scholarly journals Initial person reference in Providence Island Sign Language

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rehana Omardeen ◽  
Kate Mesh ◽  
Markus Steinbach
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Information ◽  
Contextual Knowledge ◽  
Referring Expressions ◽  
Sign Languages ◽  
Community Membership ◽  
Person Reference ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Shared Context ◽  
Deaf Signers

When referring to non-present entities, speakers and signers can select from a range of different strategies to create expressions that range from extremely concise to highly elaborate. This design of referring expressions is based partly on the availability of contextual information that can aid addressee understanding. In the small signing community of Providence Island, signers’ heavy reliance on extra-linguistic information has led to their language being labelled as context-dependent (Washabaugh, de Santis & Woodward 1978). This study investigates the semiotic strategies that deaf signers in Providence Island use to introduce non-present third person referents, and examines how signers optimise specificity and minimise ambiguity by drawing on shared context. We examined first introductions to non-present people in spontaneous dyadic conversations between deaf signers and analysed the semiotic strategies used. We found that signers built referring expressions using the same strategies found in other sign languages, yet designed expressions that made use of contextual knowledge shared through community membership, such as geography, local spoken languages and traits of fellow islanders. Our signers also used strategies described as unusual or unattested in other sign languages, such as unframed constructed action sequences and stand-alone mouthings. This study deepens our understanding of context dependence by providing examples of how context is drawn upon by communities with high degrees of shared knowledge. Our results call into question the classification of sign languages as context-dependent or context-independent and highlights the differences in data collection across communities and the resulting limitations of cross-linguistic comparisons.

AN ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS EXISTED ON ARTICLES AT JAKARTA POST

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-169
Author(s):  
Maria Ramasari
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Information Research ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Participant Role ◽  
The Moment

The use of deixis on every language has different forms including English because of the various different context, such as grammatical rules and also background of culture or custom in society. This research is conducted to identify and analyze the forms of Deixis existed on Articles at Jakarta Post as contextual information. Research method of analyzing data used was descriptive qualitative research. Human instrument and text analysis are used as instruments of collecting data. Based on the data analyzed, it was found that pronoun of person deixis was most frequently used (existed) as second person deixis, third person deixis, possessive personal plural person deixis, and reflective personal person deixis that was used as reference to participant role of a referent for describing the speaker, the addressee and referent which are neither speaker nor addressee in written forms. In addition, the deixis with focus on time was also existed on Jakarta Post’s articles as the moment of utterance which is the coding time (the time of utterance conveyed by informants) and receiving time (the time of recovery of information by the hearer who got the information). The deixis of place that was existed on articles of Jakarta Post, was deictic reference to describe the current locations of informants indicated.

A CNN based Hybrid approach towards automatic image registration

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pattathal V. Arun ◽  
Sunil K. Katiyar
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Image Registration ◽  
Feature Matching ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Cellular Neural Network ◽  
Contextual Knowledge ◽  
Neural Network Approach ◽  
Statistical Measures

Abstract Image registration is a key component of various image processing operations which involve the analysis of different image data sets. Automatic image registration domains have witnessed the application of many intelligent methodologies over the past decade; however inability to properly model object shape as well as contextual information had limited the attainable accuracy. In this paper, we propose a framework for accurate feature shape modeling and adaptive resampling using advanced techniques such as Vector Machines, Cellular Neural Network (CNN), SIFT, coreset, and Cellular Automata. CNN has found to be effective in improving feature matching as well as resampling stages of registration and complexity of the approach has been considerably reduced using corset optimization The salient features of this work are cellular neural network approach based SIFT feature point optimisation, adaptive resampling and intelligent object modelling. Developed methodology has been compared with contemporary methods using different statistical measures. Investigations over various satellite images revealed that considerable success was achieved with the approach. System has dynamically used spectral and spatial information for representing contextual knowledge using CNN-prolog approach. Methodology also illustrated to be effective in providing intelligent interpretation and adaptive resampling.

scholarly journals When speech is ambiguous, gesture steps in: Sensitivity to discourse-pragmatic principles in early childhood

2009 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
WING CHEE SO ◽  
ÖZLEM ECE DEMIR ◽  
SUSAN GOLDIN-MEADOW
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Referring Expressions ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Null Arguments ◽  
Information Status ◽  
Third Person ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Referential Expressions ◽  
Chinese And English

ABSTRACTYoung children produce gestures to disambiguate arguments. This study explores whether the gestures they produce are constrained by discourse-pragmatic principles: person and information status. We ask whether children use gesture more often to indicate the referents that have to be specified (i.e., third person and new referents) than the referents that do not have to be specified (i.e., first or second person and given referents). Chinese- and English-speaking children were videotaped while interacting spontaneously with adults, and their speech and gestures were coded for referential expressions. We found that both groups of children tended to use nouns when indicating third person and new referents but pronouns or null arguments when indicating first or second person and given referents. They also produced gestures more often when indicating third person and new referents, particularly when those referents were ambiguously conveyed by less explicit referring expressions (pronouns, null arguments). Thus Chinese- and English-speaking children show sensitivity to discourse-pragmatic principles not only in speech but also in gesture.

Integrated Contextual Representation for Objects' Identities and Their Locations

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurit Gronau ◽  
Maital Neta ◽  
Moshe Bar
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Target Object ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Attention And Memory ◽  
Contextual Knowledge ◽  
Lateral Occipital Complex

Visual context plays a prominent role in everyday perception. Contextual information can facilitate recognition of objects within scenes by providing predictions about objects that are most likely to appear in a specific setting, along with the locations that are most likely to contain objects in the scene. Is such identity-related (“semantic”) and location-related (“spatial”) contextual knowledge represented separately or jointly as a bound representation? We conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) priming experiment whereby semantic and spatial contextual relations between prime and target object pictures were independently manipulated. This method allowed us to determine whether the two contextual factors affect object recognition with or without interacting, supporting a unified versus independent representations, respectively. Results revealed a Semantic × Spatial interaction in reaction times for target object recognition. Namely, significant semantic priming was obtained when targets were positioned in expected (congruent), but not in unexpected (incongruent), locations. fMRI results showed corresponding interactive effects in brain regions associated with semantic processing (inferior prefrontal cortex), visual contextual processing (parahippocampal cortex), and object-related processing (lateral occipital complex). In addition, activation in fronto-parietal areas suggests that attention and memory-related processes might also contribute to the contextual effects observed. These findings indicate that object recognition benefits from associative representations that integrate information about objects' identities and their locations, and directly modulate activation in object-processing cortical regions. Such context frames are useful in maintaining a coherent and meaningful representation of the visual world, and in providing a platform from which predictions can be generated to facilitate perception and action.

Formulae and performativity in Middle English documents

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Rütten
Keyword(s):  
Middle English ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Oral Communication ◽  
English Grammar ◽  
Person Reference ◽  
Distributional Patterns ◽  
Third Person

This paper investigates the performative nature of Late Middle English administrative documents. While certain documents indicate the instantaneous performance of a speech act by using the canonical construction “I (hereby) + speech act verb”, explicit performatives are frequently inscribed with third-person reference of different kinds. This suggests that performativity may be a gradable phenomenon and that certain pragmatic contexts generate performative constructions which serve to (re)activate the speech act at some other point in time. In a quantitative study based on the Middle English Grammar Corpus, this paper provides a survey of the distributional patterns of three conceptionally distinct types of explicit performative constructions in documents. While the canonical construction seems to be tied to oral communication, related forms with third-person reference give documents a more autonomous status. Detaching the written record from the oral ceremony, these constructions facilitate a later verbatim reactivation of the respective speech act.

Phonological variation and change in Australian and New Zealand Sign Languages: The location variable

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Schembri ◽  
David McKee ◽  
Rachel McKee ◽  
Sara Pivac ◽  
Trevor Johnston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
American Sign Language ◽  
Sign Language ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
American Sign ◽  
Phonological Variation ◽  
Sign Languages ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Citation Form ◽  
Deaf Signers

AbstractIn this study, we consider variation in a class of signs in Australian and New Zealand Sign Languages that includes the signs think, name, and clever. In their citation form, these signs are specified for a place of articulation at or near the signer's forehead or above, but are sometimes produced at lower locations. An analysis of 2667 tokens collected from 205 deaf signers in five sites across Australia and of 2096 tokens collected from 138 deaf signers from three regions in New Zealand indicates that location variation in these signs reflects both linguistic and social factors, as also reported for American Sign Language (Lucas, Bayley, & Valli, 2001). Despite similarities, however, we find that some of the particular factors at work, and the kinds of influence they have, appear to differ in these three signed languages. Moreover, our results suggest that lexical frequency may also play a role.

scholarly journals The Left Angular Gyrus Is Causally Involved in Context-dependent Integration and Associative Encoding during Narrative Reading

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Francesca M. Branzi ◽  
Gorana Pobric ◽  
JeYoung Jung ◽  
Matthew A. Lambon Ralph
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Information Integration ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Line Context ◽  
On Line ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Left Angular Gyrus

Abstract The role of the left angular gyrus (AG) in language processing remains unclear. In this study, we used TMS to test the hypothesis that the left AG causally supports the processes necessary for context-dependent integration and encoding of information during language processing. We applied on-line TMS over the left AG to disrupt the on-line context-dependent integration during a language reading task, specifically while human participants integrated information between two sequentially presented paragraphs of text (“context” and “target” paragraphs). We assessed the effect of TMS on the left AG by asking participants to retrieve integrated contextual information when given the target condition as cue in a successive memory task. Results from the memory task showed that TMS applied over the left AG during reading impaired the formation of integrated context-target representation. These results provide the first evidence of a causal link between the left AG function, on-line information integration, and associative encoding during language processing.

scholarly journals Context-dependent decision making in a premotor circuit

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Wu ◽  
Ashok Litwin-Kumar ◽  
Philip Shamash ◽  
Alexei Taylor ◽  
Richard Axel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Association Cortex ◽  
Match To Sample ◽  
Subsequent Test ◽  
Layer 2 ◽  
Test Odor ◽  
Context Dependent

SummaryCognitive capacities afford contingent associations between sensory information and behavioral responses. We studied this problem using an olfactory delayed match to sample task whereby a sample odor specifies the association between a subsequent test odor and rewarding action. Multi-neuron recordings revealed representations of the sample and test odors in olfactory sensory and association cortex, which were sufficient to identify the test odor as match/non-match. Yet, inactivation of a downstream premotor area (ALM), but not orbitofrontal cortex, confined to the epoch preceding the test odor, led to gross impairment. Olfactory decisions that were not context dependent were unimpaired. Therefore, ALM may not receive the outcome of a match/non-match decision from upstream areas but contextual information—the identity of the sample—to establish the mapping between test odor and action. A novel population of pyramidal neurons in ALM layer 2 may mediate this process.

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