Erratum: Anthelmintic activity of nanoencapsulated carvacryl acetate against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and its toxicity in rodents

Abstract The continuous use of synthetic anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) has resulted in the increased resistance, which is why alternative methods are being sought, such as the use of natural products. Plant essential oils (EOs) have been considered as potential products for the control of GINs. However, the chemical composition and, consequently, the biological activity of EOs vary in different plant cultivars. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of EOs from cultivars of Ocimum basilicum L. and that of their major constituents against Haemonchus contortus. The EOs from 16 cultivars as well the pure compound linalool, methyl chavicol, citral and eugenol were used in the assessment of the inhibition of H. contortus egg hatch. In addition, the composition of three cultivars was simulated using a combination of the two major compounds from each. The EOs from different cultivars showed mean Inhibition Concentration (IC50) varying from 0.56 to 2.22 mg/mL. The cultivar with the highest egg-hatch inhibition, Napoletano, is constituted mainly of linalool and methyl chavicol. Among the individual compounds tested, citral was the most effective (IC50 0.30 mg/mL). The best combination of compounds was obtained with 11% eugenol plus 64% linalool (IC50 0.44 mg/mL), simulating the Italian Large Leaf (Richters) cultivar. We conclude that different cultivars of O. basilicum show different anthelmintic potential, with cultivars containing linalool and methyl chavicol being the most promising; and that citral or methyl chavicol isolated should also be considered for the development of new anthelmintic formulations.

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In vivo anthelmintic activity of Azadirachta indica A. Juss seeds against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep

Veterinary Parasitology ◽

10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.11.005 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 168 (3-4) ◽

pp. 342-345 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Z. Iqbal ◽

M. Lateef ◽

A. Jabbar ◽

A.H. Gilani

Keyword(s):

Azadirachta Indica ◽

Anthelmintic Activity ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes

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In vitro anthelmintic activity of grape pomace extract against gastrointestinal nematodes of naturally infected sheep

International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine ◽

10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.11.005 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 243-247 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Suelen Carolina Silva Soares ◽

Gilmar Cotrin de Lima ◽

Antonio Carlos Laurentiz ◽

Aline Féboli ◽

Luciano Alves dos Anjos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anthelmintic Activity ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Infected Sheep ◽

Grape Pomace

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Essential Oils and Their Bioactive Compounds in the Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Small Ruminants

Acta Scientiae Veterinariae ◽

10.22456/1679-9216.81804 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 14 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Weibson Paz Pinheiro André ◽

Wesley Lyeverton Correia Ribeiro ◽

Lorena Mayana Beserra de Oliveira ◽

Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo ◽

Fernanda Cristina Macedo Rondon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Products ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Small Ruminant ◽

Anthelmintic Activity ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

In Vivo Tests ◽

Anthelmintic Effect

Background: Gastrointestinal nematodes are one of the major health and economic problem of sheep and goats in the world. The control of these nematodes is carried out conventionally with synthetic anthelminths, which favored the selection of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) populations multiresistant to anthelmintics. The emergence of anthelmintic resistance has stimulated the search for new alternatives to control small ruminant GIN, standing out the use of plants and their bioactives compounds, such as essential oils (EO). The objective of this review was to present the main characteristics and anthelmintic activity of EO, their isolated compounds and drug delivery systems in the control of GIN.Review: Essential oils are a complex blend of bioactive compounds with volatile, lipophilic, usually odoriferous and liquid substances. EO are composed of terpenes, terpenoids, aromatic and aliphatic constituents. EO has various pharmacological activities of interest in preventive veterinary medicine such as antibacterials, antifungals, anticoccicids, insecticides and anthelmintics. In vitro and in vivo tests are used to validate the anthelmintic activity of EO on GIN. In vitro tests are low cost screening tests that allow the evaluation of the anthelmintic activity of a large amount of bioactive compounds on eggs, first (L1) and third stage larvae (L3), and adult nematodes. The antiparasitic effect of EO is related to its main compound or to the interaction of the compounds. These bioactive compounds penetrate the cuticle of the nematodes by transcuticular diffusion, altering the mechanisms of locomotion, besides causing cuticular lesions. Following in vitro evaluation, the acute and sub-chronic toxicity test should be performed to assess the toxicity of the bioactive compounds and to define the dose to be used in in vivo tests. In vivo tests are more reliable because the anthelmintic effectiveness of bioactive compounds is evaluated after the metabolization process. The metabolization process of the bioactive compounds can generate metabolites that exhibit or not anthelmintic effectiveness. The in vivo tests assessing the anthelmintic effectiveness of bioactive compounds in sheep and goats are the fecal egg count reduction test and the controlled test. OE promoted reduction of egg elimination in faeces which may be related to cuticular and reproductive alterations in GIN, and reduction of parasite burden in in vivo tests. Due to the promising results obtained with OE in the in vivo tests, interest has been aroused in using nanotechnology as an alternative to increase the bioavailability of OE and consequently, potentializing its anthelmintic effect, reducing the dose and toxicity of the biocompounds. In addition to nanotechnology, the isolation and chemical modification of compounds isolated from OE have been employed to obtain new molecules with anthelmintic action and understand the mechanism of action of EO on the small ruminant GIN.Conclusion: The use of EO and their compound bioactive in the control of resistant populations of GIN is a promising alternative. The adoption of strategies in which natural products can replace synthetic anthelmintics, such as in dry periods and use synthetic anthelmintics in the rainy season when the population in refugia in the pasture is high, thus reducing the dissemination of GIN resistant populations. As perspective, the evaluation of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these natural products should be performed so that one defines treatment protocols that optimize the anthelmintic effect.

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In vitro anthelmintic activity of Lippia gracilis Schauer essential oil against egg-hatching of goat gastrointestinal nematodes

Arquivos do Instituto Biológico ◽

10.1590/1808-1657000522019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 87 ◽

Author(s):

Anna Lopes da Costa Souza ◽

Cristina Karine de Oliveira Rebouças ◽

Cynthia Cavalcanti de Albuquerque ◽

Cristiane de Carvalho Ferreira Lima Moura ◽

Taffarel Melo Torres ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Anthelmintic Activity ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Effective Concentration ◽

Alternative Methods ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Egg Hatching ◽

Hatching Process ◽

Vitro Effect

ABSTRACT Since drug-resistant nematodes became a common problem in sheep and goat industries, alternative methods using natural products have emerged as a viable and sustainable anthelmintic treatment option. Here, the in vitro effect of essential oil extracted from Lippia gracilis Schauer was assessed on the hatching process of nematodes recovered from naturally infected goats. Essential oil at concentrations of 0.08% (0.008 μL/mL), 0.12% (0.012 μL/mL), and 0.16% (0.016 μL/mL) was able to induce an average inhibition of 74.7, 84 and 93%, respectively. The effective concentration required to inhibit egg hatching in 50% of eggs (EC50) was 0.03452%. Therefore, essential oil of L. gracilis showed promisor in vitro anthelmintic results against egg-hatching of goat gastrointestinal nematodes.

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Anthelmintic activity of Artemisia annua L. extracts in vitro and the effect of an aqueous extract and artemisinin in sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes

Parasitology Research ◽

10.1007/s00436-014-3891-z ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 113 (6) ◽

pp. 2345-2353 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Aida C. Cala ◽

Jorge F. S. Ferreira ◽

Ana Carolina S. Chagas ◽

Javier M. Gonzalez ◽

Rodney A. F. Rodrigues ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Extract ◽

Artemisia Annua ◽

Anthelmintic Activity ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Artemisia Annua L

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In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity of extracts from Artemisia parviflora and A. sieversiana

Helminthologia ◽

10.1515/helm-2017-0028 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 218-224 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

S. Irum ◽

H. Ahmed ◽

B. Mirza ◽

K. Donskow-Łysoniewska ◽

A. Muhammad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adult Worm ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Anthelmintic Activity ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Egg Hatching ◽

Infective Larvae

SummaryIn the northern areas of Pakistan, the use of Artemisia based therapeutics is a common practice. Plants of genus Artemisia are known to possess anthelmintic and therapeutic effect. Infections caused by gastrointestinal nematodes are major threat to livestock industry across the world resulting in loss of production and indirect economic losses due to high cost of anthelmintic drugs. Present study was carried out to evaluate in vitro and in vivo effect of Artemisia sieversiana and Artemisia parviflora on Haemonchus contortus, a parasitic nematode of small ruminants. Methanolic plant extract was tested against three different developmental stages using an egg hatch assay, infective larvae and adult worm motility assay. Different concentrations were used for the bioassays and post exposure mortality was recorded after 8 hr for adult worms and infective larvae, while egg inhibition percentage was observed after 27 hr. A highly significant ability to inhibit the egg hatching (100 %) was recorded for both plant extracts while, the highest activity for adult worm assay and larvicidal assay was 90 % for A. sieversiana. The highest activity for adult motility and larvicidal assay for A. parviflora was 89 % and 86.6 % respectively. For in vivo trials maximum parentage reduction was 77.0 % for A. sieversiana and 73.6 % for A. parviflora. It is concluded that selected plant extracts were effective in reducing worm burden in animals.

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In vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activities of some saponins and flavonoids against parasitic nematodes of goats

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182018000689 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 145 (14) ◽

pp. 1884-1889 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Acidália Carine Vieira Santos ◽

Francianne Oliveira Santos ◽

Hélimar Gonçalves Lima ◽

Gisele Dias Da Silva ◽

Rosangela Soares Uzêda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anthelmintic Activity ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Egg Hatching ◽

Egg Hatch ◽

Low Toxicity ◽

Larvicidal Activities ◽

Hecogenin Acetate ◽

Active Substances

AbstractThis study assessed the anthelmintic activity of plant-derived compounds against gastrointestinal nematodes of goats using the egg hatch and larval motility assays. The compounds tested were saponins (digitonin and aescin) and their respective sapogenins (aglycones), hecogenin acetate and flavonoids (catechin, hesperidin, isocordoin and a mixture of isocordoin and cordoin). Additionally, cytotoxicity of active substances was analysed on Vero cell through 3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl,2,5diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and propidium iodide (PI) tests. Significant reduction on the egg hatching (P < 0.05) was seen only in the treatments with aescin (99%/EC50 = 0.67 mg mL−1) and digitonin (45%). The compounds that reduced the larval motility (P < 0.05) were digitonin (EC50 = 0.03 mg mL−1 and EC90 = 0.49 mg mL−1) and the hecogenin acetate (75%). The other sapogenins showed low anthelmintic activity. All the flavonoids showed low ovicidal (4–12%) and larvicidal (10–19%) effects. The aescin and digitonin showed low toxicity in PI test (viable cells >90%). Nevertheless, higher cytotoxicity was observed in the MTT assay, with IC50 of 0.20 mg mL−1 (aescin) and 0.0074 mg mL−1 (digitonin). Aescin and digitonin have a pronounced in vitro anthelmintic effect and the glycone portion of these saponins plays an important role in this activity.

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In vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Two Aloe-derived Active Principles against Sheep Gastrointestinal Nematodes

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1701201221 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 1934578X1701201

Author(s):

Gianluca Fichi ◽

Matteo Mattellini ◽

Elisa Meloni ◽

Guido Flamini ◽

Stefania Perrucci

Keyword(s):

Larval Development ◽

Larval Mortality ◽

Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽

Anthelmintic Activity ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Egg Hatch ◽

Reference Drug ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Aloe Emodin

The in vitro anthelmintic activity on sheep gastrointestinal strongyle (GIS) eggs and larvae of 0.5% aloin and 0.1% aloe-emodin was investigated. From fresh faecal samples collected by ewes naturally infected by Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus and Teladorsagia nematodes, GIS eggs were isolated and cultivated in Petri dishes (100 eggs/dish). For the in vitro evaluation of the anthelmintic activity of tested compounds, the Egg hatch test (EHT), the Larval development test (LDT) and the Larval mortality/paralysis test (LMT) were used. In each assay, the activity of tested compounds was compared to untreated and treated (0.1% thiabendazole, TBZ) controls. Six repetitions were made through the experiment. Obtained data were statistically elaborated using the X2 test. In EHT, 0.5% aloin gave highly significantly different (P<0.01) results from the untreated controls. In LDT, both 0.1% aloe-emodin and 0.5% aloin almost completely prevented the larval development from L1 to L3, showing no significant differences (P<0.01) when compared to TBZ. In LMT, larval mortality observed in 0.5% aloin treated plates was significantly higher (P<0.01) than that observed in TBZ treated controls. These results show the in vitro anthelmintic properties on sheep GIS of the examined plant secondary metabolites. In LDT and/or LMT, the activity of 0.5% aloin and 0.1% aloe-emodin was comparable to or higher than that of the reference drug.

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