Racism As We Sense It Today

PMLA ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 123 (5) ◽  
pp. 1737-1742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter D. Mignolo
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
New World ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Jewish Diaspora ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The One ◽  
Jose De Acosta ◽  
Opening Up

The research that I reported in the darker side of the renaissance: Literacy, Territoriality and Colonization (1995) was driven by my desire and need to understand the opening up of the Atlantic in the sixteenth century, its historical, theoretical, and political consequences. How was it that coexisting socioeconomic organizations like the Ottoman and Mughal sultanates as well as the incanate in the Andes and the tlahtoanate in the Valley of Mexico were either inferior or almost absent in the global historical picture of the time? I became aware, for example, that people in the Valley of Mexico living in the Aztec tlahtoanate, whether in conformity or dissenting, were compared—by the Spaniards—with the Jews. The comparison was twofold: on the one hand, the Indians and the Jews were dirty and untrustworthy people; on the other hand, the Indians in the New World may have been part of the Jewish diaspora. So, the comparison got in trouble, because Indians and Jews may have been the same people. The Jesuit priest José de Acosta, in his Historia natural y moral de las Indias (1589), asked whether the Indians descended from the Jews, addressing a question that was on everybody's mind. He dismissed the possibility of the connection, because the Jews had had a sophisticated writing system for a long time while the Indians were illiterate (in the Western sense of the word). Jews liked money, Acosta pointed out, while Indians were not even aware of it; and while Jews took circumcision seriously, Indians had no idea of it. Last but not least, if Indians were indeed of Jewish origin, they would not have forgotten the Messiah and their religion.

scholarly journals The revitalization of Maqasid al-Mu‘amalat according to Abdullah bin Bayyah and Its implications on Islamic law

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. e104101421295
Author(s):  
Shofa Robbani ◽  
Abu Yasid ◽  
Sanuri Sanuri
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
World Economy ◽  
New World ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Human Need ◽  
The One ◽  
Muslim Scholars

The revitalization of Islamic law continues to experience renewal in welcoming the new world economy era that offers the influence of global cultural acculturation and advances in information technology on the one hand, and the rise of spiritualism and nationalism on the other. The study of economics is not new in the discourse of Islamic law, which is better known as mu'amalat. For a long time, the discourse on the objectives of the Sharia (maqasid al-shari‘ah) has become a non-negotiable need. The necessity of knowing it, the urgency of studying it, and the implications of Muslim scholars’ thoughts in navigating the ocean of Islamic law to arrive at the sea of ​​wisdom are strongly influenced by maqasid al-shari‘ah. This is based on the assumption that it is not enough just to know and examine in detail the textual texts which can result in a misunderstanding of the purposes and objectives of God and His Messenger in formulating Islamic law, but it is very necessary to study the values and objectives of the Sharia texts that were revealed. Thus, Ibn Bayyah tried to combine the study of maqasid al-shari'ah with mu'amalat based on the objectives of the transaction and the results of observation of reality. In his research results, he stated that the revitalization of objectives of wealth as a new basis of thought in the discourse of Islamic law would update the concept of the jurisprudence of transactions in its old face which was rigid, out of date, conservative, and less applicable. This is like the human need for wealth considered as a crucial thing that occupies the first position in objectives of wealth (maqasid al-mu'amalat).

scholarly journals Ancient Authorities Intertwined

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford Ando ◽  
Anne McGinness ◽  
Sabine G. MacCormack
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
Knowledge Of God ◽  
Geographic Knowledge ◽  
The One ◽  
Jose De Acosta

The article surveys and interprets the works produced by José de Acosta during his years in the New World and his revisions of, and additions to, those works after his return to Europe. Elucidating Acosta’s engagements with both Scripture and classical literature, the essay urges respect for the various religious, intellectual, and metaphysical commitments that structured Acosta’s arguments. Particular attention is given to Acosta’s wrestling with the limits of ancient geographic knowledge, on the one hand, and to his efforts to understand religion in the New World in light of ancient evidence of knowledge of God before Christianity and patristic essays on the conversion of the ancient Mediterranean.

scholarly journals Introduction: Viewing Animals

2005 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Fudge
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
New World ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Opening Up

AbstractThe introduction to this special issue of Worldviews goes back to the first European encounters with the New World as a way of opening up a discussion about the nature of viewing animals. I argue that, just as the Europeans transformed this New World into a recognisable one in the sixteenth century, so too do we constantly transform the natural world that we view. The process of comprehension is offered as classification followed by observation, then representation, and all of these elements of our engagements with animals take place, I argue, in particular contexts: historical, geographical, cultural, intellectual. The critic "reading" animals, and reading human observations of animals must take these factors into consideration when thinking about the act of engagement.

Sixteenth-Century Reading in the Indies

1957 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Torre Revello
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
New World ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Spanish Empire ◽  
American Continent ◽  
The People ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One

Among the many books destined for children, the one preferred in America during the colonial period was the Fables attributed to the Phrygian slave, Aesop. Translated into Spanish, it was found in the hands of travelers and colonists throughout the Spanish empire. The simplicity of the tales and the morals which they point out made them the delight not only of children but also of adults, who explained the precepts with purposeful wit.Aesop was one of the authors most read in the New World, according to what we can deduce by consulting the numerous lists of books which were sent to various parts of the American continent. His fables were also circulated in Latin and Greek, surely for pedagogical purposes. In Spain there was no lack of poets who devoted part of their work to fables, such as the Archpriest of Hita with his Enxiemplos, up to the culmination in the eighteenth century with Félix María Samaniego and Tomás de Iriarte, whose works it is logical to suppose were brought to the New World with many others of various kinds. By that time the shores of America were being swept by other ideas, distinct from those of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, which brought unrest to the minds of the people, ideas foreign to the calm and well-being of the two previous centuries.

What Did Natural History have to do with Salvation? José de Acosta Sj (1540–1600) in the Americas

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 144-168
Author(s):  
Simon Ditchfield
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Natural History ◽  
New World ◽  
Original Position ◽  
Botanic Gardens ◽  
Old World ◽  
Christian Conversion ◽  
Palatine Hill ◽  
Jose De Acosta

At the southern foot of the Palatine Hill in Rome, a little more than one hundred metres due west of the triumphal arch erected by the emperor who is associated more than any other with the Christian conversion of the Old World — Constantine the Great – there stands another arch. Relocated from its original position at the eastern foot of the Palatine, more or less directly across from the biggest remaining ruin in the forum — that of the Basilica of Maxentius — it formed the monumental entrance to one of the most important botanic gardens in sixteenth-century Europe — the Orti farnesiani, which were given their definitive shape between 1565 and 1590. I propose that this second arch has reason to be considered as occupying a similar symbolic significance for the conversion of the New World.

Partnership and Profit in the Early Andean Trade: The Experiences of Quito Merchants, 1580–1610

1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Super
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
South America ◽  
New World ◽  
Old World ◽  
The Andes ◽  
International Trading ◽  
World Economic

Quito was an international trading city in the late sixteenth century. It was one of several commercial centers strung along the Andes that aided in the adaptation of Old World economic techniques to New World resources. By the 1580s, agricultural and manufacturing surpluses had helped Quito emerge as a dominant trading center in western South America, second only to Lima and Potosí.

Massimo Quaini e il viaggio: il ruolo della verticalità

2021 ◽  
pp. 311-310
Author(s):  
Claudio Greppi
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New World ◽  
Local Culture ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Geographical Knowledge ◽  
The Andes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The One

In the issue of Geotema dedicated to travel (“Travel as source of geographical knowledge”), in 1997, Massimo Quaini’s article topic was “The geographical invention of verticality: for the history of the ‘discovery’ of mountains”. It concerns a fundamental segment of the history of geographical knowledge, between eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, involving both the Old and New World: Saussure in the Alps and Humboldt in the Andes. He had already worked on this same topic in other occasions, investigating institutions like CAI in Italy, and mountain’s role in the ‘official’ geography. Such lectures mark a path that, I think, finds a theoretical output in 2006 Parma conference, dedicated to the “end of the travel”, where Quaini spoke about “Between Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century: the travel and the new paradigm of geography”: a rich and problematic lecture, opening to further researches. But perhaps before this point of arrival, the new paradigm, I would suggest to think on an idea offered by the Geotema article, where we read: “so, if we want to fully speak of discovering the mountains it will be necessary that the culture of the outside travellers meet that of the mountaineers”. Actually, in Quaini's last lecture I take into consideration, the one at Forte di Bard in September 2006, his attention shifts definitely on the figures of alpine travellers, who may encounter knowledge acquired from local culture.

Filtration-Gallery Irrigation in the Spanish New World

1991 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Barnes ◽  
David Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
New World ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Urban Water Systems ◽  
New Evidence

It has been claimed that the puquios, a subterranean irrigation system of the Nasca drainage, are a unique Prehispanic innovation. However, documentary evidence indicates that many puquios were constructed and managed by Spaniards. In Iberia such systems were built by Islamic engineers and were extended by Christians after the Moors were expelled in 1492. The Spaniards brought this technology to Mexico and the Andes, beginning in the mid-sixteenth century. They employed it in agriculture, in urban water systems, and to drain mines. This paper presents new evidence on the 21 Andean areas where puquios were constructed and controlled by the Spaniards and evaluates arguments pertaining to the origin of the Nasca puquios.

scholarly journals Reinventing a Region (1915–22): Visions of the Middle East in Legal and Diplomatic Texts Leading to the Palestine Mandate

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Loevy
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
International Law ◽  
New World ◽  
World Order ◽  
The Other ◽  
New World Order ◽  
Look Back ◽  
The One ◽  
Opening Up ◽  
Vast Territory

The article traces a set of regional images in international legal and diplomatic documents leading to the establishment of the Palestine Mandate (1915–22). The analysis suggests that at that important crossroad, when a new world order was imagined and negotiated, a broad, layered and diverse vision of a comprehensive ‘region’ was actively present in the minds of very different actors within the framework of empire. A vast territory was reconstructed as opening up for new ways of rule and of influence, for enhanced development and for dealing with strictly European globalised issues. That this powerful regional vision has been disregarded because of the weight of the subsequent territorial geopolitics in the Middle East is not surprising. Today, however, when classic international law responses – the state on the one hand and international cooperation on the other – prove weak and unstable, and especially vulnerable to ‘new regional threats’, it may be worthwhile to look back at a period in which the region was still imagined as a place of political possibility.

The Enlightenment in Spain: Influences Upon New World Policy

1985 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris H. W. Engstrand
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
New World ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Equality ◽  
National Life ◽  
Opening Up ◽  
Insight Into

The Enlightenment in Spain defies definition. In certain respects it was a viable force opening up new vistas of knowledge and understanding, while in others it was a mild breeze rustling some leaves of insight into the possibility of human equality. For certain of Spain's royal officials, the ideas of the eighteenth century philosophes were refreshing and undeniably sound; for others even the gathering of knowledge in the new encyclopedias was a dangerously democratic trend. In some areas of national life, reforms gained immediate acceptance, in others the old ways remained entrenched.Spain has always been a country of extremes, of absolute alternatives. Spaniards strive to achieve impossible goals or they remain incredibly inert. With the discovery of America their ambitious undertakings excelled those of England or France, but subsequent neglect brought about failures of equal magnitude. In the sixteenth century they thought to conquer the world; in the next their weakened Hapsburg monarchs squandered the wealth of the New World while the country fell into economic ruin.

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