scholarly journals Examining the validity of the total dwell time of eye fixations to identify landmarks in a building

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pepijn Viaene ◽  
Pieter Vansteenkiste ◽  
Matthieu Lenoir ◽  
Alain De Wulf ◽  
Philippe De Maeyer
Keyword(s):  
Dwell Time ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Test Environment ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Identification Criterion ◽  
Landmark Identification ◽  
Total Fixation ◽  
Route Instructions ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Route Descriptions

It is uncertain to what extent the duration of eye fixations reflects the use of landmarks during navigation. Therefore, a study was conducted in which eye tracking data and route descriptions were collected of 23 participants who were highly familiar with the indoor test environment. Based on the total fixation time on different landmark categories, two measures were calculated, namely the calculated landmark category use and the probable landmark category use. Based on the ratio between these measures an object was considered to be a landmark or not. The results were then compared with the objects referenced to in written route instructions. It can be concluded that promising results were provided by this method to identify landmarks. This landmark identification criterion strongly reflected the landmarks that came forward in the written route instructions. However, issues related to the identification of structural landmarks remain a problem.

Wandering Eyes: Using Gaze-Tracking Method to Capture Eye Fixations in Unfamiliar Healthcare Environments

2021 ◽  
pp. 193758672110423
Author(s):  
Hessam Ghamari ◽  
Nasrin Golshany
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Healthcare Setting ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Gaze Tracking ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Environmental Attributes ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
Healthcare Environments

Objective: This study aims to investigate the elements of wayfinding in indoor complex healthcare environments. Background: The study replicates Ghamari and Pati’s 2018 study to identify the environmental attributes that attract eye fixation during wayfinding by objectively tracking eye movements and fixation as healthy subjects navigate through a complex, unfamiliar indoor healthcare setting. The study addressed what do people look at while navigating in unfamiliar healthcare environments? What are the relative time periods of eye fixations on different visual environmental elements of the healthcare-designed environments? And what role do visual environmental attributes in healthcare facilities, such as configuration, color, art, directories, maps, furniture, and so on, play during the wayfinding process. Method: Twenty-four adults in different genders and various age groups participated in this study and navigated five routes with different degrees of difficulty. The sequence of the destinations in this study was randomized. The data were collected by tracking gaze fixations while human subjects navigated an indoor complex healthcare environment. Results: The findings show that identifying signs (29.1%), informative signs (20.8%), and architectural features (11.3%) constituted the most frequent elements attracting gaze, substantially more than the other classes of information. Four types of signage (identifying signs, informative signs, directional, and safety/regulatory signs) were accounted for 62.3% of the total gaze fixation time. Conclusions: The comparison of the ordered list based on frequencies and time of eye fixations on various elements developed in Ghamari and Pati’s study shows a vast degree of similarities.

The role of character positional frequency in oral reading: A developmental study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunyu Lian ◽  
Jie Ma ◽  
Feifei Liang ◽  
Ling Wei ◽  
Shuwei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Oral Reading ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
Word Segmentation ◽  
Third Grade ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Third Grade Students ◽  
Total Fixation

How frequently a character appears in a word (positional character frequency) is used as a cue in word segmentation when reading aloud in the Chinese language. In this study we created 176 sentences with a target word in the center of each. Participants were 76 college students (mature readers) and 76 third-grade students (beginner readers). Results show an interaction effect of age and positional frequency of the initial character in the word on gaze duration. Further analysis shows that the third-grade students’ gaze duration was significantly longer in high, relative to low, positional character frequency of the target words. This trend was consistent with refixation duration, and there was a marginally significant interaction between age and total fixation time. Overall, positional character frequency was an important cue for word segmentation in oral reading in the Chinese language, and third-grade students relied more heavily on this cue than did college students.

Eye Fixations and Latency in a Simplified Search Situation

1971 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 971-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances C. Volkmann ◽  
John Volkmann
Keyword(s):  
Random Order ◽  
Principal Result ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Stimulus Element ◽  
Stimulus Field ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Black Triangle ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Two Measures

A technique was developed for photographing simultaneously a stimulus field and the points on the field where Ss fixated while searching for a particular stimulus element. The technique used a beam of infrared light reflected from the cornea. The stimulus elements were a single row of solid black circles, with a solid black triangle typically replacing one of the circles. The number of elements in the row and the position of the triangle in the row appeared in a random order from trial to trial. The experiment measured the number of eye fixations made during the search; it also measured the latency of the locating response. The principal result was that these two measures corresponded closely when plotted against the position of the critical element in the row.

Eye Movements While Reading Degraded On-Product Warnings

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (20) ◽  
pp. 1388-1392
Author(s):  
Nathan T. Dorris ◽  
R. Brian Valimont ◽  
Eric J. Boelhouwer
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Matched Pairs ◽  
Warning Label ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Total Fixation

This investigation tested whether heavily degraded warnings affected gaze patterns and resulted in longer viewing times than lightly degraded warnings. The study included sixteen participants who viewed six matched pairs of lightly and heavily degraded warnings. Eye movements were recorded using an eye tracking system while the total time on task for each warning was collected. Fixation times were also collected as participants viewed the various panels of each warning. In the second part of the experiment, legibility and participant comprehension of each warning was tested. Paired t-tests showed that total time on task, total fixation time, and message panel fixation time were consistently significantly different for three of the six pairs of warnings, such that each of the three aforementioned times increased significantly when participants were viewing a highly degraded warning label. Additionally, participants were able to comprehend all warnings presented. This study also provides evidence that eye tracking can be a useful tool in warnings research.

scholarly journals Visual attention of experts and novices to a critical industrial maintenance task

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marinilda Lima Souza ◽  
Camila de Sousa Pereira-Guizzo ◽  
Alex Álisson Bandeira Santos ◽  
José Maria León-Rubio
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Error Prevention ◽  
Total Fixation ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Industrial Maintenance ◽  
Critical Task ◽  
Tracking Technology

Abstract: In the industrial maintenance field, critical tasks are activities that can endanger operating processes and cause serious accidents if not performed correctly. These tasks are typically performed by professionals with a considerable level of knowledge and rely on prescribed procedures that flag the task, drawing the attention of task performers. Given the importance of reviewing work procedures and monitoring tasks for human error prevention, this study analyzed similarities and differences in the visual attention of expert and novice task performers while following procedures with and without flagging of a critical task. The study included 48 maintenance professionals, divided into two groups of performers: experts and novices. For attention analysis, eye-tracking technology was used to monitor their observation during the work procedure, recording data on time to first fixation, total fixation time and number of visits. The results indicate that in the procedure without flagging of the critical task, the numbers of fixations on and visits to the stages of the task were higher in the novice than in the expert group. In the flagged procedure, the visual attention of experts and novices was similar when considering all stages of the task. In conclusion, the tasks must be revised between the two groups, and the flagged procedure can be used as a guide for work monitoring, helping experts or novices to more easily select relevant information.

Driver Eye Scanning on Curves and on Straight Sections on Rural Highways

1982 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut T. Zwahlen
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Behavior Changes ◽  
Curve Section ◽  
Position Information ◽  
Eye Fixation ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Scanning Behavior ◽  
Nighttime Driving

Driver eye scanning behavior was investigated for two drivers on an eight mile (13km) section of a rural hilly two-lane highway. Data was collected in both directions. Nighttime data was also collected for one of the two drivers. Seven curves of various curvature and three straight level highway sections were selected for the analysis. An instrumented vehicle with a corneal reflection technique television eye scanning recording system was used. The objectives of this exploratory study were: 1) to compare the driver eye scanning behavior between left curves, right curves and straight sections, 2) to determine to what extent driver eye scanning behavior changes when a driver approaches a curve, negotiates a curve and leaves a curve, 3) to determine to what extent the radius of a curve influences driver eye scanning behavior, and 4) to what extent driver eye scanning behavior changes from daytime driving to nighttime driving. The results of this exploratory study include x-y eye fixation density maps, spatial and temporal eye scanning summary measures (including histograms) for the curve approach section, the curve section, the after curve section and the straight highway sections for day and night. Further, the x-y centers of gravity for the eye fixations are plotted for each 100 feet (30m) segment starting at 400 feet (122m) before the beginning of a given curve and ending about 400 feet (122m) after the end of a given curve. In addition, the number of eye fixations and the fixation time durations for selected objects in the driving scene (such as looking at car ahead, looking at road surface in front, looking at road environment and signs, saccades, out of views) are graphically represented as percentages in bar graphs for the various conditions and sections. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used to test for statistically significant differences at the 0.05 level. The results of this exploratory study indicate that: 1) roadway geometry (left curves vs right curves vs straight sections) influences mainly the spatial eye scanning measures (eye fixation x-y centers of gravity, dispersions), 2) curves appear to be quite demanding in terms of a driver's visual information acquisition process (3.56 fixations per 100 feet or 30m at 46.8mph or 75km/h for curves vs 2.21 fixations per 100 feet or 30m at 50mph or 80km/h for straight sections), 3) the x-y centers of gravity for eye fixations indicate that a driver's eye scanning behavior starts to be influenced by a curve about 300–400 feet (91–122m) before the curve begins (drivers fixate mainly in the vicinity of the right edge line when approaching and driving through a right curve, while fixating mainly in the vicinity of the center line or left edge line when approaching and driving through a left curve in order to obtain directional and lateral position information), 4) the fixation time durations for nighttime driving are significantly longer when compared with daytime driving (0.46 seconds vs 0.39 seconds for daytime), 5) the eye fixation patterns for nighttime are more concentrated on the roadway ahead when compared with daytime, and 6) the average foveal preview distances are much shorter at night than during the day (straight road, night: AFPD=121 feet or 37m at 43.5mph or 70km/h; straight road, day: AFPD=953 feet or 290m at 50mph or 80km/h; curves, night: AFPD=131 feet or 40m at 38.6mph or 62km/h; curves, day: AFPD=577 feet or 176m at 46.8mph or 75km/h; average preview time at night for straight road = 1.90 seconds, for curves = 2.31 seconds). In conclusion the results of this exploratory study suggest that approaching and driving through a curve is a rather demanding visual task and therefore the placement of traffic signs or advertising signs within a 400 feet or 122m approach zone and the curve zone should be avoided or kept at a minimum. Further, the relatively short average foveal preview distances and the corresponding short average preview times obtained for the nighttime driving condition demonstrate that drivers operate a vehicle at night at a much lower margin of safety (in terms of reaction time and stopping distance) than during the day.

The Use of Eye Tracking Technology in Aesthetic Surgery: Analyzing Changes in Facial Attention Following Surgery

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 1269-1279
Author(s):  
Russell S Frautschi ◽  
Nadeera Dawlagala ◽  
Eric W Klingemier ◽  
Hannah S England ◽  
Nicholas R Sinclair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Aesthetic Surgery ◽  
Facial Rejuvenation ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Postoperative Changes ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Tracking Technology

Abstract Background The ability to quantitatively analyze how we look at a face and determine if this changes following facial surgery should be of interest to the plastic surgeon. Eye tracking technology (ETT) provides the ability to record where observers fixate when viewing a facial image, enabling quantitative data to be obtained comparing pre- and postoperative changes. Objectives The authors sought to investigate ETT as a novel outcome assessment tool, determining if facial rejuvenation surgery shifts attention away from the prominent signs of aging, and if so, where this attention shifts. Methods Twenty-five volunteers viewed 32 randomized frontal, oblique, and lateral images of 11 patients pre- and post-facelift. An eye movement monitoring system recorded the observer’s eye position, net dwell time, fixation count, fixation time, and revisits into predefined areas of interest. Data were grouped and analyzed by angle and areas of interest. Paired t tests were employed to detect significant differences in pre- and post-images. Results On frontal images, less dwell time, fixations, and revisits were noted on the bottom third, forehead, perioral region, and neck (P < 0.05). On the lateral view, less visual attention was given to the neck, upper third, and perioral region, with more time in the cheek, nose, and middle third (P < 0.05). On oblique images, less attention was given to the neck and upper lid with more aimed at the middle third of the face (P < 0.05). Conclusions ETT provides quantitative data post-facial rejuvenation. Facial aesthetic surgery does alter where observers look when viewing a face, decreasing the time spent inspecting the prominent signs of aging.

scholarly journals Parsing eye movement analysis of scanpaths of naïve viewers of art: How do we differentiate art from non-art pictures?

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang H. Zangemeister ◽  
Claudio Privitera
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
High Similarity ◽  
Similarity Coefficients ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Viewing Sessions ◽  
The Brain

Relating to G. Buswell’s early work we posed the questions: How do art-naïve people look at pairs of artful pictures and similarly looking snapshots? Does the analysis of their eye movement recordings reveal a difference in their perception? Parsing eye scanpaths using string editing, similarity coefficients can be sorted out and represented for the two measures ‘Sp’ (Similarities of position) and ‘Ss’ (Similarities of sequences). 25 picture pairs were shown 5 times to 7 subjects with no specific task, who were ‘art-naïve’ to avoid confounding of the results through specific art knowledge of the subjects. A significant difference between scanpaths of artful pictures compared to snapshots was not found in our subjects´ repeated viewing sessions. Auto-similarity (same subject viewing the same picture) and cross-similarity (different subjects viewing the same picture) significantly demonstrated this result, for sequences of eye fixations (Ss) as well as their positions (Sp): In case of global (different subjects and different pairs) sequential similarity Ss we found that about 84 percent of the picture pairs where viewed with very low similarity, in quasi random mode within the range of random values. Only in 4 out of 25 artful-picture snapshot pairs was a high similarity found. A specific restricted set of representative regions in the internal cognitive model of the picture is essential for the brain to perceive and eventually recognize the picture: This representative set is quite similar for different subjects and different picture pairs independently of their art–non art features that where in most cases not recognized by our subjects. Furthermore our study shows that the distinction of art versus non-art has vanished, causing confusion about the ratio of signal and noise in the communication between artists and viewers of art.

9. Creating Effective Health Promotion Messages: Using Eye Tracking Technology Coupled with Masked Recall to Determine the Effectiveness of Loss and Gain Framed Osteoporosis Advertisements

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordanne Dalgleish
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Message Framing ◽  
Persuasive Communication ◽  
Communication Tool ◽  
Active Lifestyle ◽  
Change Perceptions ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Vitamin D Supplements ◽  
Tracking Technology

Osteoporosis is a debilitating disease which afflicts over 25 percent of Canadian women over the age of 50, and can lead to serious fractures.(Osteoporosis Canada, 2009) What is the most startling about this disease is that osteoporosis is largely preventable by taking calcium and vitamin D supplements and enjoying a healthy, active lifestyle. The challenge then, is to figure out ways to effectively communicate prevention related health messages. By framing messages either by naming or showing the consequences (loss framed) naming or showing the benefits (gain framed) or simply stating the facts (neutral framed), message framing can be a persuasive communication tool to affect changes in behaviour (Pelletier & Sharp, 2008) Using eye tracking technology‐ which is a device used to measure a participant’s attention to advertisements ‐ data will be collected to monitor the number of eye fixations, and the dwell time, or total amount of time looking at a particular advertisement. This information will be used to determine what types of messages (loss, gain, or neutral framed) garner more audience attention. The eye tracking data will be coupled with an exercise after the eye tracking experiment where participants are asked to recall what was written in the health advertisement messages. This exercise will provide information on whether loss, gain or neutral framed messages were more effective for audience recollection, which is significant because the messages recalled more easily are more likely to change perceptions, attitudes and behaviours.

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