Effect of Fertilizer Nitrogen on Weed Emergence and Growth

Weed Science ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 714-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy E. Sweeney ◽  
Karen A. Renner ◽  
Carrie Laboski ◽  
Adam Davis
Keyword(s):  
Untreated Control ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
N Application ◽  
Available N ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Weed Emergence

The timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application may influence germination, emergence, and competitiveness of weeds. Research was conducted to determine the influence of total inorganic soil N (Nit) on the germination, emergence, and growth of five weed species. In a greenhouse experiment, seed of five weed species were exposed to four levels of N, and seed germination was measured. In the field, urea ammonium nitrate (UAN 28%) was applied at multiple rates at three spring timings, and Nit, weed emergence, and growth were measured for 21 to 35 d after application (DAA). Germination of the four dicotyledonous and single grass species was not stimulated by 450 ppmw of N compared with the untreated control. In the field, Nitof 112 or 168 kg N ha−1, measured at 7 and 21 DAA, was always greater than Nitin the untreated control. The duration of the available N pulse in the upper 8 cm of soil was dependent on N application rate and timing. At 8 to 16 cm of soil depth, Nitwas greater when 168 kg N ha−1was applied compared with no N at 21 and 35 DAA in 2004. Emergence of common lambsquarters increased as N application rate increased for each application date in 2003, but not in 2004. Emergence of ladysthumb increased with N application rate for the April 15, 2003, date; emergence of giant foxtail increased with N application rate for the April 6, 2004, date. Weed biomass was always greater when 168 kg N ha−1was applied compared with no N, and at four of six N application dates, when 112 kg N ha−1was applied. This research shows that spring N fertilizer applications increase Nitand weed growth, but the influence of N on weed emergence is dependent on the weed species, seed source, and environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Greenhouse gas emissions and reactive nitrogen releases from rice production with simultaneous incorporation of wheat straw and nitrogen fertilizer

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 4569-4579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Longlong Xia ◽  
Yongqiu Xia ◽  
Shutan Ma ◽  
Jinyang Wang ◽  
Shuwei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Ch4 Emission ◽  
Nh3 Volatilization ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Application Rate

Abstract. Impacts of simultaneous inputs of crop straw and nitrogen (N) fertilizer on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and N losses from rice production are not well understood. A 2-year field experiment was established in a rice–wheat cropping system in the Taihu Lake region (TLR) of China to evaluate the GHG intensity (GHGI) as well as reactive N intensity (NrI) of rice production with inputs of wheat straw and N fertilizer. The field experiment included five treatments of different N fertilization rates for rice production: 0 (RN0), 120 (RN120), 180 (RN180), 240 (RN240), and 300 kg N ha−1 (RN300, traditional N application rate in the TLR). Wheat straws were fully incorporated into soil before rice transplantation. The meta-analytic technique was employed to evaluate various Nr losses. Results showed that the response of rice yield to N rate successfully fitted a quadratic model, while N fertilization promoted Nr discharges exponentially (nitrous oxide emission, N leaching, and runoff) or linearly (ammonia volatilization). The GHGI of rice production ranged from 1.20 (RN240) to 1.61 kg CO2 equivalent (CO2 eq) kg−1 (RN0), while NrI varied from 2.14 (RN0) to 10.92 g N kg−1 (RN300). Methane (CH4) emission dominated the GHGI with a proportion of 70.2–88.6 % due to direct straw incorporation, while ammonia (NH3) volatilization dominated the NrI with proportion of 53.5–57.4 %. Damage costs to environment incurred by GHG and Nr releases from current rice production (RN300) accounted for 8.8 and 4.9 % of farmers' incomes, respectively. Cutting N application rate from 300 (traditional N rate) to 240 kg N ha−1 could improve rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency by 2.14 and 10.30 %, respectively, while simultaneously reducing GHGI by 13 %, NrI by 23 %, and total environmental costs by 16 %. Moreover, the reduction of 60 kg N ha−1 improved farmers' income by CNY 639 ha−1, which would provide them with an incentive to change the current N application rate. Our study suggests that GHG and Nr releases, especially for CH4 emission and NH3 volatilization, from rice production in the TLR could be further reduced, considering the current incorporation pattern of wheat straw and N fertilizer.

scholarly journals Effect of nitrogen application rate on soil fungi community structure in a rice-fish mutualistic system

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shumei Cai ◽  
Weiguang Lv ◽  
Haitao Zhu ◽  
Deshan Zhang ◽  
Zishi Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Paddy Soil ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Available N ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Rice Fish ◽  
Rice Monoculture

Abstract Rice-fish mutualistic production systems rationalise the use of water and soil resources in an improved approach to sustainable food production. However, drivers of fungi community structure in paddy soil, including effects of nitrogen (N) application rate, are unclear in these systems. Here, we assessed soil fungi community and soil physicochemical responses in paddy soil to contrasting rates of N application in a rice-fish system. To clarify the mutualistic effects, the rice-fish system was compared with a standard rice monoculture under a 325.5 kg ha−1 N application rate. The results showed that N application rate affected abundance of paddy soil fungi (P < 0.05). Alpha diversity and richness of fungi were lower in the rice-fish system, but evenness increased with a decrease in N application rate, while the rate of N determined diversity of soil fungi in the rice-fish system. Dominant genera in the two systems differed, and soil physicochemical properties were more important drivers of soil fungi community structure in the rice-fish mutualistic system than in rice monoculture. Total N, available N and P regulated the abundance of dominant fungi. Our results indicate that management of soil fungi may contribute to sustainable agricultural production.

Effects of Nitrogen Management on Garlic Yield, Economic Benefit and Soil Apparent Nutrient Balance

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 883-887
Author(s):  
Luji Bo ◽  
Yingpeng Zhang ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Jiafa Luo ◽  
Ming Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Economic Benefit ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Management ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Garlic Bulb ◽  
Apparent Nutrient Balance

An experiment was conducted on garlic (Allium sativum L.) to investigate the effects of nitrogen management on yield, economic benefit and the soil apparent nutrient balance, in the region of Laiwu town in Shandong province, China. The treatments included control (no N fertilizer), urea at 300 kg/ha, urea at 240 kg/ha, combined urea and commercial organic fertilizers at 120 kg N /ha each, and controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer at 192 kg N /ha. Results showed no significant difference both for garlic bulb yield and economic benefits between the urea treatments at different N application rates. The effect of the combined use of urea and organic fertilizer was similar to that of the urea application at the same N application rate. However, garlic bulb yields in the treatment of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer were significantly higher than in the other fertilizer treatments, even the N application rate was lower. The net income from garlic in the treatment of controlled release fertilizer was also significantly higher than those in the other treatments. There was N surplus after the garlic growth season when urea was applied at 300 kg/ha, while there was N, P and K deficit when the controlled-release N fertilizer at 192 kg/ha was used to produce more garlic. It is suggested that use of controlled release N fertilizer combined with a supplement of other nutrients would be a sustainable strategy for fertilizer management in garlic production.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates can be Lowered without Compromising Cotton Yield under Drip Irrigation System

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (03) ◽  
pp. 709-714
Author(s):  
Tao Yang
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Drip Irrigation System ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Xinjiang Of China

The effects of reducing N fertilizer use on soil NO3--N content and cotton yield were studied through a three-year (2015 to 2017) field experiment in South Xinjiang of China. Cotton was sown under drip irrigation system using five N fertilizer reduction treatments as: conventional N application rate (N100), N application rate reduced by 16.67% (N-16.67), 33.33% (N-33.33), 50% (N-50), and 100% (N-100). The data were recorded for changes in soil NO3--N content, and the SPAD value of cotton leaves was recorded at the peak bolling stage. The total N content of the plant was recorded at the boll formation stage, while yield was recorded at maturity. The results revealed that the soil NO3--N content in N-16.67, N-33.33, N-50, and N-100 treatments decreased by 10.8, 45.5, 60.7 and 72.3% compared to N100 treatment, respectively. The SPAD values of N-16.67 and N-33.33 treatments were significantly higher than those of N100 treatment, while the SPAD values of N-50 and N-100 treatments were significantly decreased. The total N content of cotton was significantly decreased with the increase in the proportion of N fertilizer reduced. The seed cotton yield in N-16.67 and N-33.33 treatments increased by 9.2 and 7.9% compared to the N100 treatment, respectively. However, the cotton yield decreased significantly when the N application rate was reduced by 50 and 100%. The relationship between the N fertilizer reduction rate and cotton yield suggested that the N application rate can be reduced by 18.47–45.50% without compromising the cotton yield in South Xinjiang of China. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

scholarly journals Greenhouse gas emissions and reactive nitrogen releases from rice production with simultaneous incorporation of wheat straw and nitrogen fertilizer

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Longlong Xia ◽  
Yongqiu Xia ◽  
Shutan Ma ◽  
Jinyang Wang ◽  
Shuwei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
N Application ◽  
Fertilization Rates ◽  
N Application Rate

Abstract. The impacts of simultaneous inputs of crop straw and nitrogen (N) fertilizer on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and reactive nitrogen (Nr) releases from rice production in intensive agricultural regions are not well understood. A field experiment was established in a rice–wheat cropping system in the Taihu Lake region (TLR) of China since 2013 to evaluate the GHG intensity (GHGI), Nr intensity (NrI) and environmental costs of concurrent inputs of wheat straw and N fertilizer to rice paddies. The field experiment included five treatments of different N fertilization rates for rice production: 0 (RN0), 120 (RN120), 180 (RN180), 240 (RN240) and 300 kg N ha–1 (RN300, traditional N applied rate in the TLR). Wheat straws were fully incorporated into soil before rice transplantation in all treatments. The results showed that the response of rice yield to N application rate successfully fitted a quadratic model. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were increased exponentially as N fertilization rates increased, while methane (CH4) emissions increased slightly with wheat straw rates increased. The estimated soil organic carbon sequestration rate varied from 129.58 (RN0) to 196.87 kg C ha−1 yr−1 (RN300). Seasonal average GHGI of rice production ranged from 1.20 (RN240) to 1.61 kg CO2-equivalent (CO2-eq) kg–1 (RN0), while NrI varied from 2.14 (RN0) to 10.92 g N kg−1 (RN300). CH4 emissions dominated GHGI with proportion of 70.2-88.6%, while ammonia (NH3) volatilization dominated NrI with proportion of 53.5-57.4% in all fertilization treatments. The damage costs to environment incurred by GHG and Nr releases from current rice production (RN300) accounted for 8.8% and 4.9% of farmer’s incomes, respectively. Cutting the traditional application rate of N fertilizer from 300 to 240 kg N ha−1 improved rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency by 2.14% and 10.30%, respectively, whilst simultaneously reduced GHGI by 13%, NrI by 23% and total environmental costs by 16%. Moreover, the reduction of 60 kg N ha−1 improved farmer’s income by 639 ¥ ha–1, which would provide them with an incentive to change their traditional N application rate. Our study suggests that GHG and Nr releases, especially the CH4 emission and NH3 volatilization, from rice production in the TLR could be further curbed, considering the current incorporation pattern of straw and N fertilizer.

Production and quality benefits of white clover inclusion into ryegrass swards at different nitrogen fertilizer rates

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Enriquez-Hidalgo ◽  
T. J. Gilliland ◽  
M. Egan ◽  
D. Hennessy
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Application ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Herbage Quality ◽  
Fertilizer Rates ◽  
Clover Content ◽  
N Fertilizer Rate

AbstractA 4-year (2010–2013) plot study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate (0, 60, 120, 196 and 240 kg N/ha/year) on seasonal responses and species persistency in frequently and tightly grazed (⩽4 cm) grass-only (GO) and grass white clover swards (GWc). Increasing N application rate increased herbage removed and pre-grazing sward height. Cows frequently grazed the GWc tighter than the GO. Increasing N rate reduced clover content, especially during the warmest months of the year, but less so up to 120 kg N/ha/year. The GWc had greater amounts of herbage removed than GO in the May–September period but the effect was less as N rate increased. Cumulative herbage removed from GWc was greater than GO swards receiving the same N rate and herbage quality was better in GWc than GO. Such effects were reduced as swards aged and with increasing N rate. It was concluded that under frequent and tight grazing management: (1) clover inclusion increased annual herbage removed; (2) herbage removed from GWc swards receiving no N was the same as the GO sward receiving 240 kg N/ha, and greater for the 240 GWc swards than the 240 GO swards; (3) clover inclusion benefits were mainly from summer onwards; (4) the management strategy applied in the current experiment may be capable of alleviating the detrimental effect of N fertilizer on clover, to a point between 60 and 120 kg N/ha.

scholarly journals Nitrogen fertilizer reduction in combination with Azolla cover for reducing ammonia volatilization and improving nitrogen use efficiency of rice

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11077
Author(s):  
Guoying Yang ◽  
Hongting Ji ◽  
Hongjiang Liu ◽  
Yanfang Feng ◽  
Yuefang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Use Efficiency

Background Excessive nitrogen (N) application rate with low N use efficiency (NUE) caused a considerable amount of N losses, especially ammonia volatilization (AV). Proper N fertilizer reduction (RN) could significantly reduce AV. However, continuous RN led to a nutrient deficiency in the soil and therefore negatively impacted the NUE and rice yield. Paddy Azolla, a good green manure, is considered as a promising measure to decrease AV and improve NUE and grain yield of rice. However, there is limited information on the integrated effects of RN and Azolla cover on the AV, NUE, and rice yield, especially in the highly fertilized rice-growing systems. Methods The experiment was conducted including eight treatments: the control (without N fertilizer and Azolla cover), Azolla cover without N fertilizer (A), farmer’s N application rate (FN), FN + Azolla cover (FNA), 15% RN from FN (RN15), RN15 + Azolla cover (RN15A). 30% RN from FN (RN30), RN30 + Azolla cover (RN30A). The integrated effects of N fertilizer reduction and Azolla cover on AV, NUE, and rice grain was evaluated. Results RN15A and RN30A substantially reduced total AV by 50.3 and 66.9% compared with FN, respectively, primarily due to the lower surface water ammonia concentrations and pH. RN improved the efficiency of Azolla cover on reducing AV, with 4.1–9.9% higher than for FN. Compared with the FN, RN15A and RN30A enhanced apparent N recovery efficiency (ANRE) by 46.5 and 39.1%, which might be responsible for the lower NH3 emission and the increased total N uptake / total chemical N applied. Furthermore, RN15A and RN30A reduced yield-scaled volatilization by 52.3 and 64.3% than for FN, respectively. Thus, combining 15–30% RN with Azolla cover may be a way to reduce AV and improve ANRE without decreasing rice grain yield.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Leaching and Nitrogen Balance under Differing Nitrogen Fertilization for Sugarcane Cultivation on a Subtropical Island

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 740
Author(s):  
Ken Okamoto ◽  
Shinkichi Goto ◽  
Toshihiko Anzai ◽  
Shotaro Ando
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
N Application ◽  
Fertilizer Application Rate ◽  
Sugarcane Yield ◽  
Cropping Seasons

Fertilizer application during sugarcane cultivation is a main source of nitrogen (N) loads to groundwater on small islands in southwestern Japan. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of reducing the N fertilizer application rate on sugarcane yield, N leaching, and N balance. We conducted a sugarcane cultivation experiment with drainage lysimeters and different N application rates in three cropping seasons (three years). N loads were reduced by reducing the first N application rate in all cropping seasons. The sugarcane yields of the treatment to which the first N application was halved (T2 = 195 kg ha−1 N) were slightly lower than those of the conventional application (T1 = 230 kg ha−1 N) in the first and third seasons (T1 = 91 or 93 tons ha−1, T2 = 89 or 87 tons ha−1). N uptake in T1 and T2 was almost the same in seasons 1 (186–188 kg ha−1) and 3 (147–151 kg ha−1). Based on the responses of sugarcane yield and N uptake to fertilizer reduction in two of the three years, T2 is considered to represent a feasible fertilization practice for farmers. The reduction of the first N fertilizer application reduced the underground amounts of N loads (0–19 kg ha−1). However, application of 0 N in the first fertilization would lead to a substantial reduction in yield in all seasons. Reducing the amount of N in the first application (i.e., replacing T1 with T2) improved N recovery by 9.7–11.9% and reduced N leaching by 13 kg ha−1. These results suggest that halving the amount of N used in the first application can improve N fertilizer use efficiency and reduce N loss to groundwater.

scholarly journals Foliar Zn Spraying Simultaneously Improved Concentrations and Bioavailability of Zn and Fe in Maize Grains Irrespective of Foliar Sucrose Supply

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiyong Xia ◽  
Weilin Kong ◽  
Lan Wang ◽  
Yanhui Xue ◽  
Wenlong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
N Application ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Sucrose Supply

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a global nutritional problem that is reduced through agronomic biofortification. In the current study, the effects of foliar spraying of exogenous ZnSO4·7H2O (0.2% in Quzhou and 0.3% in Licheng, w/v) and/or sucrose (10.0%, w/v) on maize (Zea mays L.) agronomic traits; concentrations of Zn, iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), total phosphorus (P), phytic acid (PA) P, carbon (C), and nitrogen (N); C/N ratios; and Zn and Fe bioavailability (as evaluated by molar ratios of PA/Zn, PA × Ca/Zn, PA/Fe and PA × Ca/Fe) in maize grains were studied under field conditions for two years at two experimental locations. The results confirmed that there were no significant differences in maize agronomic traits following the various foliar treatments. Compared with the control treatment of foliar spraying with deionized water, foliar applications of Zn alone or combined with sucrose significantly increased maize grain Zn concentrations by 29.2–58.3% in Quzhou (from 18.4–19.9 to 25.2–29.6 mg/kg) and by 39.8–47.8% in Licheng (from 24.9 to 34.8–36.8 mg/kg), as well as its bioavailability. No significant differences were found between the foliar spraying of deionized water and sucrose, and between Zn-only and “sucrose + Zn” at each N application rate and across different N application rates and experimental sites. Similar results were observed for maize grain Fe concentrations and bioavailability, but the Fe concentration increased to a smaller extent than Zn. Foliar Zn spraying alone or with sucrose increased maize grain Fe concentrations by 4.7–28.4% in Quzhou (from 13.4–17.1 to 15.2–18.5 mg/kg) and by 15.4–25.0% in Licheng (from 24.0 to 27.7–30.0 mg/kg). Iron concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with Zn at each N application rate and across different N application rates and experimental locations, indicating that foliar Zn spraying facilitated the transport of endogenous Fe to maize grains. Therefore, foliar Zn spraying increased the Zn concentration and bioavailability in maize grains irrespective of foliar sucrose supply while also improving Fe concentrations and bioavailability to some extent. This is a promising agricultural practice for simultaneous Zn and Fe biofortification in maize grains, i.e., “killing two birds with one stone”.

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