Tourism of Polish Minority from Germany to Poland during the Interwar Period of the 20th Century

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-69
Author(s):  
Tomasz Jurek
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period

The Unraveling

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-90
Author(s):  
David Bosco
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
World War ◽  
Labor Regulations ◽  
Naval Power ◽  
The World

The world wars of the 20th century saw the collapse of pre-war rules designed to protect merchant shipping from interference. In both wars, combatants engaged in unrestricted submarine warfare and imposed vast ocean exclusion zones, leading to unprecedented interference with ocean commerce. After World War I, the United States began to supplant Britain as the leading naval power, and it feuded with Britain over maritime rights. Other developments in the interwar period included significant state-sponsored ocean research, including activity by Germany in the Atlantic and the Soviets in the Arctic. Maritime commerce was buffeted by the shocks of the world wars. Eager to trim costs, US shipping companies experimented with “flags of convenience” to avoid new national safety and labor regulations. The question of the breadth of the territorial sea remained unresolved, as governments bickered about the appropriate outer limit of sovereign control.

Der Schatten der Kierkegaard-Renaissance. Eine rezeptionsgeschichtliche Studie über die dezisionistisch-irrationalistischen Kierkegaard-Interpretationen zwischen den Weltkriegen in Deutschland

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
National Socialism ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
The Third ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
The Third Reich

AbstractDuring the first half of the 20th century, especially between the two world wars, the German-speaking countries experienced the so-called Kierkegaard Renaissance. Although at that time a wide range of thinkers engaged with Kierkegaard’s writings, Georg Lukács and Theodor W. Adorno argue that Kierkegaard exercised a particularly strong influence on fascist thought. Furthermore, Wilfried Greve claims that Kierkegaard was widely interpreted in the decisionist-irrationalist fashion during the Third Reich, which resulted in the appropriation of Kierkegaard by the ideologues of National Socialism, particularly by Alfred Baeumler, a leading intellectual of National Socialism, and by Emanuel Hirsch, a leading theologian of the “German Christians” movement at the time. In the present article I examine historical examples of the decisionist-irrationalist Kierkegaard interpretation. Then I discuss Carl Schmitt’s appropriation of Kierkegaard and the critical responses to it from Karl Löwith and Norbert Bolz. This discussion leads to the conclusion that the decisionist-irrationalist Kierkegaard interpretation takes on an “occasionalistic” character and thereby willy nilly renders the arbitrary or accidental content of the decision absolute. It can be maintained that this “occasionalistic” character of the decisionistirrationalist interpretation paved the way for a Kierkegaard appropriation favored by fascist ideologues in the interwar period

scholarly journals “The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari”: The Scientific Debate on Hypnosis and Its Legal Implications between the 19th and the 20th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-96
Author(s):  
Daniel Sacchi ◽  
Michael Belingheri ◽  
Roberto Mazzagatti ◽  
Paolo Zampetti ◽  
Michele Augusto Riva
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
The State ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Scientific Debate ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
Historical Periods

Movies could provide unexpected information on the state of medical knowledge in different historical periods. The first centenary of the German silent horror movie Das Cabinet des Dr. Caligari (The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari) by Robert Wiene (1873–1938) could be a timely occasion to reflect on the scientific debate of hypnosis and its legal implications between the 19th and the 20th century. In particular, this article describes the positions of the School of Salpêtrière (Charcot) and the School of Nancy (Bernheim) on the possibility of crimes committed by subjects under hypnosis and the influence of these theories on medical community and public opinion of Germany in the interwar period.

scholarly journals Bacillus anthracis - As Biological Weapons

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 74-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Daniszewski
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Bacillus Anthracis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
The Face ◽  
New Form ◽  
The Cold War

Terrorism is defined as use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to indulge fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, social or religious. Bioterrorism is terrorism by intentional release or dissemination of biological agents, mainly bacteria or viruses. Use of biological weapons is attractive from the terrorists’ point of view because of low production costs, major range and easiness of transmission. The first mention of the use of primitive biological weapons date back to the 6th century. Use of plague-infested corpses as offensive means in the 14th century caused a spread of bubonic plague through the whole Europe. The biggest development of biological weapons took place in the interwar period and in the cold war era. Biological weapon trails and research were conducted by super powers such as USSR, UK, USA and Japan. At the beginning of the 20th century a new form of bioterrorism occurred, which put humanity in the face of a terrifying threat.

scholarly journals Atmosphere of societal anxiety and representations of the body: The image of man in surrealist works of Vítězslav Nezval in the 20th century interwar period in Bohemia

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-189
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Brzezińska
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Flat Surface ◽  
Lyric Poetry ◽  
The Body ◽  
Phenomenological Method ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Clear Tendency ◽  
Surrealist Poetry

Aim: The interwar period in Czechoslovakia was a time of societal anxiety. The aim of this paper is to find the central themes of societal fear, as reflected in the surrealist works of Vítězslav Nezval, a czech poet. The analysis will be based primarily on the lyric poetry from the collections: Žena v množném čísle [Woman in Plural] (1936) and Absolutní hrobař [Absolute Gravedigger] (1937). Methods: The analysis is based on the Josef Vojdovík’s anthropo-phenomenological method of exploring the surrealist perceptions of the body, which is based on vertical and horizontal anthropological dimensions and phenomenological conceptions of fears. Results: Surrealist poetry and other literary works contain images of the body that are changed by fear: deformations, metamorphoses, fragmentarisations, hybridisations, expressing the body as a collage, a mosaic, an amalgam, a phantom, a grotesque, an inlay, and as lifelessness. It undergoes multiple metamorphoses, not only within its own form, but also with regard to the categories of life and lifelessness. Conclusions: The analysis leads to the conclusion, that V. Nezval’s works show a clear tendency to portray the body as an object which undergoes a metamorphosis. The body is balanced on the edge between living and dead, organic and inorganic, it is determined by time and space. It is often shown along the narrowing-widening relation, in stupor, petrification, reduced to a flat surface or miniaturised.

scholarly journals A contribution to the study of Milan Zloković's architecture in Belgrade from the interwar period

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-41
Author(s):  
Angelina Banković
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Short Biography ◽  
Project Documentation ◽  
Published Research ◽  
Family House ◽  
Modern Movement

Numerous published papers have covered the life and work of architect Milan Zloković. He has been presented as a pioneer of the modern movement in Serbian architecture and one of its most prominent representatives, as well as one of the most eminent Serbian architects from the first half of the 20th century. His extensive opus, which officially contains just over 170 designs, has been analyzed in detail. However, during the musealization of his legacy, in the process of forming the Bequest of Milan Zloković, and in cooperation with Belgrade City Museum and the Milan Zloković Foundation, over 50 previously unknown designs were identified. This was the result of the extensive research of vast amounts of project documentation, preserved in his family house and previously unavailable to researchers. This paper presents one part of that research, specifically the designs for several structures in Belgrade, originating from the interwar period. The first section presents a short biography of Zloković, especially with regard to the period from 1925 to 1937. The second section is dedicated to his designs, each of which is presented separately. The section is further divided into two segments, the first of which is built structures, and the second, unrealized projects. Included in the built structures are also a few alterations and extensions. The paper is mostly based on a study of primary sources, designs from the Milan Zloković legacy and documentation from the Historical Archive of Belgrade, as well as previously published research.

scholarly journals Wytwórcy i sprzedawcy pieczęci ogłaszający się w prasie poznańskiej w latach 1815–1939

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 133-166
Author(s):  
Szymon Bauman ◽  
Paulina Chrząszcz
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Present Information ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century

Niniejszy artykuł wychodzi naprzeciw potrzebom badawczym sfragistyki XIX i XX stulecia, prezentując wyniki badań nad ogłoszeniami prasowymi wytwórców i sprzedawców pieczęci, które zamieszczano w prasie poznańskiej w latach 1815–1939. Treścią tego przyczynku jest wykaz osób wytwarzających pieczęcie i oferujących sprzedaż wyrobów pieczętarskich, dzięki któremu udało się przedstawić dane do życia i działalności kilkudziesięciu rzemieślników oraz kupców tak z okresu rozbiorów, jak i dwudziestolecia międzywojennego. Zgromadzone krótkie dane osobowe mają pozwolić na rozszerzenie badań nad rzemiosłem i przyczynić się do uzupełnienia stanu badań o poznańskich rzemieślnikach pracujących w metalu. Makers and sellers of seals advertising their services in the Poznań press in the years 1815–1939 This article responds to the research needs regarding 19th-and 20th-century sigillography, presenting the results of research on press advertisements of seal makers and sellers published in the Poznań press in the years 1815–1939. This publication includes a list of people who produced seals and offered sales of the associated products, which made it possible to present information on the lives and activities of several dozen craftsmen and merchants from the period of the partitions and the interwar period in Poland. The personal data collected here allow for the development of research on craftsmanship and Poznań craftsmen working with metal.

Mūzikas nacionālā rakstura un 20. gadsimta modernisma attiecību problemātika. Pēckara latviešu trimdas komponistu jaunrades piemērs

2021 ◽  
pp. 330-337
Author(s):  
Arnolds Klotiņš
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Musical Style ◽  
Creative Practice ◽  
National Music ◽  
Post War ◽  
National Romanticism ◽  
West European

The Latvian composers who arrived in post-war West Europe (Jānis Mediņš, Tālivaldis Ķeniņš, Alberts Jērums, Volfgangs Dārziņš, and others) encountered the musical stylings and aesthetics of the respective lands. These stylings and aesthetics varied considerably from the national romanticism dominant in Latvia in the interwar period. Those who wanted to show their creativity outside the Latvian refugee society had to adapt to West European music innovations. The aim of the article is to explore this process. The mentioned adaptation also quickly raised the question of whether the peculiarities of the Latvian national music and the modernism of the 20th century could be combined. This issue was widely debated in periodicals, and each of the mentioned Latvian composers encountered it in their creative practice. The compositions of the mentioned composers show different variants of combining musical style innovations and national peculiarities, which attracted the attention of Western society and are also an inspiration nowadays.

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