SERUM MUCOPROTEIN, PLASMA FIBRIN AND FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITY DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE IN BABOONS

1959 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. GILLMAN ◽  
R. A. PILLAY ◽  
S. S. NAIDOO
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Fibrinolytic Activity ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

SUMMARY Variations in serum mucoprotein (s.m.p.), plasma fibrin and fibrinolytic activity during the menstrual cycle of two female baboons were compared with the relatively stable levels in a normal male baboon. It was found that s.m.p. and plasma fibrin levels rose progressively during turgescence of the perineum and fell with deturgescence. Plasma fibrinolytic activity in the female with regular menstrual cycles increased with the onset of deturgescence, remained elevated until the onset of menstruation, whereafter it dropped precipitously. The modification by sex hormones of s.m.p., plasma fibrin and fibrinolytic activity is discussed in relation to the effects of other hormones on these plasma moieties and on connective tissue generally during growth. An explanation is suggested for the s.m.p. and other changes in the plasma during the baboon's cycle on the basis of hormonally mediated varying rates of urinary excretion and perineal and extraperineal synthesis of mucoproteins. Some implications of our data are outlined for investigating the effects of hormones on enzymes involved in the synthesis and degradation of connective tissue components.

THE URINARY EXCRETION OF OESTROGENS, PREGNANEDIOL AND GONADOTROPHINS DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

1958 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. BROWN ◽  
A. KLOPPER ◽  
J. A. LORAINE
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Mouse Uterus ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Hormone Excretion

SUMMARY 1. The urinary excretion of oestrogens, pregnanediol and pituitary gonadotrophins has been studied throughout nine ovulatory menstrual cycles. 2. The pattern of hormone excretion was relatively constant from one individual to another, but the actual amounts excreted varied considerably in different individuals. 3. In none of the subjects studied did the mid-cycle peak in gonadotrophin precede the oestrogen peak. 4. The increase in urinary pregnanediol during the luteal phase occurred at the same time as or just before the rise in basal temperature and 1–4 days after the oestrogen peak. 5. There was no correlation between the amounts of oestrogens and pregnanediol excreted during the luteal phase of the cycle. 6. When gonadotrophin assays were conducted by the mouse uterus test and that depending on the prostate of the hypophysectomized rat, the results obtained agreed very closely at all stages of the cycle. 7. In one subject a marked rise in gonadotrophin output was observed as early as 9 days after a successful artificial insemination.

URINARY EXCRETION OF PREGNANETRIOL IN THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE. II

1962 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary T. Pickett ◽  
Ian F. Sommerville
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
Cyclic Change ◽  
Ovulatory Cycle ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Urinary Steroids ◽  
Acid Reaction ◽  
Temperature Records

ABSTRACT The pattern of urinary pregnanetriol excretion is compared with that of other urinary steroids assayed daily throughout the menstrual cycles of four healthy women. Evidence for the occurrence and estimated date of ovulation is afforded by basal temperature records, urinary oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion and cytology of anterior urethral cells recovered from the urine. In addition, pregnanediol and pregnanetriol excretion has been studied for twelve days in an ovariectomised subject. It is found that the cyclic change in urinary pregnanetriol excretion is variable in extent but there is a correlation between the urinary excretion of oestrogens, pregnanediol and pregnanetriol during the ovulatory cycle. Modification of the programme of elution used in the standard method does not significantly affect the result as determined by the sulphuric acid reaction.

THE NEUTRAL 17-KETOSTEROID EXCRETION DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIII (IV) ◽  
pp. 494-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Huis in 't Veld
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Addison’S Disease ◽  
Bilateral Adrenalectomy ◽  
Addison's Disease ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
17 Hydroxyprogesterone

ABSTRACT The excretion of Zimmermann chromogens was determined during 3 menstrual cycles in a woman with regular menstruation, suffering from Addison's disease following bilateral adrenalectomy. The 3 cycles investigated were normal (ovulatory) according to the conventional criteria. The medication given (DOCA, deoxycorticosterone-trimethyl-acetate (DOCTA), cortisone) gave rise to the excretion of small quantities of pregnanediol, pregnanolones and 11-oxygenated 17-ketosteroids in the urine. The progesterone produced in the corpus luteum gave rise to urinary excretion of pregnanediol and probably pregnanolones. The results obtained indicate that the ovarian secretion of precursors of 17-ketosteroids (17-hydroxyprogesterone and androst-4-en-3,17-dione) must be exceedingly small. No findings were obtained which indicate the existence of cyclic fluctuations in the ovarian secretion of precursors of neutral 17-ketosteroids.

PREGNANETRIOL, PREGNANEDIOL AND OESTROGEN EXCRETION DURING ANOVULATORY MENSTRUAL CYCLES AND IN A PREMENOPAUSAL ADRENALECTOMIZED WOMAN

1964 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. FOTHERBY ◽  
J. B. BROWN
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Ovulatory Cycle ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Anovulatory Cycle

SUMMARY The urinary excretion of pregnanetriol, pregnanediol and oestrogens was measured throughout five anovulatory cycles in three subjects, and throughout an anovulatory cycle and an ovulatory cycle in an adrenalectomized subject. Cyclical changes in pregnanetriol excretion, which paralleled the changes in oestrogen output, were observed during some of the anovulatory cycles and also during the ovulatory cycle in the adrenalectomized subject. These findings suggest that one factor contributing to the increase in pregnanetriol excretion during the normal ovulatory menstrual cycle is the secretion by the ovary, at times of maximal oestrogen secretion, of a precursor (possibly 17α-hydroxyprogesterone) common to both oestrogens and pregnanetriol. However, that other factors are probably also involved is suggested by the particular pattern of pregnanetriol excretion during the normal ovulatory cycle and by the finding that the increase in pregnanetriol excretion at about the time of ovulation is usually greater than the increase found in the anovulatory cycle.

Effectiveness of zona pellucida protein ZPB as an immunocontraceptive antigen

Reproduction ◽  
2000 ◽  
pp. 19-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
ML Martinez ◽  
JD Harris
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Recombinant Protein ◽  
Antibody Titre ◽  
Zona Pellucida ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Papio Cynocephalus ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle

Immunization of female mammals with native zona pellucida (ZP) proteins is known to cause infertility. Since each human ZP protein is now available as a purified recombinant protein, is it possible to compare the immunocontraceptive potential of each ZP protein. A breeding study was conducted in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fasicularis) after immunization with recombinant human ZP (rhZP) proteins (ZPA, ZPB, ZPC) separately and in combinations. This study demonstrated that immunization with recombinant human ZPB (rhZPB) protein caused cynomolgus monkeys to become infertile for 9-35 months. A second study was conducted in baboons (Papio cynocephalus), which yielded a similar result. The baboons immunized with rhZPB became infertile for 9 to > 20 months. During the time of maximum antibody titre, some animals experienced disruption of the menstrual cycle, but eventually all of the animals resumed normal menstrual cycles. Control animals and animals immunized with other rhZP proteins all became pregnant before any of the rhZPB-treated animals. This is the first study in which a recombinant ZP protein has consistently induced infertility in a primate without permanent disruption of the normal menstrual cycle.

Urinary melatonin, LH, oestradiol, progesterone excretion during the menstrual cycle or in women taking oral contraceptives

1987 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyne Brun ◽  
Bruno Claustrat ◽  
Michel David
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Normal Women

Abstract. Nocturnal urinary excretion of melatonin, LH, progesterone and oestradiol was measured by radioimmunoassay in nine normal women during a complete cycle. In addition, these hormonal excretions were studied in two women taking an oral contraceptive. A high within-subject coefficient of variation was observed for melatonin excretion in the two groups. In the nine normal cycling women, melatonin excretion was not decreased at the time of ovulation, but was significantly increased during the luteal phase compared with that of the follicular phase (P < 0.01). These data are consistent with a positive relationship between melatonin and progesterone during the luteal phase. In the two women under an oral contraceptive, melatonin excretion was found within the same range as for the other nine. The results are discussed in terms of pineal investigation in human.

Physiology of the Menstrual Cycle

Cephalalgia ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
S D Silberstein ◽  
G R Merriam
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Premenstrual Syndrome ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Menstrual Migraine ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Receptor Density ◽  
Cns Neurons

The normal female life cycle is associated with a number of hormonal milestones: menarche, pregnancy, contraceptive use, menopause, and the use of replacement sex hormones. All these events and interventions alter the levels and cycling of sex hormones and may cause a change in the prevalence or intensity of headache. The menstrual cycle is the result of a carefully orchestrated sequence of interactions among the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary, and endometrium, with the sex hormones acting as modulators and effectors at each level. Oestrogen and progestins have potent effects on central serotonergic and opioid neurons, modulating both neuronal activity and receptor density. The primary trigger of menstrual migraine appears to be the withdrawal of oestrogen rather than the maintenance of sustained high or low oestrogen levels. However, changes in the sustained oestrogen levels with pregnancy (increased) and menopause (decreased) appear to affect headaches. Headaches that occur with premenstrual syndrome appear to be centrally generated, involving the inherent rhythm of CNS neurons, including perhaps the serotonergic pain-modulating systems.

scholarly journals Methodological Approach of the Iron and Muscular Damage: Female Metabolism and Menstrual Cycle during Exercise Project (IronFEMME Study)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 735
Author(s):  
Ana B. Peinado ◽  
Victor M. Alfaro-Magallanes ◽  
Nuria Romero-Parra ◽  
Laura Barba-Moreno ◽  
Beatriz Rael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Iron Metabolism ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Exercise Protocol

Background: The increase in exercise levels in the last few years among professional and recreational female athletes has led to an increased scientific interest about sports health and performance in the female athlete population. The purpose of the IronFEMME Study described in this protocol article is to determine the influence of different hormonal profiles on iron metabolism in response to endurance exercise, and the main markers of muscle damage in response to resistance exercise; both in eumenorrheic, oral contraceptive (OC) users and postmenopausal well-trained women. Methods: This project is an observational controlled randomized counterbalanced study. One hundered and four (104) active and healthy women were selected to participate in the IronFEMME Study, 57 of which were eumenorrheic, 31 OC users and 16 postmenopausal. The project consisted of two sections carried out at the same time: iron metabolism (study I) and muscle damage (study II). For the study I, the exercise protocol consisted of an interval running test (eight bouts of 3 min at 85% of the maximal aerobic speed), whereas the study II protocol was an eccentric-based resistance exercise protocol (10 sets of 10 repetitions of plate-loaded barbell parallel back squats at 60% of their one repetition maximum (1RM) with 2 min of recovery between sets). In both studies, eumenorrheic participants were evaluated at three specific moments of the menstrual cycle: early-follicular phase, late-follicular phase and mid-luteal phase; OC users performed the trial at two moments: withdrawal phase and active pill phase. Lastly, postmenopausal women were only tested once, since their hormonal status does not fluctuate. The three-step method was used to verify the menstrual cycle phase: calendar counting, blood test confirmation, and urine-based ovulation kits. Blood samples were obtained to measure sex hormones, iron metabolism parameters, and muscle damage related markers. Discussion: IronFEMME Study has been designed to increase the knowledge regarding the influence of sex hormones on some aspects of the exercise-related female physiology. Iron metabolism and exercise-induced muscle damage will be studied considering the different reproductive status present throughout well-trained females’ lifespan.

Does the menstrual cycle influence the sensitivity of vagally mediated baroreflexes?

2002 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 639-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. COOKE ◽  
David A. LUDWIG ◽  
Paul S. HOGG ◽  
Dwain L. ECKBERG ◽  
Victor A. CONVERTINO
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Cardiac Regulation ◽  
Neck Pressure ◽  
Noradrenaline Levels

The menstrual cycle provokes several physiological changes that could influence autonomic regulatory mechanisms. We studied the carotid-cardiac baroreflex in ten healthy young women on four occasions over the course of their menstrual cycles (days 0-8, 9-14, 15-20 and 21-25). We drew blood during each session for analysis of oestrogen, progesterone and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) levels, and assessed carotid-cardiac baroreflex function by analysing R-R interval responses to graded neck pressure sequences. Oestrogen levels followed a classical two-peak (cubic) response, with elevated levels on days 9-14 and 21-25 compared with days 0-8 and 15-20 (P =0.0032), while progesterone levels increased exponentially from days 9-14 to days 21-25 (P = 0.0063). Noradrenaline levels increased from an average of 137pg/ml during the first three measurement periods to 199pg/ml during days 21-25 (P = 0.0456). Carotid-cardiac baroreflex gain and operational point were not statistically different at any of the time points during the menstrual cycle (P⩾0.18). These findings are consistent with the notion that beat-to-beat vagal-cardiac regulation does not change over the course of the normal menstrual cycle.

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