Crop Rotation, Cover Crop, and Weed Management Effects on Weed Seedbanks and Yields in Snap Bean, Sweet Corn, and Cabbage

Weed Science ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Brainard ◽  
Robin R. Bellinder ◽  
Russell R. Hahn ◽  
Denis A. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
Snap Beans ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Continuous Field

Three major hypotheses were examined in this study: (1) the density of summer annual weeds is reduced in crop rotation systems that include winter wheat compared to those with strictly summer annual crops, (2) the integration of a red clover in cropping systems reduces weed seedbank densities, and (3) changes in weed seedbanks due to crop rotation system have greater impact on future crops that are managed with cultivation alone, compared to those managed with herbicides. To test these hypotheses, five 3-yr rotation sequences were examined in central New York state: continuous field corn (FC); field corn with red clover (FC + CL); field corn–oats–wheat (FC/O/W); sweet corn–peas–wheat (SC/P/W), and SC/P/W with red clover (SC/P/W + CL). In the fourth year, sweet corn, snap beans, and cabbage were planted in subplots with three levels of weed management as sub-subplots: cultivation alone, reduced-rate herbicides (1/2×), and full-rate herbicides (1×). The trial was carried out in two separate cycles, from 1997 to 2000 (cycle 1) and from 1998 to 2001 (cycle 2). Crop rotations with strictly summer annual crops (FC) did not result in consistently higher weed seedbank densities of summer annual weeds compared to rotations involving winter wheat (FC/O/W; SC/P/W; SC/P/W + CL). Integration of red clover in continuous field corn resulted in higher weed seedbanks (cycle 1) or emergence (cycle 2) of several summer annual weeds compared to field corn alone. In contrast, integration of red clover in the SC/P/W rotation led to a 96% reduction in seedbank density of winter annuals in cycle 1, although this effect was not detected in cycle 2. Observed changes in weed seedbank density and emergence due to crop rotation resulted in increased weed biomass in the final year in only one case (sweet corn, cycle 2), and did not result in detectable differences in crop yields. In contrast, final year weed management had a strong effect on weed biomass and yield; cultivation alone resulted in yield losses for sweet corn (32 to 34%) and cabbage (0 to 7%), but not snap beans compared to either 1/2× or 1× herbicides.

Effect of Spring Tillage Sequence on Summer Annual Weeds in Vegetable Row Crop Rotations

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 204-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Edward Peachey ◽  
Ray D. William ◽  
Carol Mallory-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Snap Beans ◽  
Row Crop ◽  
Annual Weeds

The effects of spring tillage sequence on summer annual weed populations were evaluated over two cycles of a 3-yr crop rotation of snap beans, sweet corn, and winter wheat. Continuous no-till (N) planting of vegetable crops each spring (NNNN) reduced summer annual weed density 63 to 86% compared to that of continuous conventional tillage (CCCC), depending upon site and herbicide level. Hairy nightshade populations were reduced by 88 to 96% when spring tillage was eliminated from the crop rotation. The effects of the NNNN spring tillage sequence on weed density were similar at two sites even though the crop rotations at the two sites began with different crops. The rotational tillage sequence of NCNC at the East site, in a crop rotation that began with corn, reduced summer annual weed density by 46 to 51% compared to that of continuous conventional tillage and planting (CCCC) at low and medium herbicide rates, respectively. In contrast, the tillage sequence of CNCN in the same crop rotation and at the same site increased weed density by 80% compared to that of CCCC at a low herbicide rate. The effects of the NCNC and CNCN rotational tillage sequences on weed density were reversed at the West site, and was probably caused by pairing sweet corn with conventional tillage rather than no tillage. The reduction in summer annual weed density caused by reduced spring tillage frequency did not significantly increase crop yields.

Control of Glyphosate-Resistant Giant Ragweed in Winter Wheat

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 868-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris J. Mahoney ◽  
Kristen E. McNaughton ◽  
Peter H. Sikkema
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Control Population ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Giant Ragweed ◽  
Herbicide Treatments

Four field experiments were conducted over a 2-yr period (2012 and 2013) in winter wheat to evaluate POST herbicides for the control of glyphosate-resistant (GR) giant ragweed. POST herbicides were evaluated for winter wheat injury and GR giant ragweed control, population density, and aboveground biomass. The herbicides used in this study provided 54 to 90% and 51 to 97% control of GR giant ragweed at 4 and 8 wk after treatment (WAT), respectively. At 8 WAT, auxinic herbicide treatments or herbicide tank mix/premix treatments that contained auxinics provided 78 to 97% control of GR giant ragweed. Reductions in GR giant ragweed population density and aboveground biomass were 62 to 100% and 83 to 100%, respectively, and generally reflected the level of control. The results of this research indicate that Ontario, Canada, corn and soybean growers should continue to incorporate winter wheat into their crop rotation as one component of an integrated weed management (IWM) strategy for the control of GR giant ragweed.

scholarly journals Tolerance of Eight Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.) Hybrids to Pyroxasulfone

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah R. Sikkema ◽  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Peter H. Sikkema ◽  
Darren E. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Field Corn

Pyroxasulfone is an experimental herbicide for use in field corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean that may have potential for weed management in sweet corn. Tolerance of eight sweet corn hybrids to pyroxasulfone applied preemergence (PRE) at rates of 0, 209, and 418 g·ha−1 a.i. were studied at two Ontario locations in 2005 and 2006. Pyroxasulfone applied PRE at 209 and 418 g·ha−1 caused minimal (less than 3%) injury in Harvest Gold, GH2041, GH9589, GSS9299, GG214, GG446, GG763, and GG447 sweet corn hybrids at 7, 14, and 28 days after emergence. Pyroxasulfone applied PRE did not reduce plant height, cob size, or yield of any of the sweet corn hybrids tested in this study. Based on these results, pyroxasulfone applied PRE at the rates evaluated can be safely used for weed management in Harvest Gold, GH2041, GH9589, GSS9299, GG214, GG446, GG763, and GG447 sweet corn.

Buckwheat Residue Effects on Emergence and Growth of Weeds in Winter-Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Cropping Systems

Weed Science ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virender Kumar ◽  
Daniel C. Brainard ◽  
Robin R. Bellinder ◽  
Russell R. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Winter Annual Weeds ◽  
Annual Weeds

Field and pot studies were conducted in Central New York to determine the potential weed-management benefits of a buckwheat cover crop grown before winter wheat. Specific objectives were to determine buckwheat residue effects on (1) emergence and growth of winter annual weeds; (2) wheat establishment and yield; and (3) emergence of summer annual weeds in the spring following overwinter seed burial. In a field study, buckwheat was sown at two timings (July or August), mowed, and either incorporated or left on the soil surface. Winter wheat was drilled into buckwheat residue in September and weed and crop growth were monitored. In a complementary pot study, four winter annual weeds were sown in soil removed from buckwheat and bare-soil plots at 0 or 15 d after incorporation and monitored for emergence and early growth. To assess buckwheat residue effects on spring emergence from overwintering seeds, seeds of three weed species were buried in buckwheat residue and bare-soil plots in the fall, exhumed in April, and evaluated for emergence. To investigate the mechanism for possible effects of buckwheat residue on overwintering seeds, two levels each of seed treatment (none or fungicide) and fertilization (none or 170 kg ha−1) were applied before burial. Buckwheat residue had no negative effect on wheat yields but suppressed emergence (22 to 72%) and growth (0 to 95%) of winter annual weeds, although effects were often small and inconsistent. Buckwheat residue had no effect on the emergence of buried weed seeds in spring. However, fungicide treatment enhanced the emergence of Powell amaranth seeds by 12.5 to 25.5% and of barnyardgrass seeds by 0 to 12%. Our results suggest that buckwheat residue can contribute to weed management in wheat cropping systems, but that further studies investigating the mechanistic basis for the inconsistent selective effects of buckwheat residue on weeds are needed before buckwheat use can be optimized.

Quackgrass suppression through crop rotation in conservation tillage systems

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Loeppky ◽  
D. A. Derksen
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Node Density ◽  
Elytrigia Repens

Quackgrass [Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski] is a widespread perennial weed traditionally controlled by tillage, a practice which can contribute to soil erosion and degradation. This study was initiated to determine the impact of integrated weed management strategies utilizing crop rotation, conservation tillage, and postemergence herbicides on quackgrass. Rotations of tall and semi-dwarf winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. 'Norstar' and 'Norwin') or spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. 'Katepwa' and 'HY320') with mustard (Brassica juncea 'Common Brown') and flax (Linum usitatissimum L. 'Norlin') were conducted at Indian Head, Saskatchewan for 4 yr to determine their effect on quackgrass shoot density, rhizome dry weight and rhizome node density. The presence or absence of winter wheat within the crop rotation had the greatest impact on quackgrass growth. During years when drought hampered winter wheat establishment, quackgrass growth was greater in winter wheat than in spring wheat, but under conditions favoring winter wheat establishment, the opposite occurred. Quackgrass growth in standard height wheat was similar to semi-dwarf wheat. Annual differences in quackgrass growth occurred between mustard and flax, but overall, no trend developed. Shoot density, rhizome biomass, and rhizome node density were not consistently correlated to crop yield. Crop rotation is a useful component of an integrated quackgrass management system. Key words: Integrated weed management (IWM), quackgrass, Elytrigia repens, crop rotation, conservation tillage

The Selective Memory of Weed Seedbanks after 18 Years of Conservation Tillage

Weed Science ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Légère ◽  
F. Craig Stevenson ◽  
Diane L. Benoit
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Seed Rain ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Emergence Patterns ◽  
Herbicide Use

A conservation tillage study provided the opportunity to test whether tillage effects on the germinable weed seedbank would be consistent across different crop rotations and to investigate the potential residual effects of herbicide treatments terminated 12 yr earlier. Our objective was to measure the effects of tillage (moldboard plow [MP] vs. chisel plow [CP] vs. no-till [NT]), crop rotation (2-yr barley–red clover followed by 4-yr barley–canola–wheat–soybean rotation, compared to a cereal monoculture), and of a prior weed management factor (three intensity levels of herbicide use) on the density, diversity, and community structure of weed seedbanks. Species richness, evenness (Shannon'sE), and diversity (Shannon'sH′) of spring seedbanks varied little across treatments and over time. Total seedbank density generally increased as tillage was reduced, with some variations due to weed management in 1993 and crop rotation in 2006. Crop rotations generally had smaller seedbanks with fewer species than the monoculture. In 1993, seedbanks with minimum weed management were twice as dense as those with intensive or moderate weed management (approximately 6,000 vs. 3,000 seed m−2). By 2006, seed density averaged 6,838 seed m−2across intensive and moderate weed management regardless of tillage, but was nearly twice as large in NT (12,188 seed m−2) compared to MP (4,770 seed m−2) and CP (7,117 seed m−2) with minimum weed management (LSD0.005= 4488). Species with abundant seedbanks responded differently to treatments. Barnyardgrass and green foxtail had larger seedbanks in the monoculture than in the rotation. Common lambsquarters and pigweed species had large seedbanks in tilled treatments in the rotation, whereas yellow foxtail and field pennycress contributed to the large seedbanks observed in NT treatments. The latter two species were also associated with residual effects of weed management treatments (terminated 12 yr earlier) in NT. The differential seedbank response of weed species, attributed in part to contrasting weed emergence patterns and agronomic practice effects on seed rain, explained some of the weak treatment effects observed for total seedbank density and diversity. The large weed seedbanks observed in NT plots after 18 yr confirms the importance of seed rain and seedbank management for the sustainability of NT systems.

scholarly journals Effect of Fertilizers on the Yield of Alternative Small Grains

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Željko Dolijanović ◽  
Dušan Kovačević ◽  
Snežana Oljača ◽  
Svetlana Roljević Nikolić ◽  
Srđan Šeremešić
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Control Treatment

SummaryThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of organic farming technologies on the yield of alternative types of wheat: hard wheat (Triticum durum), spelt (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta) and a common variety of (soft) winter wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare). The experiment was carried out during 2010-11 and 2011-12, at the Radmilovac experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture in Belgrade, according to the randomized block design in four replications. In addition to the control treatment (without fertilizers), microbiological fertilizers were applied in topdressing (alone) and in combination with organic fertilizer before sowing. Crops were grown under a four-crop rotation on leached chernozem in the rainfed water regime. The average yields of the varieties examined were not significantly different depending on the growing year, whereas fertilization showed a highly significant effect on the grain yield. The combined application of microbiological and organic fertilizers resulted in the highest yields in both years (5,209 and 4,992 kg ha-1, respectively). The selected wheat varieties exhibited different responses to the treatments applied. The highest yield was observed in the common soft wheat variety examined (5,170 and 5,611 kg ha-1), whereas the lowest in durum wheat (3,138 and 2,429 kg ha-1). The analysis of experimental factor interactions showed that statistically significant effects on the yield could be attributed to the year-fertilization interaction. The wheat yields obtained are similar to those observed in the conventional production system due to favorable weather conditions and a proper selection of the type and sequence of crops that are part of the four-crop rotation (winter wheat, maize, spring barley + red clover, and red clover).

Impact of integrated management systems on jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) populations

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1010-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony D. White ◽  
Phillip W. Stahlman ◽  
Francis E. Northam
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass

Research during the past several decades on jointed goatgrass management has focused on individual cultural practices rather than on multi- or interdisciplinary components. Field studies were conducted at Hays, KS, from 1997 to 2003 to evaluate the interaction of crop rotation, fallow weed management, and winter wheat variety on jointed goatgrass density. Extending a wheat–fallow (W–F) rotation to include grain sorghum or grain sorghum and sunflower reduced jointed goatgrass populations more than other cultural practices tested. Fallow treatments were equal in most years, but mechanical fallow resulted in increased jointed goatgrass emergence compared with chemical fallow under drought conditions. Winter wheat cultivars had little effect on jointed goatgrass populations. However, taller, more competitive varieties are favorable for jointed goatgrass control in an integrated management program. No specific combination of crop rotation, fallow weed management, and wheat variety consistently reduced jointed goatgrass density more than other combinations during multiple years.

scholarly journals Response of Eight Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.) Hybrids to Topramezone

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Peter H. Sikkema ◽  
John Zandstra ◽  
John O'Sullivan ◽  
Darren E. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Initial Sensitivity

Topramezone is a newly introduced herbicide for use in field corn (Zea mays L.) that may have potential for weed management in sweet corn. Tolerance of eight sweet corn hybrids to topramezone applied postemergence (POST) at 0, 50, 75, 100, 150, and 300 g a.i. ha− 1 were studied at one Ontario location in 2000 and two locations in 2001 and 2002. Topramezone applied POST at 50, 75, 100, and 150 g·ha− 1 did not cause any visual injury in Calico Belle, CNS 710, Delmonte 2038, FTF 222, FTF 246, GH 2684, Reveille, and Rival sweet corn hybrids at 7 days after treatment (DAT) and caused minimal injury (less than 5%) at 300 g·ha− 1 in all hybrids. The initial sensitivity observed in these hybrids was minimal and transient with no effect on visual injury at 14 and 28 DAT. Topramezone applied POST did not reduce plant height, cob size, or marketable yield of the sweet corn hybrids included in this study. Based on these results, topramezone applied POST at the rates evaluated can be safely applied to Calico Belle, CNS 710, Delmonte 2038, FTF 222, FTF 246, GH 2684, Reveille, and Rival sweet corn.

Suppressing weed growth after wheat harvest with underseeded red clover in organic farming

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy L. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Alternative Tactics ◽  
Weed Growth

AbstractOrganic producers are seeking alternative tactics for weed control so that they can reduce their need for tillage. In this study, we examined cover crop strategies for suppressing weed growth after harvest of wheat. Three cover crop treatments, red clover (mammoth type), a mixture of oat and dry pea, and a control were compared. Treatments were established in both winter and spring wheat, resulting in six treatments arranged in a randomized complete block design. Red clover was underseeded in wheat by drilling in the spring, and the oat/pea mixture was planted in August. Oat was planted uniformly across all treatments in the following growing season. The red clover treatment effectively suppressed weeds, reducing post-harvest weed biomass, density of volunteer winter wheat, and seed production of downy brome by more than 99% compared with the control. Oat/pea was not effective for weed management, likely because of less fall growth and competition compared with red clover. Underseeding red clover did not affect winter wheat yield, but reduced spring wheat yield by 17%. Oat yield, however, was reduced by volunteer crop plants and downy brome infestations in all treatments. Underseeding clovers in winter wheat may effectively manage weeds and, if they winterkill, can replace the need for tillage to control weeds after wheat harvest.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document