Temperature effects on jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) seed germination

Weed Science ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 594-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Fandrich ◽  
Carol Mallory-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Wheat Seed ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Radicle Protrusion

A better understanding of the persistence of jointed goatgrass seed in soil and its dormancy will lead to the development of more effective weed-management strategies. Three populations of jointed goatgrass were collected from winter wheat fields in Oregon, and grown together with the winter wheat variety ‘Madsen’ in nurseries at Moro and Pendleton, OR. Germination responses of jointed goatgrass and wheat seed were recorded over 14 d at 5/5, 15/10, 15/15, 25/15, 25/25, and 30/20 C day/night temperatures and a 12-h photoperiod. Because jointed goatgrass spikelets often contain two seed, primary and secondary seed germination values were recorded. Secondary seed germination was defined as 3-mm radicle protrusion, and primary seed germination was defined as 5-mm emergence of the second coleoptile. Jointed goatgrass secondary seed germinated when exposed to all temperature regimes. Jointed goatgrass secondary seed germination occurred 3 d earlier in temperature regimes involving 15 C compared to germination at 5/5, 25/25, and 30/20 C. Final germination values for jointed goatgrass secondary seed were greatest when seed were incubated at 25/15 C. Wheat seed germinated at all temperature regimes, although the onset of germination occurred 1 to 1.5 d later at 5/5 C compared to other temperature regimes. Jointed goatgrass primary seed germinated only at 15/10, 15/15, and 25/15 C, and maximum germination occurred at 25/15 C. Dormancy in jointed goatgrass might prevent germination of seed within freshly shattered spikelets until autumn when temperatures are low and moisture is available. Because final germination percentages in jointed goatgrass primary and secondary seed were less than 100%, additional research on factors regulating dormancy is needed.

Production of herbicide-resistant jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) × wheat (Triticum aestivum) hybrids in the field by natural hybridization

Weed Science ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 632-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven S. Seefeldt ◽  
Robert Zemetra ◽  
Frank L. Young ◽  
Stephen S. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Natural Hybridization ◽  
Efficacy Study ◽  
Wheat Seed ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Resistance Trait ◽  
Viable Seeds

Imazamox-resistant hybrids resulted from a cross between jointed goatgrass and an imazamox-resistant wheat (cv. FS-4 IR wheat). Two imazamox-resistant hybrids were discovered in a research plot where FS-4 IR wheat seed had been replanted from the harvest of an imazamox efficacy study conducted the year before at a different location. These hybrid plants survived imazamox applied at 0.053 and 0.069 kg ai ha−1in the field and produced seven viable seeds (BC1). This seed germinated, and chromosomes were counted from the roots (2N number ranged from 39 to 54). In the greenhouse, six of the seven plants survived an application of 0.072 kg ai ha−1imazamox, which confirmed that the resistance trait had been passed to these progeny. A large amount of phenotypic variation was observed in the mature BC1plants. A genetic description of the movement of the resistant gene is proposed based on the case of the gene being located on the D and the A or B genomes. Management strategies to reduce the occurrence of herbicide-resistant hybrids are presented.

Impact of integrated management systems on jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) populations

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1010-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony D. White ◽  
Phillip W. Stahlman ◽  
Francis E. Northam
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass

Research during the past several decades on jointed goatgrass management has focused on individual cultural practices rather than on multi- or interdisciplinary components. Field studies were conducted at Hays, KS, from 1997 to 2003 to evaluate the interaction of crop rotation, fallow weed management, and winter wheat variety on jointed goatgrass density. Extending a wheat–fallow (W–F) rotation to include grain sorghum or grain sorghum and sunflower reduced jointed goatgrass populations more than other cultural practices tested. Fallow treatments were equal in most years, but mechanical fallow resulted in increased jointed goatgrass emergence compared with chemical fallow under drought conditions. Winter wheat cultivars had little effect on jointed goatgrass populations. However, taller, more competitive varieties are favorable for jointed goatgrass control in an integrated management program. No specific combination of crop rotation, fallow weed management, and wheat variety consistently reduced jointed goatgrass density more than other combinations during multiple years.

scholarly journals Integrated Weed Management Systems Identified for Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) in the Pacific Northwest

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank L. Young ◽  
Daniel A. Ball ◽  
Donn C. Thill ◽  
J. Richard Alldredge ◽  
Alex G. Ogg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
F Region ◽  
The Pacific

Jointed goatgrass is an invasive winter annual grass weed that is a particular problem in the low to intermediate rainfall zones of the Pacific Northwest (PNW). For the most part, single-component research has been the focus of previous jointed goatgrass studies. In 1996, an integrated cropping systems study for the management of jointed goatgrass was initiated in Washington, Idaho, and Oregon in the traditional winter wheat (WW)–fallow (F) region of the PNW. The study evaluated eight integrated weed management (IWM) systems that included combinations of either a one-time stubble burn (B) or a no-burn (NB) treatment, a rotation of either WW–F–WW or spring wheat (SW)–F–WW, and either a standard (S) or an integrated (I) practice of planting winter wheat. This study is the first, to our knowledge, to evaluate and identify complete IWM systems for jointed goatgrass control in winter wheat. At the Idaho location, in a very low weed density, no IWM system was identified that consistently had the highest yield, reduced grain dockage, and reduced weed densities. However, successful IWM systems for jointed goatgrass management were identified as weed populations increased. At the Washington location, in a moderate population of jointed goatgrass, the best IWM system based on the above responses was the B:SW–F–WW:S system. At the Washington site, this system was better than the integrated planting system because the competitive winter wheat variety did not perform well in drought conditions during the second year of winter wheat. At the Oregon site, a location with a high weed density, the system B:SW–F–WW:I produced consistently higher grain yields, reduced grain dockage, and reduced jointed goatgrass densities. These integrated systems, if adopted by PNW growers in the wheat–fallow area, would increase farm profits by decreasing dockage, decreasing farm inputs, and reducing herbicide resistance in jointed goatgrass.

Crop Residue Reduces Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) Seedling Growth

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy L. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Wheat Seed ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
Wheat Growth ◽  
Proso Millet ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass

Producers need alternative methods to manage jointed goatgrass because there are no herbicides that selectively control jointed goatgrass in winter wheat. The effect of crop residue incorporated in soil on reducing seedling growth of jointed goatgrass was examined in the greenhouse. Residues of corn, proso millet, safflower, grain sorghum, and winter wheat reduced fresh weight of jointed goatgrass by 70 to 85%. Applying N fertilizer at 33 or 66 kg ha−1diminished this effect, indicating that residue stimulated microbial immobilization of N. Ethiozin applied preemergence at 0.2μg g−1soil reduced jointed goatgrass seedling growth by 50%, but combining crop residue with ethiozin did not synergistically improve control of jointed goatgrass. These results suggest that producers may favor winter wheat growth over jointed goatgrass by incorporating crop residue in soil with tillage before planting and by banding N with winter wheat seed at planting.

Winter wheat competition against jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) as influenced by wheat plant height, seeding rate, and seed size

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 996-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph P. Yenish ◽  
Frank L. Young
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Wheat Seed ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass

Jointed goatgrass is a troublesome weed in winter wheat with selective control only possible with a herbicide-resistant crop. Even with herbicide-resistant wheat, cultural control is still an important part of jointed goatgrass management. A study was conducted in 1998 and 2000 to determine whether using larger sized seed of a tall wheat variety at an increased seeding rate would reduce the effect of jointed goatgrass on winter wheat. Wheat seed size, seeding rate, and variety height had no effect on jointed goatgrass plant density. Tall (∼130 cm) wheat reduced mature jointed goatgrass biomass 46 and 16% compared with short (∼100 cm) wheat in years 1 and 2 of the experiment, respectively. Spikelet biomass was also reduced approximately 70 and 30% in the same respective years. One thousand–spikelet weight of jointed goatgrass was reduced 37 and 7% in years 1 and 2, respectively, when grown in competition with taller compared with shorter wheat. Moreover, dockage was 80 and 30% less in years 1 and 2, respectively, when grown in competition with taller than shorter wheat. Mature jointed goatgrass height was similar regardless of the competitive wheat height. However, jointed goatgrass was as much as 18% taller than the short wheat and 15% shorter than the tall wheat. Seeding rate had the most consistent effect on wheat yield. Wheat seed yield was about 10% greater with 60 than 40 seed m−1of row when competing with jointed goatgrass. Results of this study indicate that growers could use a tall winter wheat variety to improve crop competition against jointed goatgrass. Results also indicate that plant breeders should consider plant height because herbicide-resistant varieties are developed for the integrated management of jointed goatgrass.

scholarly journals Growth and Phenology of Vulpia Myuros in Comparison with Apera Spica-Venti, Alopecurus Myosuroides and Lolium Multiflorum in Monoculture and in Winter Wheat

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1495
Author(s):  
Muhammad Javaid Akhter ◽  
Bo Melander ◽  
Solvejg Kopp Mathiassen ◽  
Rodrigo Labouriau ◽  
Svend Vendelbo Nielsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Neighborhood Design ◽  
Alopecurus Myosuroides ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Arable Weed

Vulpia myuros has become an increasing weed problem in winter cereals in Northern Europe. However, the information about V. myuros and its behavior as an arable weed is limited. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2017/18 and 2018/19, at the Department of Agroecology in Flakkebjerg, Denmark to investigate the emergence, phenological development and growth characteristics of V. myuros in monoculture and in mixture with winter wheat, in comparison to Apera spica-venti, Alopecurus myosuroides and Lolium multiflorum. V. myuros emerged earlier than A. myosuroides and A. spica-venti but later than L. multiflorum. Significant differences in phenological development were recorded among the species. Overall phenology of V. myuros was more similar to that of L. multiflorum than to A. myosuroides and A. spica-venti. V. myuros started seed shedding earlier than A. spica-venti and L. multiflorum but later than A. myosuroides. V. myuros was more sensitive to winter wheat competition in terms of biomass production and fecundity than the other species. Using a target-neighborhood design, responses of V. myuros and A. spica-venti to the increasing density of winter wheat were quantified. At early growth stages “BBCH 26–29”, V. myuros was suppressed less than A. spica-venti by winter wheat, while opposite responses were seen at later growth stages “BBCH 39–47” and “BBCH 81–90”. No significant differences in fecundity characteristics were observed between the two species in response to increasing winter wheat density. The information on the behavior of V. myuros gathered by the current study can support the development of effective integrated weed management strategies for V. myuros.

scholarly journals Seed Germination, Seedling Emergence, and Response to Herbicides of Triquetrous Murdannia (Murdannia triquetra) in Rice

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Tang ◽  
Jie Chen ◽  
Jianping Zhang ◽  
Yongliang Lu
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Dark Regime

Triquetrous murdannia is an annual weed commonly found in rice fields in China. Laboratory and screenhouse experiments were carried out to determine the effect of light, temperature, osmotic and salt stress, seed burial depth, amount of rice residue, and depth of flooding on seed germination and seedling emergence of triquetrous murdannia and to evaluate the response of this weed to commonly available POST herbicides in China. Germination was greater than 93% under a wide day/night temperature range of 20/10 to 30/20 C in the light/dark regime. The time to onset of germination decreased as temperature increased. Germination was slightly stimulated when seeds were placed in light/dark conditions compared with seeds placed in the dark. The osmotic potential and NaCl concentration required for 50% inhibition of maximum germination were −0.5 MPa and 122 mM, respectively. The highest germination (68%) was observed from seeds sown on the soil surface, but decreased with increasing burial depth. Only 7% of seedlings emerged from a depth of 4 cm, and no seedlings emerged from seeds buried deeper than 6 cm. Seedling emergence decreased from 93 to 35% with increasing quantity of rice residue (1 to 6 103kg ha−1) applied on the soil surface. Seedling emergence was reduced by 40, 48, 64, and 70% at flooding depths of 1, 2, 4, and 6 cm, respectively, for the seeds sown on the soil surface. Fluroxypyr and MCPA herbicides provided 100% control of triquetrous murdannia at the 2- to 6-leaf stages; however, to achieve 100% control with bispyribac-sodium, MCPA+bentazone or MCPA+fluroxypyr, herbicides had to be applied by the 4-leaf stage. The results of this study could help in developing more sustainable and effective integrated weed management strategies for the control of triquetrous murdannia in rice fields in China.

Fertilizer Placement Affects Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) Competition In Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 374-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdel O. Mesbah ◽  
Stephen D. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Fertilizer Placement ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
Plant Seeds ◽  
Placement Method ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
Injection Methods

A 3-yr study was conducted in eastern Wyoming from 1995 to 1997 to evaluate the effect of fertilizer placement on jointed goatgrass competitiveness with winter wheat. Fertilizer placement methods consisted of applying 45 kg/ha of nitrogen (50% as urea and 50% as ammonium nitrate) in a deep band 5 cm below and 2.5 cm to the side of the wheat row, broadcasting on the soil surface, or injecting fertilizer by spoke wheel 10 cm deep and 5 cm to the side of the wheat row. Neither fertilizer placement nor jointed goatgrass presence affected winter wheat stand. Wheat yield reductions from jointed goatgrass competition were 7 and 10% higher with the broadcast than deep-band or spoke-wheel injection methods, respectively. Wheat spikes/plant, seeds/spike, 200-seed weight, and plant height were not influenced by fertilizer placement; however, the presence of 35 jointed goatgrass plants/m2reduced spikes/plant 21%, seeds/spike 12%, and 200-seed weight 6%. Jointed goatgrass populations were not influenced by fertilizer placement method; however, the number of spikes/plant was reduced 8 and 10%, joints/spike 3%, and biomass 15 and 21% by deep band or spoke wheel fertilizer placement.

Smoke-Isolated Trimethylbutenolide Inhibits Seed Germination of Different Weed Species by Reducing Amylase Activity

Weed Science ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 312-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heino B. Papenfus ◽  
Manoj G. Kulkarni ◽  
Martin Pošta ◽  
Jeffrey F. Finnie ◽  
Johannes Van Staden
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Dark Conditions ◽  
Smoke Water

Weeds pose a great problem to farmers worldwide, and controlling weeds demands a high input cost for herbicides and labor. Because of current environmental regulations, a limited number of herbicides are commercially available (with limited modes of action) to control weeds. Smoke water and the biologically active compounds isolated from smoke affect seed germination in a significant way. Smoke water (SW) and karrikinolide (KAR1, the germination stimulant isolated from smoke) have been tested extensively for their ability to promote seed germination in a vast array of plant species. In addition to KAR1, a germination inhibitor, trimethylbutenolide (TMB), was also isolated from plant-derived smoke. The effects of SW, KAR1, and TMB were tested on five major weed species of South Africa: fleabane, hairy wild lettuce, bugweed, spilanthes, and fameflower. Seeds of these weed species were subjected to 16/8 h light/dark conditions or to constant dark conditions at constant temperatures of 20, 25, 30 C and alternating 30/20 C. SW and KAR1significantly increased germination, whereas TMB significantly inhibited germination of these weed species. Furthermore, TMB treatment reduced the amylase activity of the tested weed seeds compared with the water control. These results indicate the possibility of manipulating germination of certain weed seeds by SW, KAR1, and TMB. Thus, smoke and smoke-isolated compounds could potentially be used in new weed management strategies.

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