scholarly journals Effect of Land Rolling on Weed Emergence in Field Pea, Barley, and Fallow

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew W. Lenssen
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Summer Fallow

In the northern Great Plains, fields are land rolled after the planting of annual pulse and forage crops to push rocks back into the soil to prevent damage to harvest equipment. Field trials were conducted in 2004 and 2005 to determine if land rolling influenced weed density or biomass associated with field pea, forage barley, and summer fallow. The experiment included two planting dates, conventional and delayed, for both barley and pea. Separate fallow plots were included with each planting date. Preplant tillage was conducted with a field cultivator for all treatments. Across years, crops, and planting dates, land rolling approximately doubled densities of tumble mustard, Russian thistle, kochia, and redroot pigweed shortly after crop emergence and at harvest compared with nonrolled. Land rolling increased density of early-emerging green foxtail but density at harvest was not affected. Wild oat densities were not influenced by rolling. Weed biomass at harvest was greater after land rolling than nonrolled. Land rolling after planting decreased subsequent pea yield by 330 kg/ha, but did not influence water use or water use efficiency. Land rolling is advantageous by hastening depletion of soil broadleaf weed seed banks in forage barley, but may increase problematic broadleaf weeds in pea.

Water use efficiency of wheat in a Mediterranean-type environment. II. some limitations to efficiency

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 765 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ French ◽  
JE Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Growth Yields ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Factorial Treatments

Evidence is presented that water use efficiency and yield of wheat are reduced by insufficient leaf area and by inadequate content of nutrients in the top growth. Yields from field trials are compared with the potential yield, and a review is made of the limitations caused by weeds, the incidence of diseases and the harvest index. The data highlight the need for field experiments to define the evaporation and transpiration components of water use in each environment. They also indicate the need for multi-factorial treatments to overcome all yield limitations and thereby attain the potential yield.

Evaluation of fungicide efficacy on sunflower rust (Puccinia helianthi) on oilseed and confection sunflower

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandt Berghuis ◽  
Andrew Friskop ◽  
Michelle Gilley ◽  
Jessica Halvorson ◽  
Bryan Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Puccinia Helianthi ◽  
Action Threshold ◽  
The Us ◽  
Fungicide Efficacy ◽  
Rust Severity ◽  
Important Disease

Sunflower rust, caused by Puccinia helianthi, is an economically and globally important disease of sunflower. Two types of sunflowers are produced in the US Northern Great Plains; the oilseed type and the confection type. Although approximately 80% of the acreage in this region is planted as the oilseed type sunflower, fungicide efficacy and timing studies have been conducted primarily on the more rust-susceptible confection type. A total of ten sunflower rust efficacy field experiments were conducted on oilseed type and confectionary type hybrid trials from 2016-2018. Eleven fungicides from three FRAC groups were evaluated for efficacy and protection of yield. Severity differences among fungicide treatments were identified in both confection and oilseed type sunflower trials. A combined analysis of all confection field trials (five) indicated that rust severity was lower in all fungicide treatments as compared to the non-treated control. Despite rust severity levels below the fungicide action threshold for confection sunflower, seven of the eleven fungicide treatments had yield higher than the non-treated control. In oilseed trials, rust severity was lower in all fungicide treatments as compared to the non-treated control, similar to the findings of the confection type. Rust severity was too low to detect yield differences in oilseed trials. Additional work is needed to elucidate yield-loss potential on oilseed type sunflower and refine the fungicide action threshold on confection type sunflower.

Performance of nitrate compared with urea fertilizer in a semiarid climate of the northern Great Plains

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-355
Author(s):  
Richard E. Engel ◽  
Carlos M. Romero ◽  
Patrick Carr ◽  
Jessica A. Torrion
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Semiarid Regions

Fertilizer NO3-N may represent a benefit over NH4-N containing sources in semiarid regions where rainfall is often not sufficient to leach fertilizer-N out of crop rooting zones, denitrification concerns are not great, and when NH3 volatilization concerns exist. The objective of our study was to contrast plant-N derived from fertilizer-15N (15Ndff), fertilizer-15N recovery (F15NR), total N uptake, grain yield, and protein of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from spring-applied NaNO3 relative to urea and urea augmented with urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT). We established six fertilizer-N field trials widespread within the state of Montana between 2012 and 2017. The trials incorporated different experimental designs and 15N-labeled fertilizer-N sources, including NaNO3, NH4NO3, urea, and urea + NBPT. Overall, F15NR and 15Ndff in mature crop biomass were significantly greater for NaNO3 than urea or urea + NBPT (P < 0.05). Crop 15Ndff averaged 53.8%, 43.9%, and 44.7% across locations for NaNO3, urea, and urea + NBPT, respectively. Likewise, crop F15NR averaged 52.2%, 35.8%, and 38.6% for NaNO3, urea, and urea + NBPT, respectively. Soil 15N recovered in the surface layer (0–15 cm) was lower for NaNO3 compared with urea and urea + NBPT. Wheat grain yield and protein were generally not sensitive to improvements in 15Ndff, F15NR, or total N uptake. Our study hypothesis that NaNO3 would result in similar or better performance than urea or urea + NBPT was confirmed. Use of NO3-N fertilizer might be an alternative strategy to mitigate fertilizer-N induced soil acidity in semiarid regions of the northern Great Plains.

scholarly journals Water-Use Efficiency of Forage Crops in the Southeastern United States

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1377
Author(s):  
Christine H. Gelley ◽  
Amanda J. Ashworth ◽  
Patrick D. Keyser ◽  
Renata L. G. Nave ◽  
Justin D. Rhinehart
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Standardized Precipitation Index ◽  
Big Bluestem ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Eastern Gamagrass ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Sorghum Sudangrass

Preparing agricultural producers to cope with volatile weather changes, specifically drought, requires a better understanding of forage water-use efficiency (WUE) potentials. Options to improve farm resiliency to drought may include the use of C4 annual and perennial forages, which have greater production efficiency during drought than commonly used C3 forages. Our objective was to measure WUE through real-time gas exchange measurements of photosynthesis and transpiration in (1) a greenhouse study and (2) under field-grazing conditions. Growth parameters, instantaneous water use efficiency (iWUE), and mass-based WUE (mWUE) data were collected under greenhouse conditions in Study 1 for the following species: crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis cv. ‘Red River’), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum cv. ‘Alamo’), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii cv. ‘OZ-70’), indiangrass (Sorghastum nutans cv. ‘Rumsey’), eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides cv. ‘Pete’), bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon cv. ‘Vaughn’s #1’), sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor (L.) × Sorghum sudanese (P.) cv. ‘Greengrazer’), and tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort). Study 2 occurred from 2014 to 2016, and evaluated iWUE of crabgrass, switchgrass, bermudagrass, eastern gamagrass, and a big bluestem/indiangrass mix under field conditions. Overall, in situ iWUE of crabgrass, switchgrass, eastern gamagrass, and bermudagrass did not differ, while iWUE of the big bluestem/indiangrass was less than switchgrass and crabgrass, an advantage for these species if the standardized precipitation index drops below zero. Bermudagrass, switchgrass, sorghum-sudangrass, pearl millet, and indiangrass had comparable mWUE values under greenhouse-simulated drought. These results will aid in the development of forage species recommendations for mitigating drought and improving resiliency.

Planting Date and Preplant Weed Management Influence Yield, Water Use, and Weed Seed Production in Herbicide-Free Forage Barley

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 486-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew W. Lenssen
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Early Planting

In the semiarid northern Great Plains, the adoption of zero tillage improves soil water conservation, allowing for increased crop intensification and diversification. Zero-tillage crop production relies heavily on herbicides for weed management, particularly the herbicide glyphosate, increasing selection pressure for herbicide-resistant weeds. Barley is well adapted to the northern Great Plains, and may be a suitable herbicide-free forage crop in zero-tillage systems. A 2-yr field study was conducted to determine if planting date influenced crop and weed biomass, water use (WU), and water-use efficiency (WUE) of barley and weed seed production in three preplant weed management systems: (1) conventional preplant tillage with a field cultivator (TILL); (2) zero tillage with preemergence glyphosate application (ZTPRE); and (3) zero tillage without preemergence glyphosate (ZT). None of the systems included an in-crop herbicide. Planting dates were mid-April (early), late May (mid), and mid-June (delayed). Early planting of ZT barley resulted in excellent forage yields (7,228 kg/ha), similar to those from TILL and ZTPRE. Early planting resulted in a small accumulation of weed biomass, averaging 76 kg/ha, and no weed seed production regardless of preplant weed management system. Early planting resulted in higher WU than delayed planting, averaging 289 and 221 mm, respectively, across management systems and years. The WUE of crop and total biomass did not differ among preplant weed management systems at harvest from the early planting date. Delayed planting resulted in decreased forage yield with high amounts of weed biomass and seed production, especially in ZT. A pre-emergence glyphosate application was not necessary for early-planted ZT forage barley. Early planting of herbicide-free barley for forage can be an excellent addition to northern Great Plains cropping systems as part of a multitactic approach for improved weed and water management.

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