THE EFFECTS OF INSULIN, RESERPINE AND CHOLINE 2:6-XYLYLETHER BROMIDE ON THE ADRENAL MEDULLA AND ON MEDULLARY AUTOGRAFTS IN THE RAT

1958 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. COUPLAND
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Noradrenaline Content ◽  
Single Intravenous Injection ◽  
Catechol Amine ◽  
Amine Content

SUMMARY The adrenaline and noradrenaline content of the adrenal medulla and medullary implants has been assessed by histochemical and assay techniques after the injection of insulin, reserpine, and choline 2:6-xylylether bromide (TM10) into Wistar and Sprague-Dawley strain rats. Insulin hypoglycaemia is without effect on implanted chromaffin cells, but reduces the adrenaline content of the intact adrenal. Reserpine reduces the catechol amine content of both normal and grafted chromaffin cells. TM10, given as a single intravenous injection, has no effect on either normal or implanted chromaffin cells.

High-intensity training induces EIB in rats through neuron transdifferentiation of adrenal medulla chromaffin cells

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (9) ◽  
pp. L602-L612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruoxi He ◽  
Juntao Feng ◽  
Qiufen Xun ◽  
Qingwu Qin ◽  
Chengping Hu
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Intensity Training

A high prevalence of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) can be found in elite athletes, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Airway responsiveness, NGF and epinephrine (EPI) levels, and chromaffin cell structure in high- (HiTr) and moderate-intensity training (MoTr) rats with or without ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization were measured in a total of 120 male Sprague-Dawley rats. The expression of NGF-associated genes in rat adrenal medulla was tested. Both HiTr and OVA intervention significantly increased airway resistance to aerosolized methacholine measured by whole body plethysmography. HiTr significantly increased inflammatory reaction in the lung with a major increase in peribronchial lymphocyte infiltration, whereas OVA significantly increased the infiltration of various inflammatory cells with an over 10-fold increase in eosinophil level in bronchoalveolar lavage. Both HiTr and OVA intervention upregulated circulating NGF level and peripherin level in adrenal medulla, but downregulated phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase level in adrenal medulla and circulating EPI level. HiTr + OVA and HiTr + ExhEx (exhaustive exercise) interventions significantly enhanced most of the HiTr effects. The elevated NGF level was significantly associated with neuronal conversion of adrenal medulla chromaffin cells (AMCC). The levels of p-Erk1/2, JMJD3, and Mash1 were significantly increased, but the levels of p-p38 and p-JNK were significantly decreased in adrenal medulla in HiTr and OVA rats. Injection of NGF antiserum and moderate-intensity training reversed these changes observed in HiTr and/or OVA rats. Our study suggests that NGF may play a vital role in the pathogenesis of EIB by inducing neuron transdifferentiation of AMCC via MAPK pathways and subsequently decreasing circulating EPI.

Release of catechol amines from the adrenal medulla by CCl4

1960 ◽  
Vol 198 (3) ◽  
pp. 682-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore M. Brody ◽  
Deane N. Calvert
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Catechol Amine ◽  
Single Oral Administration ◽  
Parallel Increase ◽  
Amine Content ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Catechol Amines

The single oral administration of an hepatotoxic dose of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) causes a decrease in the amount of apparent epinephrine and norepinephrine in the adrenal medulla after 20 hours. There is also a parallel increase in the wet weight of the adrenal gland. The ability of CCl4 to induce catechol amine depletion has been demonstrated in both the rat and the rabbit. Adrenals of animals whose spinal cords have been transected prior to CCl4 administration do not exhibit this decrease in catechol amine content. These results will be discussed in the light of an hypothesis that the toxic action of CCl4 is an indirect one and may be mediated via a release of catechol amines.

scholarly journals Effect of heart failure on catecholamine granule morphology and storage in chromaffin cells

2016 ◽  
Vol 230 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sushil K Mahata ◽  
Hong Zheng ◽  
Sumana Mahata ◽  
Xuefei Liu ◽  
Kaushik P Patel
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Dense Core Vesicle ◽  
Synaptic Activation ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Catecholamine Levels

One of the key mechanisms involved in sympathoexcitation in chronic heart failure (HF) is the activation of the adrenal glands. Impact of the elevated catecholamines on the hemodynamic parameters has been previously demonstrated. However, studies linking the structural effects of such overactivation with secretory performance and cell metabolism in the adrenomedullary chromaffin cells in vivo have not been previously reported. In this study, HF was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by ligation of the left coronary artery. Five weeks after surgery, cardiac function was assessed by ventricular hemodynamics. HF rats showed increased adrenal weight and adrenal catecholamine levels (norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine) compared with sham-operated rats. Rats with HF demonstrated increased small synaptic and dense core vesicle in splanchnic–adrenal synapses indicating trans-synaptic activation of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes, increased endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi lumen width to meet the demand of increased catecholamine synthesis and release, and more mitochondria with dilated cristae and glycogen to accommodate for the increased energy demand for the increased biogenesis and exocytosis of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla. These findings suggest that increased trans-synaptic activation of the chromaffin cells within the adrenal medulla may lead to increased catecholamines in the circulation which in turn contributes to the enhanced neurohumoral drive, providing a unique mechanistic insight for enhanced catecholamine levels in plasma commonly observed in chronic HF condition.

THE CATECHOL AMINE CONTENT OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA OF THE RAT FOLLOWING RESERPINE-INDUCED DEPLETION

1959 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. COUPLAND
Keyword(s):  
Primary Amine ◽  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Single Intravenous Injection ◽  
Wistar Strain ◽  
Amine Content ◽  
Catechol Amines ◽  
Rate Limiting

SUMMARY A single intravenous injection of reserpine (15 mg/kg) into albino rats of the Wistar strain will produce a near complete depletion of adrenal medullary catechol amines within 24 hr. Following this change, pressor amines are resynthesized and stored by the chromaffin cells and reach normal levels after a period of 9–14 days. During the early part of this period noradrenaline is re-formed and stored more rapidly than adrenaline, and is present in greater than normal amounts in the regions of the medulla which are normally concerned with storing adrenaline. It is, therefore, possible that methylation of the primary amine may be a rate-limiting factor in adrenaline synthesis.

Immunogold labeling of the calcium binding protein synexin in isolated adrenal chromaffin granules and chromaffin cells

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 952-953
Author(s):  
Gemma A.J. Kuijpers ◽  
Harvey B. Pollard
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Chromaffin Granules ◽  
Immuno Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
Adrenal Chromaffin

Exocytotic fusion of granules in the adrenal medulla chromaffin cell is triggered by a rise in the concentration of cytosolic Ca2+ upon cell activation. The protein synexin, annexin VII, was originally found in the adrenal medulla and has been shown to cause aggregation and to support fusion of chromaffin granules in a Ca2+-dependent manner. We have previously suggested that synexin may there fore play a role in the exocytotic fusion process. In order to obtain more structural information on synexin, we performed immuno-electron microscopy on frozen ultrathin sections of both isolated chromaffin granules and chromaffin cells.Chromaffin granules were isolated from bovine adrenal medulla, and synexin was isolated from bovine lung. Granules were incubated in the presence or absence of synexin (24 μg per mg granule protein) and Ca2+ (1 mM), which induces maximal granule aggregation, in 0.3M sucrose-40m MMES buffer(pH 6.0). Granules were pelleted, washed twice in buffer without synexin and fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde- 2% para formaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (GA/PFA) for 30 min. Chromaffin cells were isolated and cultured for 3-5 days, and washed and incubated in Krebs solution with or without 20 uM nicotine. Cells were fixed 90 sec after on set of stimulation with GA/PFA for 30 min. Fixed granule or cell pellets were washed, infiltrated with 2.3 M sucrose in PBS, mounted and frozen in liquid N2.

RATE OF DISAPPEARANCE OF GROWTH HORMONE FROM THE PLASMA OF RATS AFTER A SINGLE INTRAVENOUS INJECTION

1955 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl A. Gemzell ◽  
Frank Heijkenskjöld ◽  
Lars Ström
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Single Intravenous Injection

The Distribution of [14C]Cholesterol in Muscle and Skin of Rhesus Monkeys after Intravenous Injection

1976 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-310
Author(s):  
C. D. Moutafis ◽  
N. B. Myant
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Compartment System ◽  
Local Synthesis ◽  
Single Intravenous Injection ◽  
Small Pool ◽  
Slow Turnover

1. The specific radioactivity of [14C]cholesterol in plasma and in serial biopsies of muscle and skin was measured in Rhesus monkeys for 156 days after a single intravenous injection of [14C]cholesterol. 2. Analysis of the specific radioactivity—time curves in terms of a two-compartment system indicated that all the cholesterol of muscle is exchangeable with the plasma cholesterol and that local synthesis does not contribute significantly to the cholesterol in muscle. 3. Analysis of the curve for specific radioactivity of skin cholesterol suggested the presence of a small pool of cholesterol with slow turnover. A contribution to skin cholesterol from local synthesis could not be excluded.

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