scholarly journals Parsing eye movement analysis of scanpaths of naïve viewers of art: How do we differentiate art from non-art pictures?

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang H. Zangemeister ◽  
Claudio Privitera
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
High Similarity ◽  
Similarity Coefficients ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Viewing Sessions ◽  
The Brain

Relating to G. Buswell’s early work we posed the questions: How do art-naïve people look at pairs of artful pictures and similarly looking snapshots? Does the analysis of their eye movement recordings reveal a difference in their perception? Parsing eye scanpaths using string editing, similarity coefficients can be sorted out and represented for the two measures ‘Sp’ (Similarities of position) and ‘Ss’ (Similarities of sequences). 25 picture pairs were shown 5 times to 7 subjects with no specific task, who were ‘art-naïve’ to avoid confounding of the results through specific art knowledge of the subjects. A significant difference between scanpaths of artful pictures compared to snapshots was not found in our subjects´ repeated viewing sessions. Auto-similarity (same subject viewing the same picture) and cross-similarity (different subjects viewing the same picture) significantly demonstrated this result, for sequences of eye fixations (Ss) as well as their positions (Sp): In case of global (different subjects and different pairs) sequential similarity Ss we found that about 84 percent of the picture pairs where viewed with very low similarity, in quasi random mode within the range of random values. Only in 4 out of 25 artful-picture snapshot pairs was a high similarity found. A specific restricted set of representative regions in the internal cognitive model of the picture is essential for the brain to perceive and eventually recognize the picture: This representative set is quite similar for different subjects and different picture pairs independently of their art–non art features that where in most cases not recognized by our subjects. Furthermore our study shows that the distinction of art versus non-art has vanished, causing confusion about the ratio of signal and noise in the communication between artists and viewers of art.

scholarly journals Investigating the Spatial Pattern of Older Drivers’ Eye Fixation Behaviour and Associations with Their Visual Capacity

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Sun ◽  
Jianhong (Cecilia) Xia ◽  
Torbjörn Falkmer ◽  
Hoe Lee
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Older Drivers ◽  
Eye Fixation ◽  
Movement Trajectories ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Search Patterns ◽  
Lower Capacity

Visual capacity generally declines as people age, yet its impact on visual search patterns along different road sections of actual driving still remains undocumented. In this on-road driving study, we simultaneously recorded 30 older drivers’ eye movement and precise vehicle movement trajectories. The vehicle positions were linked to every eye fixation of individual drivers so that we know the locations of a driver's gaze origin in geospatial coordinates. Spatial distribution pattern of drivers’ eye fixations (duration and frequency) were then analysed. We further investigated the associations between older drivers’ visual capacity (processing speed, divided and selective attention) and their eye fixation patterns in various driving manoeuvres. The results indicate that driving scenarios have significant impact on older drivers’ visual patterns. Older drivers performed more frequent eye fixations when manoeuvreing through roundabouts, while they tended to fixate on certain objects much longer during straight road driving. The key findings show that the processing speed and divided attention of older drivers were associated with their eye fixations at complex right-turns; drivers with a lower capacity for selective attention performed less frequent eye fixations at roundabout manoeuvres. This study has also demonstrated that visualisation and spatial statistics are effective and intuitive approaches in eye movement analysis.

scholarly journals How Does Wearing a Facecover Influence the Eye Movement Pattern in Times of COVID-19?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantin Frank ◽  
Luca Schuster ◽  
Michael Alfertshofer ◽  
Sebastian Felix Baumbach ◽  
Viktoria Herterich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Study Participants

Abstract Background Since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic facecovers have become a common sight. The effect of facecovers on the gaze when looking at faces has not yet been assessed. Objectives The aim of the present study was to investigate any potential differences in eye movement pattern in observers exposed to images showing a face without and with a facecover to identify if there is truly a change of gaze when identifying (masked) facial features. Methods The eye movement of 64 study participants (28 males and 36 females) with a mean [standard deviation] age of 31.84 [9.0] years was analyzed in this cross-sectional observational study. Eye movement analysis was conducted based on positional changes of eye features within an x- and y-coordinate system while two images (face without/with facecover) were displayed for 8 seconds. Results The results of this study revealed that the sequence of focusing on facial regions was not altered when wearing a facecover and followed the sequence: perioral, nose, periorbital. Wearing a facecover significantly increased the time spent focusing on the periorbital region and also increased the number of repeated eye fixations during the 8-second visual stimulus presentation. No statistically significant differences were observed between male and female participants in their eye movement pattern across all investigated variables (P > 0.433). Conclusions The altered eye movement pattern caused by wearing facecoverings that this study has revealed suggests that, during the COVID-19 pandemic, aesthetic practitioners might consider developing marketing and treatment strategies that principally target the periorbital area.

scholarly journals A framework for using signal, noise, and variation to determine whether the brain controls movement synergies or single muscles

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 733-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mati Joshua ◽  
Stephen G. Lisberger
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Neural Firing ◽  
Abducens Nucleus ◽  
Pursuit Initiation ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The Brain

We have used an analysis of signal and variation in motor behavior to elucidate the organization of the cerebellar and brain stem circuits that control smooth pursuit eye movements. We recorded from the abducens nucleus and identified floccular target neurons (FTNs) and other, non-FTN vestibular neurons. First, we assessed neuron-behavior correlations, defined as the trial-by-trial correlation between the variation in neural firing and eye movement, in brain stem neurons. In agreement with prior data from the cerebellum, neuron-behavior correlations during pursuit initiation were large in all neurons. Second, we asked whether movement variation arises upstream from, in parallel to, or downstream from a given site of recording. We developed a model that highlighted two measures: the ratio of the SDs of neural firing rate and eye movement (“ SDratio”) and the neuron-behavior correlation. The relationship between these measures defines possible sources of variation. During pursuit initiation, SDratio was approximately equal to neuron-behavior correlation, meaning that the source of signal and variation is upstream from the brain stem. During steady-state pursuit, neuron-behavior correlation became somewhat smaller than SDratio for FTNs, meaning that some variation may arise downstream in the brain stem. The data contradicted the model's predictions for sources of variation in pathways that run parallel to the site of recording. Because signal and noise are tightly linked in motor control, we take the source of variation as a proxy for the source of signal, leading us to conclude that the brain controls movement synergies rather than single muscles for eye movements.

In vivo exploration of brain phosphorus 31 metabolism in patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-109
Author(s):  
G Mecheri ◽  
Y Bissuel ◽  
J Dalery ◽  
JL Terra ◽  
G Balvay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Senile Dementia ◽  
Phospholipid Metabolism ◽  
Alzheimer Type ◽  
Dementia Of Alzheimer Type ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Brain

SummaryIn vivo NMR 31p spectroscopy is a non invasive, non ionizing method of exploration of energy and phospholipid metabolism in the brain. This study consisted of comparing 31p spectra in five patients with Senile Dementia of Alzheimer Type (SDAT) with those of four controls of similar ages. Abnormal phosphonionocsters (PME) concentrations, either high or low, were found in the patients, but statistical analysis did not elicit any significant difference relative to controls.

Apparent Higher Brain Weight in Suicide Victims: Possible Reasons

2002 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 236-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jože Balažic ◽  
Andrej Marušič
Keyword(s):  
Postmortem Examination ◽  
Brain Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Partial Explanation ◽  
Suicide Methods ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
The Brain

In 2000 we tested previously reported findings by Salib and Tadros that brain weight of fatal self-harm victims is higher than of those who died of natural causes. Our results were based on data from 15 suicides and 15 deaths of other causes. Data included matching variables of age, sex, time between death and postmortem examination, and temperature of the surrounding environment. The exploratory variables were brain weight and method of death. No significant difference was found between the brain weights of suicides and others. On the other hand, some differences were obtained for different suicide methods, which also differed in the temperature of the environment, this being lower for the group of suicides that occurred outdoors (around or below 0°C). Once we excluded all the outdoor cases and controls, a significantly higher brain weight was obtained for suicide cases. These and previous results are intriguing and require explanation. Respirator brain syndrome as described by Moseley, Molinari, and Walker in 1976 may provide only a partial explanation. Another possible suggestion is that higher brain weight in suicide victims may be related to previously demonstrated increased amygdala blood flow and subsequent amygdala enlargement due to the increased processing of emotional information.

Diagnostic Efficiency of the Trail Making Test as a Function of Cut-off Score, Diagnosis, and Age

1978 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman G. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Veterans Administration ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Diagnostic Efficiency ◽  
Male Veterans ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Administration Hospital ◽  
Cutoff Scores ◽  
The Brain

This study is a reinvestigation of the effectiveness of the Trail Making Test in discriminating between brain-damaged ( n = 51) and pseudoneurologic ( n = 72) subjects. All subjects were hospitalized male veterans at the Allen Park Veterans Administration Hospital. An analysis of covariance showed that the pseudoneurologic subjects performed at a significantly higher level than the brain-damaged subjects. Further analysis with two different cutoff scores exhibited unequal discriminatory power throughout the whole range of Trail Making Test scores. These results suggested diagnosing only when the scores were 9 or lower and 13 or higher. This use of extreme scores resulted in an over-all hit rate of 87% in the study. Comparisons with five major subgroupings of the pseudoneurologic subjects yielded only one significant difference: more accurate discrimination with the 12 cut-off score between 10 general-medical and peripheral nerve-damaged subjects (100% correct) and 18 psychotic subjects (39% accuracy).

Diagnosis as a Detriment: A Cognitive Approach to Understanding the Depressive Experience

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Hy Einstein
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Mental Health Care ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Psychotropic Medications ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
The Brain

Depression is currently understood within a biomedical paradigm. This paradigm is an example of reductionism; people are clinically diagnosed and categorized based on behavior and affect, while they are then prescribed psychotropic medications based on an inconclusively correlated neurotransmitter imbalance in the brain. In this article, clinical diagnosis and labeling are explored with respect to their detrimental potential. A framework of embodied cognition is used to conceptualize a cognitive model of depressive experience. This theoretical model explores the potentially self-reinforcing cognitive mechanisms behind a depressive experience, with the goal of highlighting the possibility of diagnosis as a detrimental influence on these mechanisms. The aim of this article is to further a discussion about our current mental health care paradigm and provide an explanation as to how it could cause harm to some. Clinical applications of the model are also discussed pertaining to the potential of rendering formal dichotomist diagnoses irrelevant to the ultimate goal of helping people feel better.

Adaptive reasoning: Componential and eye movement analysis of geometric analogy performance

Intelligence ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Bethell-Fox ◽  
David F. Lohman ◽  
Richard E. Snow
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Eye Movement Analysis
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