DETERMINATION OF REFERENCE VALUES FOR INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE AND SCHIRMER TEAR TEST IN CLINICALLY NORMAL OSTRICHES (STRUTHIO CAMELUS)

This study was conducted to establish normal reference range for the Schirmer tear test (STT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) in clinically normal donkeys for use in clinical practice. Sixteen adult Ethiopian domestic donkeys were used in this study. Complete ophthalmic examinations were performed without chemical restraint. STT values were evaluated in both eyes of all donkeys using a commercial STT strip. IOP was measured in both eyes with a Tono-Pen Vet (Reichert. USA) without using regional nerve blocks. STT values for all eyes (n=32) were 22.1±6.9 mm/minute with a range of 13–35 mm/minute. Comparison of mean STT values between right (n=16) and left eyes (n=16) showed no differences (P=0.6). Mean ±sd IOP values by applanation tonometry were 17.8±3.7 mmHg (range 13.5–24.5 mmHg). Comparison of mean IOP values between right (n=16) and left eyes (n=16) showed no differences (P=0.7). This initial survey provides means and ranges for IOP and STT values in donkeys. These data will assist veterinary ophthalmologists in more accurate diagnosis and management of ophthalmic diseases in donkeys, including keratoconjunctivitis sicca and glaucoma

Download Full-text

Determination of Schirmer tear test-1 values in clinically normal alpacas (Vicugña pacos ) in North America

Veterinary Ophthalmology ◽

10.1111/vop.12466 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 101-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jessica E. McDonald ◽

Amy M. Knollinger ◽

Darryl D. Dees ◽

Nicole E. MacLaren

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Clinically Normal ◽

Vicugna Pacos ◽

Schirmer Tear Test

Download Full-text

Determination of reference values for glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, and insulin sensitivity tests in clinically normal cats

American Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.630 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 62 (4) ◽

pp. 630-636 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Delisa J. Appleton ◽

Jacqueline S. Rand ◽

Jan Priest ◽

Gregory D. Sunvold

Keyword(s):

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Reference Values ◽

Clinically Normal ◽

Insulin Tolerance ◽

Sensitivity Tests

Download Full-text

Measurement of intraocular pressure in clinically normal Turkish Shepherd Dogs with the rebound tonometer (TonoVet®) and the applanation tonometer (Tono-Pen Vet®)

Medycyna Weterynaryjna ◽

10.21521/mw.6024 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

pp. 6024-2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

KADRI KULUALP ◽

İBRAHIM YURDAKUL ◽

HANIFI EROL ◽

GÜLTEKIN ATALAN ◽

SERVET KILIC

Keyword(s):

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Reference Data ◽

Diagnostic Testing ◽

Slit Lamp ◽

Rebound Tonometer ◽

Clinically Normal ◽

Schirmer Tear Test ◽

Applanation Tonometer ◽

The Mean ◽

Ophthalmic Diseases

The current study was undertaken to establish reference values of intraocular pressure in clinically normal Turkish Shepherd Dogs with the rebound tonometer (TonoVet®) and the applanation tonometer (Tono-Pen Vet®). Twenty-eight dogs (14 male and 14 female, aged 9 months-9 years, 56 eyes) were used in this study. All animals were healthy and showed no abnormalities in ophthalmic examinations, which consisted of the Schirmer tear test, slit lamp bio-microscopy, and fluorescein staining. The animals were restrained manually without using systemic anesthetics or tranquilizers. IOP was measured in both eyes with a TonoVet® and a Tono-Pen Vet®. In normal dogs, the mean IOP values for all eyes were 17.63±3.34 mmHg according to the TonoVet® and 14.95±2.92 mmHg according to the Tono-Pen Vet®. There was no effect of sex, age, or eye side (right vs. left) on the results obtained with either the TonoVet® or the Tono-Pen Vet®. The mean IOP obtained with the rebound tonometer was 2-3 mmHg higher than that measured with the applanation tonometer. The reference data obtained in the present study may assist in diagnostic testing for ophthalmic diseases in Turkish Shepherd Dogs and may promote further studies in this area..

Download Full-text

Modified Schirmer tear test and rebound tonometry in blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva)

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-736x2017000800015 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 37 (8) ◽

pp. 871-873 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mário S.A. Falcão ◽

Rafael V. Monteiro ◽

Arianne P. Oriá ◽

Paula D. Galera

Keyword(s):

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Reference Values ◽

Healthy Adult ◽

Physical Restraint ◽

Palpebral Fissure ◽

Moderate Correlation ◽

Rebound Tonometry ◽

Breeding Center ◽

Schirmer Tear Test ◽

Conservation Breeding

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to describe the modified Schirmer tear test (mSTT), intraocular pressure (IOP) by rebound tonometry and palpebral fissure length (PFL) in blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva). Thirty-five healthy adult animals from a conservation breeding center in Brazil were used in this study. Modified Schirmer tear test, rebound tonometry and PFL measurements were performed in both eyes, with birds under physical restraint. Mean mSTT was 6.2±0.1mm/min and mean IOP was 6.4±0.1mmHg, while PFL was 10.1±0.1mm. A moderate correlation was seen between mSTT and PFL for OD (ρ=0.14) and OS (ρ=0.20). The results provide ophthalmic tests reference values for A. aestiva.

Download Full-text

Ophthalmology of clinically normal alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in the United Kingdom: a cross-sectional study

Veterinary Record ◽

10.1136/vr.105758 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 186 (16) ◽

pp. e7-e7

Author(s):

Josephine Faulkner ◽

David Leonard Williams ◽

Karin Mueller

Keyword(s):

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Nasolacrimal Duct ◽

Applanation Tonometry ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Clinically Normal ◽

Vicugna Pacos ◽

Schirmer Tear Test ◽

The Mean ◽

The Uk

BackgroundAlpacas are being more frequently presented to veterinarians in the UK. It is important to validate whether published normal ocular parameters are consistent with the alpaca population in the UK.MethodsOphthalmic examinations were performed on healthy alpacas (Vicugna pacos) from three farms in East Anglia, UK.ResultsOn direct ophthalmoscopy of 35 alpacas, there was a 50 per cent prevalence of opacities within the lens in alpacas older than two years old (n=8/16). There was a 36.8 per cent prevalence of persistent hyaloid arteries in alpacas under two years old (n=7/19). The mean Schirmer tear test-1 value was 20.0 ±6 mm/minute (n=40). The mean intraocular pressure measured by rebound tonometry was 17.2 ±5.5 mmHg (n=46), and applanation tonometry resulted in statistically similar values (P=0.30; n=25). There was a significant variation in intraocular pressure throughout a 24-hour period (n=8). Fluorescein dye was not detected at the nostrils of any of the alpacas which underwent a Jones test to assess nasolacrimal duct patency (n=8).ConclusionThe ophthalmic findings appear largely consistent with previously published values from North America and continental Europe. Variations include the large range of measurements obtained and evidence of diurnal variation in intraocular pressure.

Download Full-text

Intraocular pressure and Schirmer tear test values in maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-736x2016000900020 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 36 (9) ◽

pp. 919-923 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Cristiane S. Honsho ◽

Adriana T. Jorge ◽

Laura T. Oliveira ◽

Daniel Paulino-Junior ◽

Ewaldo Mattos-Junior ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Reference Values ◽

Emergency Care ◽

Statistical Difference ◽

Healthy Adult ◽

Correct Diagnosis ◽

Schirmer Tear Test ◽

Maned Wolf ◽

Left And Right ◽

Chrysocyon Brachyurus

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to establish baseline data on lacrimal quantity (STT-1) and intraocular pressure (IOP) in captive maned wolves. Ten healthy adult maned wolves were contained with a snare pole and muzzle and kept in decubitus of the left side. STT-1 measurement was performed on the lateral third of the lower conjunctival sac for one minute. The cornea was desensitized and intraocular pressure was measured with an tonopen. Average STT-1 in both eyes was 11±5mm.min-1, with no statistical difference between the left and right eye (p=0.960). Average IOP in both eyes was 20±6mmHg, with no statistical difference between the left and right eye (p=0.836). Average STT-1 was lower than, and IOP was the same as normal levels found in dogs. There was no statistical difference in the age of the animals, and STT-1 and IOP values. In the present paper, average maned wolf STT-1 levels were lower compared with those found in dogs, while the IOP was the same in maned wolves as in dogs. Due to the increased incidence in providing emergency care for maned wolf victims of road kill and fires, determination reference values of ocular parameters may improve the correct diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

Download Full-text