Role of Organic Crop Production System in Biological Diseases as a Control Agents

Nowadays, the biological diseases in crop production are continuously increasing day by day. Organic agriculture has considerably augmented in significance in the current eras. Crop diseases are also a severe delinquent over the decades, and it’s a chief hazard for the yield food manufacture. Biological control agents for herbal syndromes are presently existence inspected as substitutes to artificial insecticides owing to their apparent improved level of care and negligible ecological influences. It affects the plants also by the biological diseases of the organic food production. Plant diseases can disturb florae by intrusive with numerous procedures such as the absorbance and translocation of water and nutrients, photosynthesis, flower and fruit growth, plant growth and expansion, and cell separation and increase. In this paper, we explain how biological diseases affect organic crop production.

Organic crops as an agrarian legal category

The article is devoted to the analysis of legislation, also legal doctrine in the sphere of the organic crop production. The authors dwell on the analysis of the provisions of Ukraian Laws of September 3, 2013 «On production and circulation of organic agricultural products and raw materials» and July 10, 2018 «On basic principles and requirements for organic production, circulation and labeling of organic products».They indicate positive and negative characteristics of these Laws and note that the legislation in thein the sphere of organic production of agricultural crop products is in the process of formation and needs further improvement, including the requirements of EU legislation. Given the fact that in the scientific literature organic crop production is considered as an integral part of organic production, without disclosing its special features, special attention is paid to the definition of the features of the first type of activity.An analysis of Ukrainian legislation allows the authors to conclude that the concept of organic crop production includes not only crop production as a traditional branch of agricultural production, but also the procurement of such organic objects of the plant world as wild plants, algae and mushrooms. This indicates about impossibility of reducing this activity exclusively to organic farming. Keywords: organic production, organic crop production, plant growing, food security, agriculture, agricultural products, food quality

Development of technologies for growing agricultural crops acceptable in organic farming in the north-western region of Russia

The paper deals with the issues of growing the main agricultural crops (cereals, vegetables, potatoes) using organic crop production technologies. The effectiveness of preparations used to control pests and plant diseases is given. A method for calculating the sales price of organic products is proposed.

Specifics of organic crop production and it’s impact on accounting

In recent years, there has been a tendency for a rapid growth in organic crop production both in Ukraine and in the world. Due to the dynamic increase in organic production, crop production provides food security of the state, as well as becomes the template for creating new jobs in rural areas and remains a key budget-forming factor for the Ukraine’s gross domestic product’s growth. The purpose of the study is to analyze the state of organic crop production, disclose its specifics in order to effectively form accounting at agricultural enterprises in terms of the organic fertilizers’ reasonable cost breakdown. The article systematizes information on the development trends in organic crop production, compares the state of organic crop production in Ukraine with the world’s major economies, and forecasts the prospects for the organic production development in Ukraine until 2030. It has been determined that organic crop production is a competitive industry and is gradually developing. It has been established that organic crop production has the following organizational and technological characteristics: the production process is associated with biotransformation; the production cycle lasts for a year; the main production tool is agricultural land with organic status. It has been proven that these organizational and technological characteristics of organic crop production impact on accounting at agricultural enterprises. The study has analyzed the cost structure for organic crop production at agricultural enterprises in Kyiv region. It has been determined that the largest percentage in the crop production cost structure is occupied by the costs of fertilizers. It has been proven that this cost item needs to be breakdown when keeping records of costs for growing organic crop production in order to control them and obtain economic benefits for agricultural enterprises. The offered cost breakdown for organic fertilizers provides the information flows to control costs taking into account their worthiness, physical and chemical characteristics, analytical accounting, rational cost accounting and economic efficiency of organic crop production at agricultural enterprises.

How Effective Is Conservation Biological Control in Regulating Insect Pest Populations in Organic Crop Production Systems?

Organic crop production systems are designed to enhance or preserve the presence of natural enemies, including parasitoids and predators, by means of conservation biological control, which involves providing environments and habitats that sustain natural enemy assemblages. Conservation biological control can be accomplished by providing flowering plants (floral resources) that will attract and retain natural enemies. Natural enemies, in turn, will regulate existing insect pest populations to levels that minimize plant damage. However, evidence is not consistent, based on the scientific literature, that providing natural enemies with flowering plants will result in an abundance of natural enemies sufficient to regulate insect pest populations below economically damaging levels. The reason that conservation biological control has not been found to sufficiently regulate insect pest populations in organic crop production systems across the scientific literature is associated with complex interactions related to intraguild predation, the emission of plant volatiles, weed diversity, and climate and ecosystem resources across locations where studies have been conducted.

REGIONAL ORGANIC AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE OF STATE SUPPORT FOR THE CROP PRODUCTION SECTOR

The article examines methodological approaches to assessing the competitiveness (efficiency) of directions for the developing organic production based on current ideas of agricultural scientific thought about sustainable development, with the use of existing foreign experience, as well as to substantiating and formulating conceptual proposals for developing the particular regional market. The article analyzes the situation, approaches and possibilities of regulating the production of organic plant growing in foreign countries, and the implementation of positive experience with enactment of the Law of the Russian Federation “On organic products and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation” and adhering to the requirements of the interstate standard GOST 33980-2016 “Organic products. Rules for production, processing, labeling and sale”, as well as scientific substantiation of conceptual proposals for the future development of production and the functioning of the market for these products. The process of forming a system of organic crop production (farming) is considered as an integral element in the agro-industrial system of the region and the country. The fundamental principles are the development and implementation of incentives for the production of organic products that ensure the environmental food safety. The specific directions and rates of subsidies used to stimulate the development of organic crop production and the possibility of their application in the region were also investigated, applied in the implementation of the program in the Austrian Republic “ÖPUL”. The structure of agricultural production in the region demonstrates the high economic potential of citizens’ private households in organic farming. An assessment of the productivity of cultivation of major crops in the region by categories of farms has been carried out. The advantages of small-scale farming in the development of organic crop production are confirmed by the studied experience of the Republic of Austria.

Comparison of the Effects of Different Crop Production Systems on Soil Physico-Chemical Properties and Microbial Activity under Winter Wheat

In many areas, organic crop production systems have been shown to contribute to maintaining good soil condition. The organic production system has been recommended as an alternative to conventional agriculture. However, in order to recommend this practice in new regions, it is necessary to obtain information about its effects and consequences in local environmental conditions. The research was completed during 2016–2018 in Osiny (Lublin region, Poland) on a field experiment established 26 years previously in a Haplic Luvisol soil. The research was aimed at comparing the effects of long-term use of tilled soil with organic (ORG) and conventional (CON) crop production systems with those in non-tilled soil under permanent grass (PRG) as a control. This comparison was done on the basis of changes in the values of soil properties as follows: Total porosity (TP), total organic matter (OM), particulate organic matter (POM), humic substances (HS), water-extractable carbon (WEC), microbial biomass carbon pool (MBC) and dehydrogenase activity (DH). Soil samples were collected from experimental fields (each treatment 1 ha) under winter wheat and permanent grass each year from 0–5, 5–10, 15–20 and 30–35 cm depths. Over the three year study period, it was found that permanent grass and the organic crop production system contributed to increased soil OM, POM, HS, WEC and MBC contents and DH activity compared to the CON system, especially in the top soil layer, 0–5 cm. To obtain a clearer picture of soil quality change our study examined for the first time the metabolic potential index (MPI) as a ratio of dehydrogenase activity to the soluble organic carbon content. The MPI values confirmed the increase of metabolism in ORG soil as a consequence of management practices compared with CON soil. The obtained correlations showed strong mutual relationships within properties of the heterogeneous soil complex. The results show the positive effects of the ORG management system causing soil condition improvement which is based on organic fertilization, enriching the soil with a large amount of plant residues in creating positive changes in the soil quality in contrast to the CON system.