EFFECT OF SODIUM RESTRICTION AND EXPERIMENTAL NEPHROSIS ON TISSUE SPACES AND TISSUE SODIUM DISTRIBUTION IN THE RAT

1962 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. LEONARD
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Content ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Aldosterone Secretion ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Extracellular Sodium ◽  
Total Tissue ◽  
Tissue Sodium

SUMMARY Aldosterone secretion is increased in rats on a diet low in sodium content or in rats with nephrosis induced by administration of an aminonucleoside. Distributions of water and sodium in heart, liver, adrenals and abdominal muscle were compared in nephrotic rats, sodium-restricted rats and rats maintained on a normal diet. In nephrotic animals total tissue sodium increased significantly in liver, heart and abdominal muscle and was associated with increased intracellular sodium (both absolute amount and concentration) in these tissues as well as in the adrenals; extracellular sodium decreased in heart and adrenals and increased in abdominal muscle. In nephrotic rats increased total tissue water in liver and abdominal muscle was associated with increased extracellular water while increased total water in adrenals was accompanied by increased intracellular water. The results in sodium-restricted rats were similar to those in nephrotic rats except that no changes were found in abdominal muscle and that water content of liver was unchanged.

scholarly journals The Kinetics of Sodium Transport in the Toad Bladder

1971 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur L. Finn ◽  
Maxine L. Rockoff
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Transport ◽  
Compartmental Model ◽  
Compartmental Analysis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Toad Bladder ◽  
Sums Of Exponentials ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Total Tissue ◽  
Tissue Sodium

A compartmental model of toad bladder sodium content has been developed, whereby it is possible to measure the four unidirectional fluxes across the opposite faces of the transport compartment, as well as the amount of sodium in the compartment. 24Na is added to the mucosal medium of a short-circuited bladder mounted between halves of a chamber in which the fluid is stirred by rotating impellers. After a steady state is reached, nonradioactive medium is flushed through both sides of the chamber, collected, and counted. The data from each chamber are fitted to sums of exponentials and interpreted in terms of conventional compartmental analysis. Three exponentials are required, with half-times of 0.2, 2.2, and 14.0 min. It is shown that the first of these represents chamber washout, the second the transport pool, and the third a tissue compartment which is not involved in active sodium transport and which does not communicate with the transport pool. The second compartment contains 10.5 µEq of sodium per 100 mg dry weight, an amount equal to approximately 30% of total tissue sodium. The results also indicate, as expected from electrophysiological data, that the mucosal-facing side of the transport compartment is over 10 times as permeable to sodium as the serosal, or pump, side.

Assessment of Tissue Sodium Content by 23Na-MRI in Patients with Adrenal Insufficiency - a Pilot Study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Weng ◽  
Stephanie Burger-Stritt ◽  
Irina Chifu ◽  
Martin Christa ◽  
Bernhard Petritsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Tissue Sodium ◽  
23Na Mri

scholarly journals Isoflurane in Contrast to Propofol Promotes Fluid Extravasation during Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Pigs

2013 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 861-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hege Kristin Brekke ◽  
Stig Morten Hammersborg ◽  
Steinar Lundemoen ◽  
Arve Mongstad ◽  
Venny Lise Kvalheim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Outcome Analysis ◽  
Tissue Water Content ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Edema Formation ◽  
Fluid Extravasation ◽  
Isoflurane Anesthesia ◽  
Total Tissue

Abstract Background: A highly positive intraoperative fluid balance should be prevented as it negatively impacts patient outcome. Analysis of volume-kinetics has identified an increase in interstitial fluid volume after crystalloid fluid loading during isoflurane anesthesia. Isoflurane has also been associated with postoperative hypoxemia and may be associated with an increase in alveolar epithelial permeability, edema formation, and hindered oxygen exchange. In this article, the authors compare fluid extravasation rates before and during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with isoflurane- versus propofol-based anesthesia. Methods: Fourteen pigs underwent 2 h of tepid CPB with propofol (P-group; n = 7) or isoflurane anesthesia (I-group; n = 7). Fluid requirements, plasma volume, colloid osmotic pressures in plasma and interstitial fluid, hematocrit levels, and total tissue water content were recorded, and fluid extravasation rates calculated. Results: Fluid extravasation rates increased in the I-group from the pre-CPB level of 0.27 (0.13) to 0.92 (0.36) ml·kg−1·min−1, but remained essentially unchanged in the P-group with significant between-group differences during CPB (pb = 0.002). The results are supported by corresponding changes in interstitial colloid osmotic pressure and total tissue water content. Conclusions: During CPB, isoflurane, in contrast to propofol, significantly contributes to a general increase in fluid shifts from the intravascular to the interstitial space with edema formation and a possible negative impact on postoperative organ function.

Influence of pilocarpine on transport by salivary gland slices

1963 ◽  
Vol 205 (5) ◽  
pp. 1058-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. Schneyer ◽  
C. A. Schneyer
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Submaxillary Gland ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Early Effect ◽  
Apparent Loss ◽  
Inulin Space ◽  
Total Tissue

Effects of pilocarpine on net movements of water and electrolytes in gland cells were investigated in vitro, using slices from submaxillary gland of rat. Slices were depleted of K, and loaded with Na, Cl, and water, by incubation in Krebs-Ringer phosphate with nitrogen atmosphere. After this, the slices were transferred to Krebs-Ringer phosphate with oxygen atmosphere. During this period with O2, pilocarpine caused apparent loss of water from cells, since tissue total water decreased and inulin space remained almost unchanged. Without pilocarpine during this time, water in cells increased. Electrolyte movements were also affected by pilocarpine. Specifically, there occurred reduction in net accumulation of K in total tissue and cells. Reduction in net extrusion of Na was suggested. Since, in vivo, an early effect of stimulation involves depletion of gland K, it appears that the current observations have relevance to normal secretion to the extent, at least, that in both circumstances stimulating agents reduce the ability of the cells to maintain stores of K.

Microvascular fluid exchange during CPB with deep hypothermia circulatory arrest or low flow

Perfusion ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 661-669
Author(s):  
Bjørg Elvevoll ◽  
Paul Husby ◽  
Venny L. Kvalheim ◽  
Lodve Stangeland ◽  
Arve Mongstad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Circulatory Arrest ◽  
Deep Hypothermia ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Cerebral Microdialysis ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Fluid Exchange ◽  
Fluid Extravasation ◽  
Total Tissue ◽  
Water Contents

Objective: Use of deep hypothermic low-flow (DHLF) cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has been associated with higher fluid loading than the use of deep hypothermia circulatory arrest (DHCA). We evaluated whether these perfusion strategies influenced fluid extravasation rates and edema generation differently per-operatively. Materials and Methods: Twelve anesthetized pigs, randomly allocated to DHLF (n = 6) or DHCA (n = 6), underwent 2.5 hours CPB with cooling to 20°C for 30 minutes (min), followed by 30 min arrested circulation (DHCA) or 30 min low-flow circulation (DHLF) before 90 min rewarming to normothermia. Perfusion of tissues, fluid requirements, plasma volumes, colloid osmotic pressures and total tissue water contents were recorded and fluid extravasation rates calculated. During the experiments, cerebral microdialysis was performed in both groups. Results: Microvascular fluid homeostasis was similar in both groups, with no between-group differences, reflected by similar fluid extravasation rates, plasma colloid osmotic pressures and total tissue water contents. Although extravasation rates increased dramatically from 0.10 (0.11) ml/kg/min (mean with standard deviation in parentheses) and 0.16 (0.02) ml/kg/min to 1.28 (0.58) ml/kg/min and 1.06 (0.41) ml/kg/min (DHCA and DHLF, respectively) after the initiation of CPB, fluid filtrations during both cardiac arrest and low flow were modest and close to baseline values. Cerebral microdialysis indicated anaerobic metabolism and ischemic brain injury in the DHCA group. Conclusion: No differences in microvascular fluid exchange could be demonstrated as a direct effect of DHCA compared with DHLF. Thirty minutes of DHCA was associated with anaerobic cerebral metabolism and possible brain injury.

Espace extracellulaire, perméabilité à l'inuline et accumulation de L-alanine dans l'intestin isolé de Grenouille

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
Joël de la Noüe ◽  
André Gagnon
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Space ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Solute Concentration ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Intracellular Amino Acid ◽  
Inulin Space ◽  
Total Tissue ◽  
Frog Intestine

In order to calculate the intracellular concentration of accumulated L-alanine, the extracellular space (inulin-14C) of frog intestine was measured. To check the validity of the technique, frog liver and gastrocnemius were used too. By scraping proximal portions of intestine, the inulin space was found to be similar (around 20% of total tissue water) in both the muscle layer and the mucosa. The mucosal epithelium is an imperfect barrier to inulin while the serosa is very permeable. These results suggest that the interstitial solute concentration is best approximated by equating it to that of the serosal solution. The in vitro inulin space, compared to the in vivo one, increases with time, as does the cellular hydration. The data obtained from measurements of extracellular space and from L-alanine uptake show that the intracellular amino acid is in a free state.

ADRENAL POTASSIUM AND SODIUM IN EXPERIMENTAL HYPER- AND HYPOALDOSTERONISM IN THE RAT. DETERMINATION BY ELECTRON PROBE X-RAY MICROANALYSIS

1975 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katalin Sz. Szalay ◽  
Ernö Bácsy ◽  
Ervin Stark
Keyword(s):  
Electron Probe ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Aldosterone Secretion ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Intracellular Potassium

ABSTRACT Potassium and sodium contents in the various adrenal zones were determined in experimental hyper- and hypoaldosteronism in the rat by electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The analysis aimed at revealing intracellular values. There was no change in the potassium content of the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and medulla neither in hyperaldosteronism, induced by Na-deficiency, nor in hypoaldosteronism, elicited by Na-rich diet. The sodium content in the zona glomerulosa and zona fascicularis was increased in the Na-loaded rats, while that of the medulla was not changed. Our data are not consistent with the hypothesis that a change of adrenal intracellular potassium would act as a final stimulus in the regulation of aldosterone secretion.

Hemorrhagic shock impairs myocardial cell volume regulation and membrane integrity in dogs

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (6) ◽  
pp. H1203-H1210
Author(s):  
J. W. Horton
Keyword(s):  
Hemorrhagic Shock ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Volume Regulation ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Cell Volume Regulation ◽  
Calcium Entry ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Total Tissue

An in vitro myocardial slice technique was used to quantitate alterations in cell volume regulation and membrane integrity after 2 h of hemorrhagic shock. After in vitro incubation in Krebs-Ringer-phosphate medium containing trace [14C]inulin, values (ml H2O/g dry wt) for control nonshocked myocardial slices were 4.03 +/- 0.11 (SE) for total water, 2.16 +/- 0.07 for inulin impermeable space, and 1.76 +/- 0.15 for inulin diffusible space. Shocked myocardial slices showed impaired response to cold incubation (0 degrees C, 60 min). After 2 h of in vivo shock, total tissue water, inulin diffusible space, and inulin impermeable space increased significantly (+19.2 +/- 2.4, +8.1 +/- 1.9, +34.4 +/- 6.1%, respectively) for subendocardium, whereas changes in subepicardium parameters were minimal. Shock-induced cellular swelling was accompanied by an increased total tissue sodium, but no change in tissue potassium. Calcium entry blockade in vivo (lidoflazine, 20 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1 during the last 60 min of shock) significantly reduced subendocardial total tissue water as compared with shock-untreated dogs. In addition, calcium entry blockade reduced shock-induced increases in inulin impermeable space and inulin diffusible space. In vitro myocardial slice studies confirm alterations in subendocardial membrane integrity after 2 h of in vivo hemorrhagic shock. Shock-induced abnormalities in myocardial cell volume regulation are reduced by calcium entry blockade in vivo.

Fluid and electrolyte changes of thyroidectomized rats in a cold environment

1959 ◽  
Vol 196 (6) ◽  
pp. 1214-1217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph B. Boatman ◽  
John M. Walsh ◽  
Leonard I. Epstein ◽  
Marvin J. Rabinovitz
Keyword(s):  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Cold Environment ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Tissue Water Content ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Sodium Flux

Groups of adult male albino rats were thyroidectomized or sham-operated, and later subjected to 10 day, 5°C cold exposure or else maintained at 22°C room temperatures. Tissues were examined for total water, sodium, potassium, Na24 and I131-thyroxine distribution. Thyroidectomized animals in the cold showed significantly greater amounts of water and Na24 specific activity in muscle and brain. Sham-operated animals in the cold showed significantly reduced brain Na24 specific activity. Thyroxine I131/Na24 ratios in tissue were greater at room temperature in thyroidectomized animals and were decreased with cold. Sham-operated animals showed no differences in brain thyroxine I131/Na24 ratios after equilibration and small differences in muscle ratios, with cold. It was concluded that a cold environment imposed on thyroidectomized animals resulted in changes in the animal's capacity to readjust body fluids and electrolytes when compared with intact animals exposed to cold. These differences were attributable to greater tissue water content and increased sodium flux into the tissues.

P4993Tissue sodium concentration emerged as a determinant of hypertrophic vascular remodeling in type 2 diabetes

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Schmieder ◽  
S Jung ◽  
D Kannenkeril ◽  
J M Harazny ◽  
K Striepe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Vascular Remodeling ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Resistance Vessels ◽  
Retinal Arterioles ◽  
Tissue Sodium

Abstract Background Studies describe a linkage between greater sodium intake and higher incidence of organ damage and cardiovascular end points. Sodium intake is usually assessed by measuring 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, which is prone to high fluctuation. For the assessment of tissue sodium a new technique (23Na-MRI) has been developed. We analyzed whether tissue sodium is linked to vascular remodeling of small resistance vessels in patients with type-2 diabetes. Methods In patients with type 2 diabetes we assessed tissue sodium content and vascular structural parameters of the retinal arterioles, since structural changes of resistance vessels (150–300 μm) can be non-invasively and reliably assessed in the retinal circulation by Scanning Laser Doppler Flowmetry (SLDF). Patients with antidiabetic medication were off the therapy (antihypertensives were kept constant) for 4 weeks. The structural parameters of retinal arterioles assessed were outer- and inner diameter (OD & ID), wall thickness (WT), wall-to-lumen ratio (WLR) and wall cross sectional area (WCSA). Tissue sodium content was assessed non-invasively with a 3.0 T clinical MRI system in each patient. Subject placed their lower legs in the center of a 23Na knee coil and sodium content in skin and muscle (musculus triceps surae) were measured. Results In patients with type 2 diabetes (N=52) we observed a significant correlation between tissue sodium content (muscle and skin) and OD, WT and WCSA and a trend has been noticed between muscle sodium content and ID and WLR. Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that tissue sodium content is a significant determinant of hypertrophic vascular remodeling as indicated by increased WT and WCSA, independent of age, gender and 24-hour ambulatory diastolic blood pressure. Correlation coefficients Muscle sodium content (mmol/l) Skin sodium content (mmol/l) OD (μmol) r=0.402, p=0.003 r=0.299, p=0.033 ID (μmol) r=0.265, p=0.058 r=0.202, p=0.154 WT (μm) r=0.402, p=0.003 r=0.313, p=0.026 WLR r=0.247, p=0.078 r=0.171, p=0.230 WCSA (μm2) r=0.417, p=0.002 r=0.322, p=0.021 Conclusion With the novel 23Na-MRI technology, we could demonstrate that high tissue sodium concentration is linked to with hypertrophic vascular remodeling of retinal arterioles. Thus, the reduction of tissue sodium content may emerge as a therapeutic target.

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