scholarly journals Using Eye-Movement Events to Determine the Mental Workload of Surgical Residents

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonca Gökçe Menekşe Dalveren ◽  
Nergiz Ercil Cagiltay
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Skill Training ◽  
The Other ◽  
Instructional Materials ◽  
Dominant Hand ◽  
Surgical Residents ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Computer Based

These days, eye-tracking is one of the promising technologies used in different fields. However, studies involving eye-tracking are rare in the field of endo-neurosurgery. This study aims to use this technology to promote our understanding of the effect related to computer-based instructional materials on mental workload of surgical residents. Four computer-based simulation scenarios are developed, two of them were designed as general models and the other two as simulated surgical models. During these surgical procedures, in real settings, surgical residents need to use their both hands simultaneously to control the endoscope and the operational tool in a coordinated fashion. Therefore, to shed light on the participants’ behaviors, these scenarios are performed with dominant-hand, non-dominant hand and, finally with both-hands. Twenty-three residents’ eye-movements were recorded while performing the scenarios. According to the results of this study, when performing the simulated surgical models, an increase in the participants’ mental workload was recorded when compared to the other scenarios. Accordingly, it can be concluded that the eye-movements of surgical residents can provide insights about the anticipated level of difficulty about the skill-based tasks. This information might be very critical to properly design and organize instructional materials for endo-neurosurgery, and also to better guide and evaluate the progress of trainees in computer simulation-based skill training environments.

The Relationship of Eye Movement, Workload, and Attention on Learning in a Computer-Based Training Program

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1477-1481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather C. Lum ◽  
Richard L. Greatbatch ◽  
Grace E. Waldfogle ◽  
Jacob D. Benedict ◽  
David A. Nembhard
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Management Training ◽  
Project Managers ◽  
Computer Based Training ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Relationship Of

Computer-based training is a version of training that is becoming quite common. The Project Team Builder (PTB) program uses a computer simulation to help train individuals on how to correct a variety of problems faced by project managers. In this study, the use of a computer-based training program was utilized to assess learning and performance. To measure this, a Tobii T120 eye tracking system was employed to measure fixations and saccades of the participant while completing a training program. The task consisted of the completion of a project management training with assistance of the researcher, then again without assistance. It was hypothesized that performance would improve on the self-guided task after the completion of the assisted task. Results found that participants that completed the task quicker found it to be less mentally demanding. Number of fixations was found to be positively correlated with mental workload and perceived performance. This gives way to further research on computer-based training and the use of eye tracking systems for future program development.

scholarly journals Avoiding the Other Side?

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 158-164
Author(s):  
Desirée Schmuck ◽  
Miriam Tribastone ◽  
Jörg Matthes ◽  
Franziska Marquart ◽  
Eva Maria Bergel
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Selective Exposure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Political Views ◽  
Political Ads ◽  
First Time ◽  
Practical Implications

Abstract. Partisan selective exposure, the phenomenon of selectively attending to information that is in line with one’s political views, has received extensive research attention. Researchers have thus far largely neglected, however, to examine the tendency to avoid attitude-discrepant information, that is, selective avoidance. Selective avoidance can be considered a different phenomenon that is not necessarily implied by, nor only occurs simultaneously with, selective exposure. This study investigates these two separate phenomena, for the first time, using eye-tracking methodology. We exposed participants to political ads by liberal and conservative parties placed next to neutral political ads and tracked eye movements unobtrusively. Findings showed that individuals paid more visual attention to political ads that were consistent with their partisan ideology. Additionally, we found that individuals tended to avoid political ads that were inconsistent with their partisan ideology, which provides some evidence for selective avoidance processes. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

scholarly journals I’ve Seen Enough! Prolonged and Repeated Exposure to Disgusting Stimuli Increases Oculomotor Avoidance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Armstrong ◽  
Jeremy Stewart ◽  
Edwin S. Dalmaijer ◽  
Megan Rowe ◽  
Siri Danielson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Repeated Exposure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sensory Qualities

Disgust motivates avoidance of stimuli associated with pathogens. Although disgust primarily inhibits oral and epidermal contact, it may also inhibit perceptual contact, particularly given the outsize role of sensory qualities in eliciting disgust. To examine perceptual avoidance of disgust, we presented images of bodily products or spoiled food paired with neutral images for 12-s trials and recorded eye movements (Experiment 1; N= 127). We found that overall, these disgusting images were not visually avoided compared to neutral images. However, viewing of disgusting images decreased with prolonged (within-trial) and repeated (between-trial) exposure, and these trends were uniquely predicted by self-reported disgust to the images. In Experiment 2 (N = 84), we replicated Experiment 1 with a novel set of disgusting images, as well as other unpleasant image categories (suicide, threat) and pleasant images. We found that disgusting stimuli were viewed less than the other unpleasant image categories, and we again found that viewing of disgusting images decreased with prolonged and repeated exposure. Further, we replicated the finding that disgust ratings uniquely predicted decreasing viewing of disgusting images, but only for prolonged exposure (within-trial). Unexpectedly, we found that disgust ratings uniquely predicted a similar pattern of decreasing viewing for the suicide and threat images as well. These findings suggest that disgust inhibits perceptual contact, but in competition with motivational processes that steer attention towards pathogen threats. We discuss the implications for measuring disgust with eye tracking.

Insights From Pupil Size to Mental Workload of Surgical Residents: Feasibility of an Educational Computer-Based Surgical Simulation Environment (ECE) Considering the Hand Condition

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 616-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonca Gokce Menekse Dalveren ◽  
Nergiz Ercil Cagiltay ◽  
Erol Ozcelik ◽  
Hakan Maras
Keyword(s):  
Pupil Size ◽  
Surgical Simulation ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Instructional System ◽  
Nondominant Hand ◽  
Surgical Residents ◽  
Educational Computer ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Hand Coordination ◽  
The One

The advantage of simulation environments is that they present various insights into real situations, where experimental research opportunities are very limited—for example, in endoscopic surgery. These operations require simultaneous use of both hands. For this reason, surgical residents need to develop several motor skills, such as eye-hand coordination and left-right hand coordination. While performing these tasks, the hand condition (dominant, nondominant, both hands) creates different degrees of mental workload, which can be assessed through mental physiological measures—namely, pupil size. Studies show that pupil size grows in direct proportion to mental workload. However, in the literature, there are very limited studies exploring this workload through the pupil sizes of the surgical residents under different hand conditions. Therefore, in this study, we present a computer-based simulation of a surgical task using eye-tracking technology to better understand the influence of the hand condition on the performance of skill-based surgical tasks in a computer-based simulated environment. The results show that under the both-hand condition, the pupil size of the surgical residents is larger than the one under the dominant and nondominant hand conditions. This indicates that when the computer-simulated surgical task is performed with both hands, it is considered more difficult than in the dominant and nondominant hand conditions. In conclusion, this study shows that pupil size measurements are sufficiently feasible to estimate the mental workload of the participants while performing surgical tasks. The results of this study can be used as a guide by instructional system designers of skill-based training programs.

scholarly journals (Eye-) Tracking the Other-Race Effect: Comparison of Eye Movements During Encoding and Recognition of Ingroup Faces With Proximal and Distant Outgroup Faces

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 366-395
Author(s):  
Marleen Stelter ◽  
Marc Rommel ◽  
Juliane Degner
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Study Phase ◽  
Movement Activity ◽  
Race Effect ◽  
Ingroup Outgroup

People experience difficulties recognizing faces of ethnic outgroups, known as the other-race effect. The present eye-tracking study investigates if this effect is related to differences in visual attention to ingroup and outgroup faces. We measured gaze fixations to specific facial features and overall eye-movement activity level during an old/new recognition task comparing ingroup faces with proximal and distal ethnic outgroup faces. Recognition was best for ingroup faces and decreased gradually for proximal and distal outgroup faces. Participants attended more to the eyes of ingroup faces than outgroup faces, but this effect was unrelated to recognition performance. Ingroup-outgroup differences in eye-movement activity level did not emerge during the study phase, but during the recognition phase, with ingroup-outgroup differences varying as a function of recognition accuracy and old/new effects. Overall, ingroup-outgroup effects on recognition performance and eye movements were more pronounced for recognition of new items, emphasizing the role of retrieval processes.

scholarly journals Eye movements in surgery : A literature review

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frouke Hermens ◽  
Rhona Flin ◽  
Irfan Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Surgical Training ◽  
Skill Assessment ◽  
Surgical Skill ◽  
Surgical Residents ◽  
Methodological Aspects ◽  
Tracking Technology

h recent advances in eye tracking technology, it is now possible to track surgeons’ eye movements while engaged in a surgical task or when surgical residents practice their surgical skills. Several studies have compared eye movements of surgical experts and novices, developed techniques to assess surgical skill on the basis of eye movements, and examined the role of eye movements in surgical training. We here provide an overview of these studies with a focus on the methodological aspects. We conclude that the different studies of eye movements in surgery suggest that the recording of eye movements may be beneficial both for skill assessment.

Eye movements in sports research and practice: Immersive technologies as optimal environments for the study of gaze behaviour

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Harris ◽  
Mark Wilson ◽  
Tim Holmes ◽  
Toby de Burgh ◽  
Samuel James Vine
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Successful Performance ◽  
Experimental Control ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Immersive Technologies

Head-mounted eye tracking has been fundamental for developing an understanding of sporting expertise, as the way in which performers sample visual information from the environment is a major determinant of successful performance. There is, however, a long running tension between the desire to study realistic, in-situ gaze behaviour and the difficulties of acquiring accurate ocular measurements in dynamic and fast-moving sporting tasks. Here, we describe how immersive technologies, such as virtual reality, offer an increasingly compelling approach for conducting eye movement research in sport. The possibility of studying gaze behaviour in representative and realistic environments, but with high levels of experimental control, could enable significant strides forward for eye tracking in sport and improve understanding of how eye movements underpin sporting skills. By providing a rationale for virtual reality as an optimal environment for eye tracking research, as well as outlining practical considerations related to hardware, software and data analysis, we hope to guide researchers and practitioners in the use of this approach.

Visual asymmetries during face encoding Increased dwell time and fixations in the upper and left hemifields

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Maria Felisberti
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Reading Habits ◽  
The Right

Visual field asymmetries (VFA) in the encoding of groups rather than individual faces has been rarely investigated. Here, eye movements (dwell time (DT) and fixations (Fix)) were recorded during the encoding of three groups of four faces tagged with cheating, cooperative, or neutral behaviours. Faces in each of the three groups were placed in the upper left (UL), upper right (UR), lower left (LL), or lower right (LR) quadrants. Face recognition was equally high in the three groups. In contrast, the proportion of DT and Fix were higher for faces in the left than the right hemifield and in the upper rather than the lower hemifield. The overall time spent looking at the UL was higher than in the other quadrants. The findings are relevant to the understanding of VFA in face processing, especially groups of faces, and might be linked to environmental cues and/or reading habits.

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