An Undergraduate Student Project to Improve Mechanical Control of Perennial Nutsedges with a Peanut Digger in Organic Crop Production

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 861-867
Author(s):  
W. Carroll Johnson ◽  
Thomas R. Way ◽  
David G. Beale
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Initial Field ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Organic Crop Production

Yellow and purple nutsedge are common in the southeastern United States, and both perennial species are difficult to control in organic crop-production systems. Tubers are generally confined to the upper portions of the soil profile and are vulnerable to desiccation when brought to the soil surface. A peanut digger is a common implement found in the coastal plain region of the southeastern United States and has shown promise controlling perennial nutsedges in fallow sites. The peanut digger undercuts perennial nutsedges, deposits weeds on the soil surface, and exposes weeds to desiccation. However, rainfall after tillage with the peanut digger allows displaced nutsedges to survive. As part of a senior-level class project, undergraduate mechanical engineering students from Auburn University designed and constructed a cart attached to a peanut digger that collected nutsedges. Key features included a custom hitch that allowed the correct plane of movement and a hydraulic conveyor system that discarded the perennial nutsedges off-site, away from the field. The prototype was tested in a fallow location in the summer of 2014 with a yellow nutsedge infestation averaging 148 plants m−2. One week after the initial field test, tillage using the peanut digger with specialized cart reduced yellow nutsedge densities in the tilled area by > 99%.

Cyperus entrerianus: A Little Known Aggressive Sedge in the Southeastern United States

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 232-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Carter ◽  
Charles T. Bryson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South America ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Senior Author ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The World ◽  
Southern Georgia ◽  
Warm Temperate

Four of the world's worst weeds are in the genus Cyperus. These are smallflower umbrella sedge (C. difformis L.), yellow nutsedge (C. esculentus L.), riceflatsedge (C. iria L.), and the world's worst weed, purple nutsedge (C. rotundus L.) (7). Fourteen additional Cyperus species are listed in the Composite List of Weeds1. Cyperus is in the sedge family (Cyperaceae) which consists of about 600 species found mostly in tropical to warm-temperate regions around the world (9). Cyperus entrerianus Böckeler is an aggressive, robust, fast growing, tenacious pest that produces large numbers of seeds (4). Apparently, it was introduced into the southeastern United States from temperate South America or Mexico (2). Presently, it is found in the southeastern United States from southeastern Texas to southern Georgia (4). The senior author has observed severe infestations of this weed in ditches, pastures, and fallow fields in southwestern Louisiana and southeastern Texas. Our objectives are to alert weed scientists, agronomists, and others concerned to the potential of this species and to discuss its biology, distribution, ecology, and taxonomy.

The Evidence for Reduced Glyphosate Efficacy on Acetolactate Synthase–Inhibiting Herbicide-Resistant Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-398
Author(s):  
Parsa Tehranchian ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Matheus Palhano ◽  
Nicholas E. Korres ◽  
Scott McElroy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Epsps Gene ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Als Inhibitors

A yellow nutsedge biotype (Res) from an Arkansas rice field has evolved resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides. TheResbiotype previously exhibited cross-resistance to ALS inhibitors from four chemical families (imidazolinone, pyrimidinyl benzoate, sulfonylurea, and triazolopyrimidine). Experiments were conducted to evaluate alternative herbicides (i.e., glyphosate, bentazon, propanil, quinclorac, and 2,4-D) currently labeled in Arkansas rice–soybean production systems. Based on the percentage of aboveground dry weight reduction, control of the yellow nutsedge biotypes with the labeled rate of bentazon, propanil, quinclorac, and 2,4-D was < 44%. Glyphosate (867 g ae ha−1) resulted in 68 and > 94% control of theResand susceptible yellow nutsedge biotypes, respectively, at 28 d after treatment. Dose-response studies were conducted to estimate the efficacy of glyphosate on theResbiotype, three susceptible yellow nutsedge biotypes, and purple nutsedge. Based on the dry weights, theResbiotype was ≥ 5- and ≥ 1.3-fold less responsive to glyphosate compared to the susceptible biotypes and purple nutsedge, respectively. Differences in absorption and translocation of radiolabeled glyphosate were observed among the yellow nutsedge biotypes and purple nutsedge. The susceptible biotype had less14C-glyphosate radioactivity in the tissues above the treated leaf and greater radioactivity in tissues below the treated leaf compared to theResbiotype and purple nutsedge. Reduced translocation of glyphosate in tissues below the treated leaf of theResbiotype could be a reason for the lower glyphosate efficacy in theResbiotype. No amino acid substitution that would correspond to glyphosate resistance was found in the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene of theResbiotype. However, an amino acid (serine) addition was detected in the EPSPS gene of theResbiotype; albeit, it is not believed that this addition contributes to lower efficacy of glyphosate in this biotype.

scholarly journals Increase in Populations of Rhizoctonia solani and Wirestem of Collard with Velvet Bean Cover Crop Mulch

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 719-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony P. Keinath ◽  
Howard F. Harrison ◽  
Paul C. Marino ◽  
D. Michael Jackson ◽  
Thomas C. Pullaro
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Velvet Bean ◽  
Organic Mulch ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Fallow Soil

Velvet bean has been used traditionally as a summer cover crop in the southeastern United States. We investigated the use of killed velvet bean as a cover crop mulch left on the soil surface before collard was transplanted in the fall. Control treatments were weed-free fallow and velvet bean that was killed and disked into the soil before transplanting. Incidence of wirestem, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, reached a maximum of 25% in 2000 but only 4% in 2001 in cover crop mulch treatments. Nevertheless, in both years, the infection rate, area under the disease progress curve, and final incidence were significantly greater with cover crop mulch than in the fallow or disked treatments. Wirestem incidence did not differ between the disked and fallow treatments in either year. Populations of R. solani in soil were greater after cover crop mulch than in fallow plots in both years and greater in the disked treatment than in fallow soil in 2000 but not 2001. Velvet bean does not appear to be suitable as an organic mulch for fall collard production, but could be used as a summer cover crop if disked into the soil before transplanting collard.

scholarly journals First Report of Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) and Purple Nutsedge (C. rotundus) in Georgia Naturally Infected with Impatiens necrotic spot virus

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (7) ◽  
pp. 771-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Martínez-Ochoa ◽  
S. W. Mullis ◽  
A. S. Csinos ◽  
T. M. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Necrotic Spot ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Spot Virus ◽  
Black Shank ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Das Elisa

Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV), family Bunyaviridae, genus Tospovirus, is an emerging virus found mostly in ornamentals under greenhouse production. INSV has been detected in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Georgia and Texas (3) and recently in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) in the southeastern United States (2) but little is known about INSV distribution and impact on these crops. Noncrop plant hosts are likely to contribute to disease spread by serving as reservoirs for the virus and reproductive hosts for thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande), which transmit the virus. Yellow nutsedge, a native of North America, and purple nutsedge introduced from Eurasia, are considered serious weed problems in the southeastern United States. To date, there are no reports of natural INSV infections in these weeds. A survey was conducted at two research farms in Tift County, Georgia to determine if yellow and purple nutsedge plants were naturally infected with Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and INSV. The first field at the Black Shank Farm had been planted with flue-cured tobacco K-326 earlier in the year and fallow at the time of sampling. The second field at the Ponder Farm was planted at the time of sampling with yellow squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.). In early October 2002, 90 nutsedge plants were taken at random from each site. Leaf and root tissues of each of the nutsedge plants were tested for TSWV and INSV using double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) alkaline phosphatase antisera kits (Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN). No visible symptoms of INSV or TSWV were observed. Samples from the field at the Black Shank Farm resulted in 2 of 26 positive for INSV in purple nutsedge plants and 6 of 64 in yellow nutsedge plants. At the Ponder Farm, 3 of 12 were positive for INSV in purple nutsedge plants and 14 of 78 in yellow nutsedge plants. None of the samples in either site tested positive for TSWV. The DAS-ELISA positive samples were verified for INSV using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as previously described by Dewey et al. (1). Total RNA extracts were obtained from the DAS-ELISA positive nutsedge samples using RNeasy extraction kits (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA). The RT-PCR was carried out with primer 1F: 5′-TCAAG(C/T) CTTC(G/T)GAA(A/G)GTGAT 3′ (1) and primer 2R: 5′-ATGAACAAAGCAAAGATTACC 3′ specific to the 3′ end of the INSV N gene open reading frame (GenBank Accession No. NC003624). DAS-ELISA negative tissues of Cyperus esculentus L. and Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC and an E. sonchifolia DAS-ELISA positive for INSV were included in the reactions as controls. All of the DAS-ELISA positive nutsedge samples yielded an amplification product with the expected size of 298 bp when PCR products were resolved by agarose (0.7%) gel electrophoresis. The relatively high occurrence of INSV found in the sampled fields may explain the recent increase in incidence of INSV in susceptible field crops. Although yellow nutsedge is more common than purple nutsedge in North America, the potential for dispersal of INSV in both species could be significant because of the nature of nutsedge tuber survival and spreading capabilities. References: (1) R. A. Dewey et al. J. Virol. Methods 56:19, 1996. (2) N. Martínez-Ochoa et al. On-line publication. doi:10.1094/PHP-2003-0417-01-HN. Plant Health Progress, 2003. (3) S. S. Pappu et al. Plant Dis. 83:966,1999.

Description of Purple and Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusandC. esculentus)

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gene D. Wills
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Southern California ◽  
The United States ◽  
Southern Region ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
The World

Both purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL. # CYPRO) and yellow nutsedge (C. esculentusL. # CYPES) are problem weeds in crops in many parts of the world. Yellow nutsedge is found in all U.S. states. Purple nutsedge is confined to the southern region of the United States, ranging from North Carolina across southern Arkansas and into southern California.

Precision Agriculture for Grain Production Systems

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett Whelan ◽  
James Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Agricultural Engineering ◽  
Tools And Techniques ◽  
The Impact

Precision Agriculture (PA) is an approach to managing the variability in production agriculture in a more economic and environmentally efficient manner. It has been pioneered as a management tool in the grains industry, and while its development and uptake continues to grow amongst grain farmers worldwide, a broad range of other cropping industries have embraced the concept. This book explains general PA theory, identifies and describes essential tools and techniques, and includes practical examples from the grains industry. Readers will gain an understanding of the magnitude, spatial scale and seasonality of measurable variability in soil attributes, plant growth and environmental conditions. They will be introduced to the role of sensing systems in measuring crop, soil and environment variability, and discover how this variability may have a significant impact on crop production systems. Precision Agriculture for Grain Production Systems will empower crop and soil science students, agronomy and agricultural engineering students, as well as agronomic advisors and farmers to critically analyse the impact of observed variation in resources on crop production and management decisions.

Response of purple (Cyperus rotundus) and yellow nutsedges (C. esculentus) to selective placement of sulfentrazone

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn R. Wehtje ◽  
Robert H. Walker ◽  
Timothy L. Grey ◽  
H. Gary Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Hydroponic Culture ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Selective Placement

A series of greenhouse studies examined the effectiveness of PRE- and POST-applied sulfentrazone in controlling purple and yellow nutsedge as influenced by selective tissue exposure. In addition,14C-sulfentrazone was utilized to contrast absorption and translocation resulting from these exposures. Consistent control with preemergence applications to germinating tubers was obtained with a combined root and shoot zone exposure. Yellow nutsedge was more susceptible than purple nutsedge. Performance of the separate root and shoot zone exposure was soil pH- and nutsedge-species dependent. POST-foliar applications to established nutsedge were more effective when sulfentrazone was allowed to contact the soil surface.14C-sulfentrazone was readily absorbed by the roots and translocated to the foliage of both species in hydroponic culture.

scholarly journals Performance of North American Strawberry Cultivars under Conditions Mimicking California Production Systems

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (5) ◽  
pp. 1034-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Rariden ◽  
Douglas V. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Variance Components ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Growth Attributes ◽  
Geographic Regions ◽  
Strawberry Cultivars

Runner plants from 16 strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) cultivars were grown using annual Mediterranean production systems to test for differences in productivity, performance traits, and vegetative growth attributes. Genotypes were included from germplasm adapted to four geographic regions: California and northwestern, northeastern, and mid-Atlantic or southeastern United States. The California genotypes were divided further into day-neutral and June-bearing categories. With these treatments, California cultivars had significantly larger plants and grew more rapidly during the fall and winter, had larger fruit, and produced at least twice the quantity of fruit of cultivars from the other regions. Variance components due to region explained 64% and 26% of the phenotypic variance for early and total yield, respectively, whereas differences among cultivars within regions explained 12% and 7% of the variance for these traits. Cultivars from all regions had significantly larger plants and were more productive when treated with 3 weeks of artificial vernalization. However, region × vernalization effects were nonsignificant for all traits, a result suggesting that selection in Mediterranean environments has not adapted germplasm specifically for low vernalization conditions.

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