros Barros ◽

Teresinha Tizu Sato Schumaker ◽

Wilson Werner Koller ◽

Guilherme Marcondes Klafke ◽

Thais Aguiar de Albuquerque ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pyrethroid Resistance ◽

The State ◽

Kdr Mutation ◽

Low Frequencies ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽

Resistance Factors ◽

Horn Fly ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Mato Grosso Do Sul

Horn fly resistance to pyrethroid insecticides occurs throughout Brazil, but knowledge about the involved mechanisms is still in an incipient stage. This survey was aimed to identify the mechanisms of horn fly resistance to cypermethrin in Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Impregnated filter paper bioassays using cypermethrin, synergized or not with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP), were conducted from March 2004 to June 2005 in horn fly populations (n = 33) from all over the state. All populations were highly resistant to cypermethrin, with resistance factors (RF) ranging from 89.4 to 1,020.6. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to detect the knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation also were performed in 16 samples. The kdr mutation was found in 75% of the tested populations, mostly with relatively low frequencies (<20%), and was absent in some highly resistant populations. Addition of TPP did not significantly reduce the LC50 in any population. However, PBO reduced LC50s above 40-fold in all tested populations, resulting in RFs ≤ 10 in most cases. Horn fly resistance to cypermethrin is widespread in the state, being primarily caused by an enhanced activity of P450 mono-oxygenases and secondarily by reduced target site sensitivity.

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Attractivity of vinasse spraying to stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans in a sugarcane area

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6817 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

Author(s):

Taciany F. Souza ◽

Paulo H.D. Cançado ◽

Antonio Thadeu M. Barros

Keyword(s):

Ethanol Production ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽

Plant Residue ◽

Stable Fly ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Stable Flies ◽

Adverse Weather Conditions ◽

Adverse Weather ◽

Mato Grosso Do Sul

ABSTRACT: Stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) outbreaks have been associated with sugarcane mills in Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the attractivity of vinasse, a liquid byproduct of ethanol production applied to postharvest sugarcane fields, to adult S. calcitrans. Stable fly abundance was monitored for 21 days in August-September 2014, at a sugarcane mill in the municipality of Nova Alvorada do Sul, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Following mechanized harvesting of sugarcane and the consequent deposition of large amounts of plant residue (straw) in the field, the study area (13.5ha) was surrounded by 22 sticky cylinder (“alsynite”) traps. The area was fertigated with vinasse immediately after the traps were placed. Insects caught in the traps were collected daily at 7:00 a.m., 11:00 a.m. and 15:00 p.m. A total of 83,593 specimens of S. calcitrans were caught, of which 5,516 (6.6%) were attracted within the first five hours after vinasse application. The highest number of S. calcitrans was caught in the first week following vinasse application, with a peak on the 4th day (12,818 flies), which was influenced by adverse weather conditions on the previous days. This study confirms that fertigation of sugarcane fields by spraying vinasse after the harvest attracts S. calcitrans, thus quickly increasing their abundance over the days following application.

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Sugarcane stems as larval habitat for the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) in sugarcane plantations

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-736x2013000600009 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 741-744 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Paulo H.D. Cançado ◽

Taciany Ferreira ◽

Eliane M. Piranda ◽

Cleber O. Soares

Keyword(s):

Primary Source ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Larval Habitat ◽

Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽

Stable Fly ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Larval Habitats ◽

Control Programs ◽

Bad Weather ◽

Mato Grosso Do Sul

Outbreaks of stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, cause losses for livestock producers located near sugarcane mills in Brazil, especially in southern Mato Grosso do Sul. The sugarcane mills are often pointed by local farmers as the primary source of these outbreaks; some mills also joined the farmers in combating the flies. Brazilian beef cattle production has great economic importance in similar level to bio-fuel production as ethanol. In this context, the wide-ranging knowledge on the biology and ecology of the stable fly, including larval habitats and their reproduction sites is extremely important for further development of control programs. This paper aims to report the occurrence and development of S. calcitrans larvae inside sugarcane stems in three municipalities of Mato Grosso do Sul. The sugarcane stems give protection against bad weather conditions and insecticide application. In this way, for sustainable sugarcane growth specific research concerning this situation should be conducted.

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Acaricide resistance of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612011000200007 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 127-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Renato Andreotti ◽

Felix David Guerrero ◽

Mariana Aparecida Soares ◽

Jacqueline Cavalcante Barros ◽

Robert John Miller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Mutation ◽

Pyrethroid Resistance ◽

Immersion Test ◽

The State ◽

Boophilus Microplus ◽

Acaricide Resistance ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Pcr Assays ◽

Mato Grosso Do Sul

This study was conducted to obtain an epidemiological view of acaricide resistance in populations of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. Twenty-four tick samples were collected from municipalities in the State where farmers had reported concerns about resistance to or failure of tick control. These ticks were subjected to in vitro resistance detection assays using the adult immersion test (AIT). The efficacy of alpha-cypermethrin, cypermethrin and amitraz treatments on samples collected throughout the State was generally poor. AIT showed efficacy > 90% from the use of DDVP + chlorfenvinphos) (20 out of 21 municipalities), dichlorvos + cypermethrin (10 out of 16 municipalities) and cypermethrin + citronella + chlorpyrifos + piperonyl butoxide (20 out of 21 municipalities). PCR assays were used to detect the presence of pyrethroid resistance-associated sodium channel gene mutation. Larvae from three different populations that had previously been diagnosed as pyrethroid-resistant, through AIT, were evaluated. The PCR assays showed that the pyrethroid resistance-associated gene mutation was absent from these three populations. This study confirms that the emergence of resistance is a constant challenge for the livestock industry, and that development of resistance continues to be a major driver for new antiparasitic drugs to be developed.

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A Synopsis of Dicliptera (Acanthaceae) in Brazil, with the Description of Two New Species

Systematic Botany ◽

10.1600/036364420x15862837791186 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 340-348

Author(s):

James Lucas da Costa-Lima ◽

Earl Celestino de Oliveira Chagas

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

South America ◽

The State ◽

Northeastern Brazil ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

The North ◽

New Synonyms ◽

Two New Species ◽

Mato Grosso Do Sul ◽

A New Species

Abstract—A synopsis of Dicliptera (Acanthaceae) for Brazil is presented. Six species are recognized: Dicliptera ciliaris, D. sexangularis, and D. squarrosa, widely distributed in South America; D. purpurascens, which ranges from the North Region of Brazil (in the state of Acre) to eastern Bolivia; D. gracilirama, a new species from the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil; and D. granchaquenha, a new species recorded in dry and semideciduous forests in Bolivia and western Brazil, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Furthermore, we propose new synonyms and designate lectotypes for eleven names. An identification key to the six accepted Dicliptera species in Brazil is provided.

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Isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii from Stable Flies, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae)†

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-69.3.671 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 671-673 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

F. MRAMBA ◽

A. BROCE ◽

L. ZUREK

Keyword(s):

16S Rdna ◽

Foodborne Pathogen ◽

Animal Manure ◽

Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽

Fecal Coliforms ◽

Stable Fly ◽

Enterobacter Sakazakii ◽

Stable Flies ◽

16S Rdna Pcr ◽

Glucose Agar

Enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that causes meningitis, enterocolitis, and sepsis, primarily in immunocompromised infants. Previously, it was suggested that stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, were a vector or reservoir of this pathogen. In our study, by means of a culturing approach combined with 16S rDNA PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism genotyping and sequencing, we screened 928 individual stable flies collected in Kansas and Florida. Two stable flies (0.2%) were positive for E. sakazakii. In addition, 411 (44%) stable flies carried bacteria-forming red colonies (presumably enterics) on a violet red bile glucose agar (mean count = 6.4 × 104 CFU per fly), and 120 (13%) stable flies carried fecal coliforms (mean count = 8.7 × 103 CFU per fly). Sequencing of 16S rDNA showed that enterics from violet red bile glucose agar were represented by several genera, including Escherichia, Shigella, Providencia, Enterobacter, Pantoea, Proteus, Serratia, and Morganella. Our study shows that stable flies carry bacteria typically present in animal manure (a developmental site of stable fly larvae), which indicates that the natural reservoir of E. sakazakii is the digestive tract or manure of domestic animals. The low prevalence of E. sakazakii associated with stable flies suggests that stable flies do not play a major role as a reservoir or vector of this pathogen.

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The crystalline waters of the Bodoquena Plateau revealed Hypostomus froehlichi (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), a new armored catfish from the rio Paraguay basin in Brazil

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.4933.1.4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4933 (1) ◽

pp. 98-112

Author(s):

CLÁUDIO H. ZAWADZKI ◽

GABRIELA NARDI ◽

LUIZ FERNANDO CASERTA TENCATT

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

The State ◽

Flagship Species ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Diagnostic Characters ◽

Large Size ◽

Numerical Variation ◽

Mato Grosso Do Sul ◽

Continuous Range

The menaced and poorly-known waters of the Bodoquena Plateau revealed a new resident, the stunning Hypostomus froehlichi sp. n., a large-sized armored catfish, which is finally described after more than twenty years since its discovery. The Bodoquena Plateau is drained by the rio Paraguay basin, and is located in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The new species differs from its congeners on the Bodoquena crystalline waters by having teeth with morphological and numerical variation in adult specimens. There is a continuous range of specimens having about 20 thick and worn teeth to specimens having about 50 thin teeth with intact crowns and lanceolate main cusps. Additional diagnostic characters are: dentaries angled more than 90 degrees, dark blotches, one plate bordering supraoccipital, moderate keel along dorsal series of plates, usually two rows of blotches per interradial membrane on dorsal, pectoral and ventral fins, and by attaining comparatively large size. Hypostomus froehlichi seems to be endemic to the area of the Bodoquena Plateau, in rivers draining to the rio Miranda. The description of the new species reveals a potential conservation flagship species as it is one of the most seen and documented fish by visitors and divers in the clear waters from the touristic, though menaced, Bonito region in Brazil.

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Infracommunities of Streblidae and Nycteribiidae (Diptera) on bats in an ecotone area between Cerrado and Atlantic Forest in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul

Iheringia Série Zoologia ◽

10.1590/1678-4766e2017044 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 107 (0) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Guilherme D. P. Dornelles ◽

Gustavo Graciolli ◽

Anderson Odon ◽

Marcelo O. Bordignon

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Forest ◽

Single Species ◽

The State ◽

Infestation Rate ◽

Carollia Perspicillata ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Mean Intensity ◽

Glossophaga Soricina ◽

Phyllostomus Hastatus ◽

Mato Grosso Do Sul

ABSTRACT We described infracommunities, prevalence and mean intensity of infestation of ecotoparasite flies (Nycteribiidae and Streblidae) on bats in an ecotone area of Cerrado as predominant vegetation, with influence of Atlantic Forest, in the southeast of Mato Grosso do Sul. In 36 sampling nights between April 2015 and August 2016 (23,328 m².h), we captured 17 bat species, of which ten were infested, and 14 species of fly. The most abundant bats were the phyllostomids Artibeus planirostris (Spix, 1823), Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1776) and Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) and the most abundant flies were the streblids Trichobius longipes (Rudow, 1871), T. joblingi Wenzel, 1966 and Megistopoda aranea (Coquillett, 1899). Phyllostomus hastatus (Pallas, 1767) was the bat species that presented the highest infestation rate. Platyrrhinus lineatus (É. Geoffroy, 1810) and Desmodus rotundus (É. Geoffroy, 1810) were not infested. Besides that, the frequency of bats that were infested by a single species of fly was higher than the frequency of bats infested for two or more, and it may be a pattern.

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Candida bloodstream infection: data from a teaching hospital in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo ◽

10.1590/s0036-46652008000500003 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 50 (5) ◽

pp. 265-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Marilene Rodrigues Chang ◽

Flávia Patussi Correia ◽

Leonora Correa Costa ◽

Paula Cristhina Niz Xavier ◽

Durval Batista Palhares ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bloodstream Infection ◽

Teaching Hospital ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

The State ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Patients Âgés ◽

Hospitalization Period ◽

Candida Bloodstream Infection ◽

Mato Grosso Do Sul

The incidence of Candida bloodstream infection has increased over the past years. In the Center-West region of Brazil, data on candidemia are scarce. This paper reports a retrospective analysis of 96 cases of Candida bloodstream infection at a Brazilian tertiary-care teaching hospital in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, from January 1998 to December 2006. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected from medical records and from the hospital's laboratory database. Patients' ages ranged from three days to 92 years, with 53 (55.2%) adults and 43 (44.8%) children. Of the latter, 25 (58.1%) were newborns. The risk conditions most often found were: long period of hospitalization, utilization of venous central catheter, and previous use of antibiotics. Fifty-eight (60.4%) patients died during the hospitalization period and eight (13.7%) of them died 30 days after the diagnosis of candidemia. Candida albicans (45.8%) was the most prevalent species, followed by C. parapsilosis (34.4%), C. tropicalis (14.6%) and C. glabrata (5.2%). This is the first report of Candida bloodstream infection in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul and it highlights the importance of considering the possibility of invasive Candida infection in patients exposed to risk factors, particularly among neonates and the elderly.

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