scholarly journals Accuracy and precision of fixation locations recorded with the low-cost Eye Tribe tracker in different experimental set-ups

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristien Ooms ◽  
Lien Dupont ◽  
Lieselot Lapon ◽  
Stanislav Popelka
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Temporal Precision ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Fixation Locations ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Tracking Devices ◽  
Selection Of

This article compares the accuracy and precision of the low-cost Eye Tribe tracker and a well-established comparable eye tracker: SMI RED 250. Participants were instructed to fixate on predefined point locations on a screen. The accuracy is measured by the distance between the recorded fixation locations and the actual location. Precision is represented by the standard deviation of these measurements. Furthermore, the temporal precision of both eye tracking devices (sampling rate) is evaluated as well. The obtained results illustrate that a correct set-up and selection of software to record and process the data are of utmost importance to obtain acceptable results with the low-cost device. Nevertheless, with careful selections in each of these steps, the quality (accuracy and precision) of the recorded data can be considered comparable.

A New Approach to Drug Discovery

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 542-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Cândida Monteiro ◽  
Mercedes de la Cruz ◽  
Juan Cantizani ◽  
Catalina Moreno ◽  
José R. Tormo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pharmacological Action ◽  
Natural Extracts ◽  
Microbial Extracts ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Microtiter Assay ◽  
Selection Of

Natural products are an inexhaustible source for drug discovery. However, the validation and selection of primary screening assays are vital to guarantee a selection of extracts or molecules with relevant pharmacological action and worthy of following up. The assay must be rapid, simple, easy to implement, and produce quick results and preferably at a low cost. In this work, we developed and validated a colorimetric microtiter assay using the resazurin viability dye. The parameters of the resazurin method for high-throughput screening (HTS) using natural extracts against Aspergillus fumigatus were optimized and set up. The extracts plus RPMI-1640 modified medium containing the spores and 0.002% resazurin were added per well. The fluorescence was read after 24 to 30 h of incubation. The resazurin proved to be as suitable as Alamar Blue for determining the minimal inhibitory concentration of different antifungals against A. fumigatus and effective to analyze fungicidal and fungistatic compounds. An HTS of 12 000 microbial extracts was carried out against two A. fumigatus strains, and 2.7% of the extracts displayed antifungal activity. Our group has been the first to use this methodology for screening a collection of natural extracts to identify compounds with antifungal activity against the medically important human pathogen A. fumigatus.

scholarly journals Measuring the Spatial Noise of a Low-Cost Eye Tracker to Enhance Fixation Detection

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristien Ooms ◽  
Vassilios Krassanakis
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Artificial Eye ◽  
Fixation Detection ◽  
Spatial Noise ◽  
Experimental Process ◽  
Real Test ◽  
Selection Of

The present study evaluates the quality of gaze data produced by a low-cost eye tracker (The Eye Tribe©, The Eye Tribe, Copenhagen, Denmark) in order to verify its suitability for the performance of scientific research. An integrated methodological framework, based on artificial eye measurements and human eye tracking data, is proposed towards the implementation of the experimental process. The obtained results are used to remove the modeled noise through manual filtering and when detecting samples (fixations). The outcomes aim to serve as a robust reference for the verification of the validity of low-cost solutions, as well as a guide for the selection of appropriate fixation parameters towards the analysis of experimental data based on the used low-cost device. The results show higher deviation values for the real test persons in comparison to the artificial eyes, but these are still acceptable to be used in a scientific setting.

scholarly journals Is the low-cost EyeTribe eye tracker any good for research?

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Dalmaijer
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
The World ◽  
Quality Video ◽  
Low Costs ◽  
Precision And Accuracy ◽  
High Quality Video ◽  
Tracking Technology

Eye-tracking technology is becoming increasingly cheaper, both on the hardware and on the software front. Currently, the EyeTribe tracker is the most inexpensive commercial eye tracker in the world, at a price of $99. The low costs make it a potentially interesting resource for research, but no objective testing of its quality has been performed yet. Here the EyeTribe tracker is compared with an EyeLink 1000, a high-quality video eye tracker. Results indicate that the spatial precision and accuracy are good enough for fixation checking, point-of-regard analyses, and pupilometry. However, the low sampling rate renders the device unsuitable for testing high-accuracy saccade metrics. Additionally, open-source toolboxes for Matlab and Python, and a plug-in for OpenSesame are presented, which can be used to interface with the EyeTribe tracker.

scholarly journals Is the low-cost EyeTribe eye tracker any good for research?

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Dalmaijer
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
The World ◽  
Quality Video ◽  
Low Costs ◽  
Precision And Accuracy ◽  
High Quality Video ◽  
Tracking Technology

Eye-tracking technology is becoming increasingly cheaper, both on the hardware and on the software front. Currently, the EyeTribe tracker is the most inexpensive commercial eye tracker in the world, at a price of $99. The low costs make it a potentially interesting resource for research, but no objective testing of its quality has been performed yet. Here the EyeTribe tracker is compared with an EyeLink 1000, a high-quality video eye tracker. Results indicate that the spatial precision and accuracy are good enough for fixation checking, point-of-regard analyses, and pupilometry. However, the low sampling rate renders the device unsuitable for testing high-accuracy saccade metrics. Additionally, open-source toolboxes for Matlab and Python, and a plug-in for OpenSesame are presented, which can be used to interface with the EyeTribe tracker.

scholarly journals Validation of Gazepoint low-cost eye-tracking and psychophysiology bundle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélio Clemente Cuve ◽  
Jelka Stojanov ◽  
Xavier Roberts-Gaal ◽  
Caroline Catmur ◽  
Geoffrey Bird
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Recording Equipment ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Low Amplitude

AbstractEye-tracking and recording of physiological signals are increasingly used in research within cognitive science and human–computer interaction. For example, gaze position and measures of autonomic arousal, including pupil dilation, skin conductance (SC), and heart rate (HR), provide an indicator of cognitive and physiological processes. The growing popularity of these techniques is partially driven by the emergence of low-cost recording equipment and the proliferation of open-source software for data collection and analysis of such signals. However, the use of new technology requires investigation of its reliability and validation with respect to real-world usage and against established technologies. Accordingly, in two experiments (total N = 69), we assessed the Gazepoint GP3-HD eye-tracker and Gazepoint Biometrics (GPB) system from Gazepoint. We show that the accuracy, precision, and robustness of the eye-tracker are comparable to competing systems. While fixation and saccade events can be reliably extracted, the study of saccade kinematics is affected by the low sampling rate. The GP3-HD is also able to capture psychological effects on pupil dilation in addition to the well-defined pupillary light reflex. Finally, moderate-to-strong correlations between physiological recordings and derived metrics of SC and HR between the GPB and the well-established BIOPAC MP160 support its validity. However, low amplitude of the SC signal obtained from the GPB may reduce sensitivity when separating phasic and tonic components. Similarly, data loss in pulse monitoring may pose difficulties for certain HR variability analyses.

scholarly journals Design and development of a low-cost mask-type eye tracker to collect quality fixation measurements in the sport domain

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-125
Author(s):  
Jesús Morenas Martín ◽  
Vicente Luis del Campo ◽  
Luis Jesús Manso Fernández-Argüelles
Keyword(s):  
User Interface ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Spatial Accuracy ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Mask Type

The aim of the study was to build a low-cost mask-type eye tracker with accuracy and precision levels similar to those reported for commercial eye tracking devices. To this end, head-mounted hardware was designed and developed, while open-source software was modified for digital image capture, manipulation, and fixation analysis. An image recognition application was also included with different lighting scenarios. Moreover, parallax and viewing perspective errors were controlled to ensure the quality of data collection. The device was wireless and lightweight (99 g) to allow for natural movement and avoid participant discomfort. After calibration of a 9-target monocular grid, spatial accuracy and precision of the eye tracker was evaluated by 30 participants, at four different lighting setups, both before and after a climbing task. Validity tests showed high levels of accuracy in all conditions as evidenced by a systematic error for a 13-target grid of <0.5°. The reliability tests also showed consistent measurements with no differences in accuracy recorded between participants, lighting conditions, and visual behaviors for the pre- versus post-climbing task. These results suggest that the present eye tracker reports spatial accuracy similar to other commercial systems with levels of high quality. Altogether, this innovative user interface is suitable for research purposes and/or performance analysis in physical activity and sport-related activities. Also, features of this mask-type eye tracking system make it a suitable perceptual user interface to investigate human–computer interactions in a large number of other research fields including psychology, education, marketing, transportation, and medicine.

Which Eye Tracker Is Right for Your Research? Performance Evaluation of Several Cost Variant Eye Trackers

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1240-1244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Funke ◽  
Eric Greenlee ◽  
Martha Carter ◽  
Allen Dukes ◽  
Rebecca Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Cost ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Research Performance ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Tracking Accuracy ◽  
Gaze Tracking ◽  
Price Point ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Research Performance Evaluation

Though not often mentioned, the price point of many eye tracking systems may be a factor limiting their adoption in research. Recently, several inexpensive eye trackers have appeared on the market, but to date little systematic research has been conducted to validate these systems. The present experiment attempted to address this gap by evaluating and comparing five different eye trackers, the Eye Tribe Tracker, Tobii EyeX, Seeing Machines faceLAB, Smart Eye Pro, and Smart Eye Aurora for their gaze tracking accuracy and precision. Results suggest that all evaluated trackers maintained acceptable accuracy and precision, but lower cost systems frequently also experienced high rates of data loss, suggesting that researchers adopting low cost systems such as those evaluated here should be judicious in their research usage.

scholarly journals Validation of Gazepoint low-cost eye-tracking and psychophysiology bundle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helio Clemente Cuve ◽  
Jelka Stojanov ◽  
Miklos Roberts-Gaal ◽  
Caroline Catmur ◽  
Geoff Bird
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Recording Equipment ◽  
Total N ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Low Amplitude

Eye-tracking and recording of physiological signals are increasingly used in research within cognitive science and human-computer interaction. For example, gaze position and measures of autonomic arousal, including pupil dilation, skin conductance (SC) and heart rate (HR), provide an indicator of cognitive and physiological processes. The growing popularity of these techniques is partially driven by the emergence of low-cost recording equipment and the proliferation of open-source software for data collection and analysis of such signals. The use of new technology requires investigation of its reliability and reproducibility, however, and validation with respect to real-world usage and against established technologies. Accordingly, in two experiments (total N = 69) we assessed the Gazepoint GP3-HD eye-tracker and Gazepoint Biometrics (GPB) system from Gazepoint. We show that accuracy, precision and robustness of the eye-tracker are comparable to competing systems. While fixation and saccade events can be reliably extracted, the study of saccade kinematics is affected by the low sampling rate. The GP3-HD is also able to capture psychological effects on pupil dilation in addition to the well-defined pupillary light reflex. Finally, moderate-to-strong correlations between physiological recordings and derived metrics of SC and HR between the GPB and the well-established BIOPAC MP160 support its validity. However, low amplitude of the SC signal obtained from the GPB may reduce sensitivity when separating phasic and tonic components. Similarly, data loss in pulse monitoring may pose difficulties for certain HR variability analyses.

Platelet Anti-Aggregating Activity and Tolerance of Clopidogrel in Atherosclerotic Patients

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (06) ◽  
pp. 0939-0943 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Boneu ◽  
G Destelle ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Bleeding Time ◽  
Antithrombotic Activity ◽  
Ambulatory Patients ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Ischemic Events ◽  
Large Scale Clinical Trial ◽  
Selection Of

SummaryThe anti-aggregating activity of five rising doses of clopidogrel has been compared to that of ticlopidine in atherosclerotic patients. The aim of this study was to determine the dose of clopidogrel which should be tested in a large scale clinical trial of secondary prevention of ischemic events in patients suffering from vascular manifestations of atherosclerosis [CAPRIE (Clopidogrel vs Aspirin in Patients at Risk of Ischemic Events) trial]. A multicenter study involving 9 haematological laboratories and 29 clinical centers was set up. One hundred and fifty ambulatory patients were randomized into one of the seven following groups: clopidogrel at doses of 10, 25, 50,75 or 100 mg OD, ticlopidine 250 mg BID or placebo. ADP and collagen-induced platelet aggregation tests were performed before starting treatment and after 7 and 28 days. Bleeding time was performed on days 0 and 28. Patients were seen on days 0, 7 and 28 to check the clinical and biological tolerability of the treatment. Clopidogrel exerted a dose-related inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation and bleeding time prolongation. In the presence of ADP (5 \lM) this inhibition ranged between 29% and 44% in comparison to pretreatment values. The bleeding times were prolonged by 1.5 to 1.7 times. These effects were non significantly different from those produced by ticlopidine. The clinical tolerability was good or fair in 97.5% of the patients. No haematological adverse events were recorded. These results allowed the selection of 75 mg once a day to evaluate and compare the antithrombotic activity of clopidogrel to that of aspirin in the CAPRIE trial.

Development of a Capacitor Probe to Detect Subsurface Deterioration in Concrete

1997 ◽  
Vol 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. K. Diefenderfer ◽  
I. L. Al-Qadi ◽  
J. J. Yoho ◽  
S. M. Riad ◽  
A. Loulizi
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Complex Dielectric Constant ◽  
Life Cycle Costs ◽  
Parallel Plates ◽  
Portland Cement Concrete ◽  
Cement Concrete ◽  
Set Up

ABSTRACTPortland cement concrete (PCC) structures deteriorate with age and need to be maintained or replaced. Early detection of deterioration in PCC (e.g., alkali-silica reaction, freeze/thaw damage, or chloride presence) can lead to significant reductions in maintenance costs. However, it is often too late to perform low-cost preventative maintenance by the time deterioration becomes evident. By developing techniques that would enable civil engineers to evaluate PCC structures and detect deterioration at early stages (without causing further damage), optimization of life-cycle costs of the constructed facility and minimization of disturbance to the facility users can be achieved.Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods are potentially one of the most useful techniques ever developed for assessing constructed facilities. They are noninvasive and can be performed rapidly. Portland cement concrete can be nondestructively evaluated by electrically characterizing its complex dielectric constant. The real part of the dielectric constant depicts the velocity of electromagnetic waves in PCC. The imaginary part, termed the “loss factor,” describes the conductivity of PCC and the attenuation of electromagnetic waves.Dielectric properties of PCC have been investigated in a laboratory setting using a parallel plate capacitor operating in the frequency range of 0.1 to 40.1MIHz. This capacitor set-up consists of two horizontal-parallel plates with an adjustable separation for insertion of a dielectric specimen (PCC). While useful in research, this approach is not practical for field implementation. A new capacitor probe has been developed which consists of two plates, located within the same horizontal plane, for placement upon the specimen to be tested. Preliminary results show that this technique is feasible and results are promising; further testing and evaluation is currently underway.

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