scholarly journals How Many Primary Parasitoid Species Attack Nymphs ofDiaphorina citri(Hemiptera: Liviidae) in Punjab, Pakistan?

2014 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 1825-1828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Hoddle ◽  
Christina D. Hoddle ◽  
Serguei V. Triapitsyn ◽  
Shouket Z. Khan ◽  
Muhammad J. Arif
Keyword(s):  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Primary Parasitoid

Changes in Numbers in the Parasitoid Complex Associated With the Diamond-Back Moth, Plutella Xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera), in Victoria.

1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 981 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Goodwin
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Primary Parasitoid ◽  
Parasitoid Complex ◽  
Larval Parasitoids ◽  
Pesticide Treatment ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Rate Of Recovery

Between 1972 and 1974, a study was made of parasitoids of P. xylostella naturally infesting four successive crops of cabbages which had not received any pesticide treatment. Parasitism fluctuated in each crop, averaging 49% during the study. The major parasitoid species were Diadegma cerophaga, Thyraeella collaris and Diadegma rapi, which averaged 93% of parasitism over the study period. Six minor primary parasitoid and one hyperparasite species were also recorded. Parasitoid activity was high during spring and summer, although extremely high temperatures during summer reduced numbers of both the host and its parasitoids. Drought conditions accentuated this. Parasitism in autumn depended upon the severity of this depletion and on the ensuing rate of recovery. The more important larval parasitoids were closely synchronized with host numbers, with a distinct lag during the winter period.

The population dynamics of the white peach scale and its parasitoids in a mulberry orchard in Campania, Italy

1995 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.A. Pedata ◽  
M.S. Hunter ◽  
H.C.J. Godfray ◽  
G. Viggiani
Keyword(s):  
Control Programme ◽  
Total Density ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Kiwi Fruit ◽  
Primary Parasitoid ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pseudaulacaspis Pentagona ◽  
White Peach Scale ◽  
Fruit Orchards ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWhite peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Homiptera: Diaspididae), was a serious pest of mulberry until it was the subject of a successful biological control programme in Italy at the turn of the century. Since the 1950s it has returned as a sporadic pest of commercial peach and, more recently, kiwi fruit orchards. We sampled white peach scale in an unmanaged mulberry orchard in coastal Campania over a 17 month period to measure the impact, relative abundance, and interactions of the parasitoids in the absence of pesticides. Sampled scales were dissected, and the immature stages of the parasitoids identified. Mean densities of white peach scale varied with month from 3–15/9 cm2 on primary (interior) branches and 15–100/1.5–2 m secondary (exterior) branch. The generalist ectoparasitoid Aphytis proclia (Walker) was most abundant, followed by two specialist endoparasitoids, Encarsia berlesei (Howard) and Pteroptrix orientalis (Silvestri) (all Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Primary parasitism also varied with month from 25–85% on primary branches and 20–90% on secondary branches. Parasitism on primary branches was inversely density-dependent, but was densityindependent on secondary branches. Low levels of superparasitism were generally observed in E. berlesei and P. orientalis (0–6%), but were higher in A. proclia (0–21%). Multiple parasitism of hosts by E. berlesei and A. proclia was fairly common (up to 24% of E. berlesei immatures were found sharing a host with A. proclia), and A. proclia was the probable winner of within-host competitions. The hyperparasitoid Azotus perspeciosus (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitized late pre-imaginal instars of all three primary parasitoid species. There was no significant difference in hyperparasitism of the three primary parasitoid species, but the rate of hyperparasitism was inversely related to the total density of primary parasitoids.

The scale insect Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) on citrus in Greece

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-97
Author(s):  
G.J. Stathas ◽  
Ch.F. Karipidis
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Instar Nymph ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Parthenogenetic Species

SummaryPhenology and parasitism of the scale insect, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), infesting Citrus sinensis (Rutaceae), were studied in Papagou area, in northeastern Athens, from June 2015 to June 2017. Coccus pseudomagnoliarum is a univoltine, viviparous, parthenogenetic species. It overwintered as settled 1st instar nymph on the shoots of the trees. The 2nd instar nymphs appeared between the beginning of April and the end of May, and the mature females were recorded from the beginning of May until the middle of June. The crawlers appeared between the middle of May and the middle of June and the 1st instar nymphs settled on the shoots at the end of May, where they remained during the whole summer period, winter, until the beginning of April next year. Parasitism of the scale was recorded between the beginning of May and the middle of May and reached a maximum rate of 35%. The recorded parasitoid species were Coccophagus shillongensis Hayat and Singh (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), Coccophagus spp. and Metaphycus dispar (Mercet) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae).

Can Anastrepha fraterculus larval feeding influence chemotaxis and parasitism of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata and Aganaspis pelleranoi?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Patricia Daniela da Silva Pires ◽  
Josué Sant’ Ana ◽  
Luiza Rodrigues Redaelli
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Anastrepha Fraterculus ◽  
Diachasmimorpha Longicaudata ◽  
Control Programmes

Abstract Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a major barrier to fruit production and exportation. In Brazil, the native parasitoid Aganaspis pelleranoi (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) and the exotic parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) stand out as biological control agents. Knowledge of the factors that affect interactions among parasitoids, A. fraterculus, and host fruits may enhance the use of these agents in biological control programmes. This study evaluated the chemotaxis and parasitism of A. pelleranoi and D. longicaudata females reared on A. fraterculus larvae and kept on an artificial diet, red guava (Psidium guajava) or apple (Malus domestica). Females of both parasitoid species that emerged from larvae raised on artificial diet, guava or apple, were tested to Y olfactometer choice tests. In the parasitism tests, both parasitoid species were made to choose between A. fraterculus larvae brushed with water, apple pulp or guava pulp. D. longicaudata females from artificial diet (control) did not distinguish between fruit odours; however, females of D. longicaudata from larvae kept in apple or guava directed to the odours of their original fruit. The greatest parasitism for D. longicaudata occurred in the units that contained the pulp in which the larvae grew. A. pelleranoi from artificial diet preferred guava odours, including the females kept in apple. Similar results were observed in the parasitism bioassays. Our results found that A. fraterculus larval feeding influenced search behaviour and parasitism of D. longicaudata, whereas A. pelleranoi rearing experience did not affect its host choices.

scholarly journals Insect fauna of pests and their natural enemies inhabiting sorghum-panicles in Egypt

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hosam M. K. H. El-Gepaly
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Cryptoblabes Gnidiella ◽  
Arthropod Species ◽  
Lepidopteran Pests ◽  
Major Pest

AbstractSorghum panicles offer a very rich microenvironment for many insect pest species and their natural enemies. Thirty arthropod species belonging to 28 families, pertaining to 9 orders were obtained from sorghum panicles planted in Sohag Governorate, Egypt, during the 3 successive seasons of 2016–2018. Out of these species were 14 pests, 16 predators, and 3 parasitoids. Lepidopteran and hemipteran pests were the most dominant species-infested sorghum-panicles during the mature stages of the panicles. Three microlepidopteran pests, the noctuid, Eublemma (Autoba) gayneri (Roth.); the pyralid, Cryptoblabes gnidiella Millière, and the cosmopterigid, Pyroderces simplex Walsingham, were recorded as major pest species infesting sorghum panicles in Sohag Governorate. The dipteran parasitoid species, Nemorilla floralis (Fallen) (Tachinidae) emerged from the pupae of the E. gayneri and C. gnidiella, while the hymenopteran parasitoid, Brachymeria aegyptiaca (Chalcididae) was obtained from the pupae of all the studied microlepidopteran pests. Spiders, coccinellids, and Orius spp. were the dominant predators collected form panicles. Post-harvest, larvae, and pupae of lepidopteran pests, especially P. simplex recorded (147, 96, and 79 larvae) and (47, 30, and 73 pupae)/10 panicles in 2016, 2017, and 2018 seasons, respectively.

scholarly journals Influence of competition and intraguild predation between two candidate biocontrol parasitoids on their potential impact against Harrisia cactus mealybug, Hypogeococcus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
María B. Aguirre ◽  
Octavio A. Bruzzone ◽  
Serguei V. Triapitsyn ◽  
Hilda Diaz-Soltero ◽  
Stephen D. Hight ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intraguild Predation ◽  
Interference Competition ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Temporal Window ◽  
Response Models ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Functional Response Models ◽  
Fully Bayesian ◽  
Release Strategy

AbstractWhen two or more parasitoid species, particularly candidates for biocontrol, share the same target in the same temporal window, a complex of behaviors can occur among them. We studied the type of interactions (competition and intraguild predation) that existed between the nymphal parasitoids Anagyrus cachamai and A. lapachosus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), two candidate neoclassical biocontrol agents against the Puerto Rican cactus pest mealybug, Hypogeococcus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). The surrogate native congener host in Argentina, the cactus mealybug Hypogeococcus sp., was studied to predict which species should be released; in the case that both should be released, in which order, and their potential impact on host suppression. In the laboratory we conducted experiments where different densities of the host mealybug were exposed to naive females of A. cachamai and A. lapachosus sequentially in both directions. Experiments were analyzed by combining a series of competitive behavioral and functional response models. A fully Bayesian approach was used to select the best explaining models and calculate their parameters. Intraguild predation existed between A. cachamai, the species that had the greatest ability to exploit the resource, and A. lapachosus, the strongest species in the interference competition. The role that intraguild predation played in suppression of Hypogeococcus sp. indicated that a multiple release strategy for the two biocontrol agents would produce better control than a single release; as for the release order, A. lapachosus should be released first.

An inherited virus influences the coexistence of parasitoid species through behaviour manipulation

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 603-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Patot ◽  
Roland Allemand ◽  
Frédéric Fleury ◽  
Julien Varaldi
Keyword(s):  
Parasitoid Species

scholarly journals Effect of Weed Management on the Parasitoid Community in Mediterranean Vineyards

Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Gabriella Möller ◽  
Tamar Keasar ◽  
Idan Shapira ◽  
Daniella Möller ◽  
Marco Ferrante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Parasitoid Community ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Conservation Biocontrol ◽  
Suction Sampling

Enriching agroecosystems with non-crop vegetation is a popular strategy for conservation biocontrol. In vineyards, the effects of specific seeded or planted cover crops on natural enemies are well-studied, whereas conserving spontaneously developing weeds received less attention. We compared parasitoid communities between matched pairs of vineyard plots in northern Israel, differing in weed management practices: “herbicide”, repeated herbicide applications vs. “ground cover”, maintaining resident weeds and trimming them when needed. Using suction sampling, we assessed the parasitoids’ abundance, richness, and composition during three grape-growing seasons. Ground cover plots had greater parasitoid abundances and cumulative species richness than herbicide-treated plots, possibly because of their higher vegetation cover and richness. Dominant parasitoid species varied in their magnitude and direction of response to weed management. Their responses seem to combine tracking of host distributions with attraction to additional vegetation-provided resources. Parasitoid community composition was mildly yet significantly influenced by weed management, while season, year, and habitat (weeds vs. vine) had stronger effects. Vineyard weeds thus support local biocontrol agents and provide additional previously demonstrated benefits (e.g., soil conservation, lower agrochemical exposure) but might also attract some crop pests. When the benefits outweigh this risk, weed conservation seems a promising step towards more sustainable agricultural management.

scholarly journals Phenotypic plasticity explains apparent reverse evolution of fat synthesis in parasitic wasps

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertanne Visser ◽  
Hans T. Alborn ◽  
Suzon Rondeaux ◽  
Manon Haillot ◽  
Thierry Hance ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Sequence Variation ◽  
Protein Domains ◽  
Parasitic Wasps ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Leptopilina Heterotoma ◽  
Dna Sequence Variation ◽  
Fat Synthesis

AbstractNumerous cases of evolutionary trait loss and regain have been reported over the years. Here, we argue that such reverse evolution can also become apparent when trait expression is plastic in response to the environment. We tested this idea for the loss and regain of fat synthesis in parasitic wasps. We first show experimentally that the wasp Leptopilina heterotoma switches lipogenesis on in a fat-poor environment, and completely off in a fat-rich environment. Plasticity suggests that this species did not regain fat synthesis, but that it can be switched off in some environmental settings. We then compared DNA sequence variation and protein domains of several more distantly related parasitoid species thought to have lost lipogenesis, and found no evidence for non-functionality of key lipogenesis genes. This suggests that other parasitoids may also show plasticity of fat synthesis. Last, we used individual-based simulations to show that a switch for plastic expression can remain functional in the genome for thousands of generations, even if it is only used sporadically. The evolution of plasticity could thus also explain other examples of apparent reverse evolution.

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