scholarly journals Independent origin of the growth hormone gene family in New World monkeys and Old World monkeys/hominoids

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Li ◽  
Chun Ye ◽  
Peng Shi ◽  
Xiao-Ju Zou ◽  
Rui Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
New World ◽  
Death Process ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Gene Duplications ◽  
Birth And Death Process ◽  
Old World ◽  
Evolutionary Pattern

The growth hormone (GH) gene family represents an erratic and complex evolutionary pattern, involving many evolutionary events, such as multiple gene duplications, positive selection, the birth-and-death process and gene conversions. In the present study, we cloned and sequenced GH-like genes from three species of New World monkeys (NWM). Phylogenetic analysis strongly suggest monophyly for NWM GH-like genes with respect to those of Old World monkeys (OWM) and hominoids, indicating that independent gene duplications have occurred in NWM GH-like genes. There are three main clusters of genes in putatively functional NWM GH-like genes, according to our gene tree. Comparison of the ratios of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions revealed that these three clusters of genes evolved under different kinds of selective pressures. Detailed analysis of the evolution of pseudogenes showed that the evolutionary pattern of this gene family in platyrrhines is in agreement with the so-called birth-and-death process.

scholarly journals Pulmonary granuloma is not always the tuberculosis hallmark: pathological findings of different tuberculosis stages in New and Old World Nonhuman Primates naturally infected with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asheley H. B. Pereira ◽  
Claudia A. A. Lopes ◽  
Thalita A. Pissinatti ◽  
Ana C. A. Pinto ◽  
Daniel R. A. Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
New World ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Pathological Findings ◽  
Old World ◽  
Pulmonary Granuloma

Abstract Herein we present the pathological findings of different tuberculosis stages in Old and New World monkeys kept under human care in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and naturally infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex. Fifteen nonhuman primates from five different colonies were incorporated into the study. There are 60% (9/15) Old World Monkeys and 40% (6/15) New World Monkeys. According to the gross and histopathologic findings, the lesions in nonhuman primates of this study are classified into the chronic-active, extrapulmonary, early-activation or latent-reactivation tuberculosis stage. Among the Old World Monkey, 66.7% (6/9) of nonhuman primates, all rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), showed severe granulomatous pneumonia. In all Old World Monkeys cases, typical granulomas were seen in at least one organ regardless of the stage of the disease. In the New World Monkeys, the typical pulmonary granulomas were seen in 16.7% (1/6) of the cases, just in the latent-reactivation stage in Uta Hick’s Bearded Saki (Chiropotes utahickae). In this study, 66.7% (6/9) of Old World Monkeys (OWM) and 83.3% (5/6) of New World Monkeys (NWM) showed pulmonary changes at the histological evaluation. The tuberculosis diagnosis in the nonhuman primates in this study was based on pathological, immunohistochemical, molecular, and bacteriological culture. Although the typical presentation was observed in some cases, the absence of pulmonary granuloma did not exclude the tuberculosis occurrence in nonhuman primates of the Old and New World. Tuberculosis should be included as a cause of interstitial pneumonia with foamy macrophages infiltration in the New World nonhuman primates. Due to the high sensitivity of immunohistochemistry with Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we suggest the addition of this technique as a diagnostic tool of tuberculosis in the nonhuman primates even when the typical changes are not seen.

Molecular evolution of growth hormone gene family in old world monkeys and hominoids

Gene ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 350 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun Ye ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Peng Shi ◽  
Ya-ping Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Molecular Evolution ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Growth Hormone Gene ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Old World

Learning of Detour Problems by Lemurs and Seven Species of Monkeys

1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1031-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger T. Davis ◽  
Robert W. Leary
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Lemur Catta ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Old World

40 Ss drawn from 7 species of monkey, and Lemur catta were trained to solve bent-wire detour problems. Old World monkeys were significantly more proficient than New World monkeys or lemurs, but members of the latter two groups did not differ significantly from each other. The results are compared with those obtained with children, apes, and raccoons.

scholarly journals Isolation and phylogeny of endogenous retrovirus sequences belonging to the HERV-W family in primates

1999 ◽  
Vol 80 (10) ◽  
pp. 2613-2619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heui-Soo Kim ◽  
Osamu Takenaka ◽  
Timothy J. Crow
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
New World ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Endogenous Retrovirus ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Human Endogenous Retrovirus ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
Old World

An investigation was undertaken of primate pol gene sequences from a novel endogenous retrovirus family, ERV-W, related to a new human endogenous retrovirus family (HERV-W) that includes multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus (MSRV) sequences identified in particles recovered from monocyte cultures from patients with multiple sclerosis. The pol gene sequences of the ERV-W family were detected in hominoids and Old World monkeys, but not in New World monkeys, whereas ERV-W long terminal repeat-like elements were detected in all primates (hominoids, Old World monkeys and New World monkeys). Thirty-two pol gene sequences from hominoids and Old World monkeys showed a high degree of sequence identity to MSRV and other HERV-W sequences. Phylogenetic analysis indicated close relationships of pol gene sequences across primate species. The analysis suggests that the ERV-W family has evolved independently but in constrained patterns (‘parallel evolution’) in different primate species, including man. The ratio of synonymous to non- synonymous substitutions indicated that negative selective pressure is acting on CHW1-1 from chimpanzee, HBW6-6 from baboon and HWX5 from man, sequences that have no disruption by point mutation or insertions/deletions. Therefore, these pol gene sequences could be associated with an active provirus in primates. The findings indicate that the ERV-W family has continued to evolve in the course of the primate radiation and may include members with a capacity to influence gene function and possibly cause disease.

scholarly journals Routine allomaternal nursing in a free-ranging Old World monkey

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. eaav0499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuofu Xiang ◽  
Penglai Fan ◽  
Haochun Chen ◽  
Ruoshuang Liu ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Old World ◽  
Carnivore Species ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Fresh Insight ◽  
Insight Into

While regular allomaternal nursing (suckling) has been documented in a number of rodent and carnivore species, as well as in some prosimians, New World monkeys, and humans, it is not common in Old World monkeys and apes. Here, we present a detailed field study of allomaternal nursing in golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana, Colobinae). We found that more than 87% of infants were nursed by females other than their mothers. Allomaternal nursing was largely confined to the first 3 months of an infant’s life and occurred predominantly between related females who nursed each other’s offspring in a reciprocal manner. Allomaternal nursing enhanced infant survivorship and did not have a negative impact on the future reproductive success of allonursers. Our findings expand the taxonomic distribution of allomaternal nursing and provide fresh insight into the possible factors driving evolution of allomaternal nursing behavior in primates, including humans.

scholarly journals A Primer of Primate Pathology: Lesions and Nonlesions

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 92-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda J. Lowenstine
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
New World ◽  
Brand Names ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Important Lesson ◽  
Old World ◽  
Type D

Nonhuman primates are important laboratory animals for biomedical, pharmacology, and toxicology research. To effectively use primates as models, their gross and histologic anatomy, physiology and natural history, as well as common health problems and the source from which the primate is obtained, must be known and understood by pathologists involved in study design and/or interpretation. The first very important lesson in the “primer” is: there is no such thing as a generic monkey. Brand names (ie, species and subspecies) are important. Several taxonomic groups of primates are used in research including: prosimians, such as galagos and lemurs; New World monkeys, particularily marmosets; Old World monkeys, especially macaques and baboons; and the chimpanzee, an African ape. Differences between taxa are exemplified by the glucocorticoid resistance of New World monkeys compared to Old World monkeys, which results in the requirement for Vitamin D3 and their high circulating levels of steroids such as cortisone and progesterone. Differences in ovarian histology between Old and New World monkeys probably relate to steroid receptor biology as well. There are also variations in disease manifestations, even among closely related primate species such as rhesus and cynomolgus macaques (cynos). For example type D retrovirus infection is accompanied by lymphomas in cynos, but not rhesus. The second important lesson in this “primer” is: “not test article related” does not always mean “normal.” Lymphoid nodules in bone marrow or salivary gland, a common background finding in macaques, often signal the presence of type D retrovirus. Other histologic changes and normal anatomic variations may be confusing to individuals not routinely examining primate tissues. The objective of this paper is to familiarize pathologists with the use of primates in research as well as lesions and nonlesions (normal anatomy or physiology) of primates that may influence study design and confound interpretation.

scholarly journals SEROLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE BLOOD OF THE PRIMATES

1925 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 863-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Landsteiner ◽  
C. Philip Miller
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Old World ◽  
Serological Studies ◽  
The One

Serological studies on the bloods of thirty-six species of lower monkeys have shown that there exists a correspondence between the distribution of a certain hemagglutinogen and the place of the species in the zoological system. In twelve species of seven genera of Platyrrhina (New World monkeys) and six species of the genus Lemur a factor similar to the human isoagglutinogen B was present; in eighteen species of four genera of Cercopithecidæ (Old World monkeys) it was absent, although the latter are more closely related to man than the former. It would seem from our findings that a genus, perhaps even a family, of animals may be characterized by a special serological factor. The factor found in the lower monkeys is not identical with the one existing in the erythrocytes of the anthropoid apes and man.

“Tho' she kneel'd in that place where they grew…” The uses and origins of primate colour vision

1989 ◽  
Vol 146 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Mollon
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Colour Vision ◽  
Visual Pathway ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Old World ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Local Sign ◽  
Retinal Photoreceptor ◽  
Recent Duplication

The disabilities experienced by colour-blind people show us the biological advantages of colour vision in detecting targets, in segregating the visual field and in identifying particular objects or states. Human dichromats have especial difficulty in detecting coloured fruit against dappled foliage that varies randomly in luminosity; it is suggested that yellow and orange tropical fruits have co-evolved with the trichromatic colour vision of Old World monkeys. It is argued that the colour vision of man and of the Old World monkeys depends on two subsystems that remain parallel and independent at early stages of the visual pathway. The primordial subsystem, which is shared with most mammals, depends on a comparison of the rates of quantum catch in the short- and middle-wave cones; this system exists almost exclusively for colour vision, although the chromatic signals carry with them a local sign that allows them to sustain several of the functions of spatiochromatic vision. The second subsystem arose from the phylogenetically recent duplication of a gene on the X-chromosome, and depends on a comparison of the rates of quantum catch in the long- and middle-wave receptors. At the early stages of the visual pathway, this chromatic information is carried by a channel that is also sensitive to spatial contrast. The New World monkeys have taken a different route to trichromacy: in species that are basically dichromatic, heterozygous females gain trichromacy as a result of X-chromosome inactivation, which ensures that different photopigments are expressed in two subsets of retinal photoreceptor.

scholarly journals Referential alarm calling behaviour in New World primates

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 680-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiane Cäsar ◽  
Klaus Zuberbühler
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Referential Communication ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Human Language ◽  
New World Primates ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Old World ◽  
Call Type ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract There is relatively good evidence that non-human primates can communicate about objects and events in their environment in ways that allow recipients to draw inferences about the nature of the event experienced by the signaller. In some species, there is also evidence that the basic semantic units are not individual calls, but call sequences and the combinations generated by them. These two findings are relevant to theories pertaining to the origins of human language because of the resemblances of these phenomena with linguistic reference and syntactic organisation. Until recently, however, most research efforts on the primate origins of human language have involved Old World species with comparatively few systematic studies on New World monkeys, which has prevented insights into the deeper phylogenetic roots and evolutionary origins of language-relevant capacities. To address this, we review the older primate literature and very recent evidence for functionally referential communication and call combinations in New World primates. Within the existing literature there is ample evidence in both Callitrichids and Ce-bids for acoustically distinct call variants given to external disturbances that are accompanied by distinct behavioural responses. A general pattern is that one call type is typically produced in response to a wide range of general disturbances, often on the ground but also including inter-group encounters, while another call type is produced in response to a much narrower range of aerial threats. This pattern is already described for Old World monkeys and Prosimians, suggesting an early evolutionary origin. Second, recent work with black-fronted titi monkeys has produced evidence for different alarm call sequences consisting of acoustically distinct call types. These sequences appear to encode several aspects of the predation event simultaneously, notably predator type and location. Since meaningful call sequences have already been described in Old World primates, we suggest that basic combinatorial vocal communication has evolved in the primate lineage long before the advent of language. Moreover, it is possible that some of these communicative abilities have evolved even earlier, or independently, as there is comparable evidence in other taxonomic groups. We discuss these findings in an attempt to shed further light on the primate stock from which human language has arisen.

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