scholarly journals Finding Needle in the Haystack: “Kasur’s Bogeyman” Brought to Justice by Geographic Profiling and Mass DNA Screening

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-48
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ahsan Butt ◽  
Talha Bin Rahat ◽  
Nasir Siddique ◽  
Madiha Shad ◽  
Sajjad Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Local Resident ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Dna Profile ◽  
Target Region ◽  
Geographic Profiling ◽  
Investigative Tool ◽  
Forensic Examination ◽  
Polygraph Examination ◽  
Crime Scenes

This article describes the application of the concept of geographic profiling in hunting a serial child rapist in Kasur, Pakistan. It also discusses, how DNA became the prime witness against the serial rapist in the court of law. In January 2018, the blind rape and murder case of Zainab Amin hit the headlines. Following autopsy and the subsequent forensic examination, the only piece of evidence, the agencies had, was the DNA profile of the perpetrator and the information that the source of DNA profile is a serial child rapist, involved in at least seven more cases. The analysis of all crime sites and the distance between them strongly suggested that the offender most likely was a local resident. Mass DNA screening in the target region was conducted by CSI teams of Punjab forensic science agency. The DNA matched with suspect number 814 who later confessed all his crimes. In Polygraph examination, the offender revealed his modus operandi which was in line with the hypotheses made during the geographic profiling of the crime scenes. Thus, geographic profiling proved to be a very useful investigative tool in predicting the probable location of the criminal involved in a series of crimes.

scholarly journals DNA Profiling in Forensic Science: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaya B. Lakshmi ◽  
M L. Avinash Tejasvi ◽  
Anulekha Avinash ◽  
Chanchala H. P. ◽  
Priyanka Talwade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Dna Profiling ◽  
Forensic Investigation ◽  
Draw Conclusion ◽  
Crime Scenes

AbstractDNA is present in most of the cells in our body, which is unique in each and every individual, and we leave a trail of it everywhere we go. This has become an advantage for forensic investigators who use DNA to draw conclusion in identification of victim and accused in crime scenes. This review describes the use of genetic markers in forensic investigation and their limitations.

scholarly journals Digital Forensic Science: A Manifesto

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin S Olivier
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Forensic Sciences ◽  
Digital Forensic ◽  
Forensic Examination ◽  
The Family

Forensic examination of evidence holds the promise of making claims about the truth of certain propositions with the inherent accuracy and reliability that characterises scientific endeavours. The propositions may relate to the artefacts examined or related artefacts. The nature of propositions about which claims can be made depend on the extent to which given propositions fall within the ambit of scientific knowledge and on the extent to which the examined evidence is suitable for the application of established science. A continuing series of incidents illustrate that in many forensic disciplines that promise is not met — often because some branch of forensic science happen to not being scientific at all. In fact, serious assessments of forensic science have shown that many (if not most) branches of forensic science are not scientifically valid. Digital forensic science is one of the newest members of the family of forensic sciences. A number of reasons for concern exist that it is following in the footsteps of its more established footsteps and repeating many of the mistakes of those other branches of forensic science. This viewpoint is written in the form of a manifesto that is situated in the current discourse about digital forensic science and practice. If challenges the current developments in digital forensic science by positing a number of demands that digital forensic science have to meet to be deemed scientific. The demands are posited as necessary, but not sufficient to ensure that digital forensic science uses science to contribute to justice. Appropriate responses to the manifesto is a change in digital forensic developments or an informed debate about the issues raised in the manifesto.

scholarly journals LEGAL NATURE OF THE TERM OF PRECIOUS STONES IN FORENSIC EXAMINATION: PROBLEMS AND WAYS FOR THEIR RESOLUTION

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Baranov ◽  
R. Kirin ◽  
S. Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Rights Protection ◽  
Forensic Examination ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Regulation Of Activity ◽  
And Control ◽  
Precious Stones

The article addresses general issues of applying the regulatory adopted term “precious stones” regarding forensic examination practice in Ukraine, including in the field of subsurface resources management and gemological evaluation of jewelery. It is shown that domestic legal framework requires to introduce a separate law on gemstones circulation taking into account general principles of property valuation and consumer rights protection. The Article Purpose is to formulate an author’s contribution to the analysis of problems connected with disclosure of gemstones legal nature in the field of forensic science and the development of proposals for their possible overcoming. The necessity in special legal regulation of activity on mining, production, use, storage of gemstones and manufactures thereof, forensic examination and control over operations with it, is defined by intensity of its circulation as well as by the character of legal objects: their rarity in nature, high cost, easy falsification, and, consequently, by increased attention from fraudsters and criminals. The current situation demands to adopt corresponding regulatory measures aimed at ensuring valuables economic use, protecting gemstone consumers from fraud, preventing the use of valuables while legalizing acquired illegally funds. According to the authors, the article outlines three components of which legal nature of a stone is formed in forensic science: 1) the meaning content in which the term “precious stones” is used in gemological legislation; 2) criteria which are the basis of gemstones classification; 3) unambiguity and clarity of definitions associated with gemstones in forensic legislation. The term “gemstones” in forensic science has subsidiary meaning, since in this case the stone cost should possess a dominant meaning as an object of forensic gemological analysis. Existing gemological classifications are not of modern scientific and practical interest, as the lack of a gemstone cost indicator makes them declarative in terms of forensic science. Forensic gemological analysis should be guided by the requirements of gemological, forensic and procedural branches of legislation, and precious stones acting as its object should be considered as property (goods) which is characterized by specific signs of a physical, economic and legal nature as well as an identifier.

scholarly journals 206 HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE AND FORENSIC SCIENCE: THE POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENTISTS AT CRIME SCENES

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 458f-459
Author(s):  
J. Scott Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Forensic Science ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Plant Identification ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Criminal Investigations ◽  
Statistics And Probability ◽  
Growth Analyses ◽  
Crime Scenes

The criminal justice system is served by many experts who provide special assistance to law enforcement professionals during criminal investigations. One of these specialized areas. forensic botany, has traditionally been an activity of the systematic botanist who identifies plant material associated with a suspect or crime scene. From this Information, suspects can be placed at crime scenes and information such as time of death or movement of victims can be determined. Few plant scientists are involved In this emerging field which has the potential to make contributions similar to those made today by forensic anthropology. Plant scientists with training In systematic botany, plant anatomy, plant growth and development, and statistics and probability can make significant contributions to criminal investigations. The use of plant identification and plant growth analyses In recent criminal Investigations will be described. The role of horticulture in the future of forensic science and the development of new techniques In forensic plant science will also be discussed.

scholarly journals Formation and Development of Forensic Science in the Republic of Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-132
Author(s):  
S. Abdolla
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Forensic Expertise ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
Forensic Examination ◽  
Forensic Expert ◽  
The Republic

The article gives a detailed examination of the formation and development of forensic expertise in the Republic of Kazakhstan; it also establishes its periodization basing on the most significant events. The author lists the main scientists and practitioners of the Kazakh SSR and independent Kazakhstan, who contributed to the formation of the Kazakhstan forensic examination. An analysis of changes in the contemporary legislation governing the forensic expert activity of independent Kazakhstan is also provided.  

scholarly journals MEANS FOR INCREASING QUALITY OF STAFF TRAINING FOR FORENSIC SCIENCE INSTITUTES OF THE MINISTRY OF JUSTICE OF UKRAINE

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 281-287
Author(s):  
S. G. Gasparian
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Forensic Science ◽  
Graduate School ◽  
Staff Training ◽  
Training Procedure ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Methods Development ◽  
Forensic Examination

At present, the issue of training highly qualified brainpower is one of priority issues while solving tasks related to forensic science reform aimed at its further development and improving the quality of forensic researches. Hon. Prof. M. S. Bokarius Kharkiv Research Institute of Forensic Examinations is one of the oldest state forensic science institutes in Ukraine having sufficient experience in staff training. However, the training of highly qualified scientific personnel directly in graduate school of the Institute was carried out only at the beginning of forensic science institutions functioning. Thus, on September 18, 1925, Sovnarkom of the Ukrainian SSR adopted a resolution "On graduate students under scientific and forensic science offices" that determined the training procedure for experts in forensic examination for needs of these offices from persons having a professional higher education. Duties for postgraduate students with a three-year training period were provided at the Kharkiv, Kiev and Odessa offices of scientific and forensic examination according to this resolution. During the Second World War the graduate school came to an end. The lack of own graduate school complicates the work performed for highly qualified specialists training that leads to development inhibition of scientific and forensic science potential in Ukraine. KhRIFE direction performs relevant activities in order to solve issues related to the training for highly qualified brainpower. So, on June 13, 2018, the Institute received a license permitting perform educational activities in the field of higher education at the third educational and scientific level (PhD training) according to the field of specialization: 081 "Law". All the necessary activities have been carried out at the Institute for creation the graduate school according to obtained license. Decent peopleware of state forensic science institutions will guarantee high quality of expert researches, new modern expert methods, development of forensic expert activities in Ukraine.

scholarly journals Expert prevention: concept, subject and object

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-243
Author(s):  
Nataliya Filipenko ◽  
Oleksandr Snigeryov
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Forensic Science ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Forensic Research ◽  
Current State ◽  
Forensic Examination ◽  
Expert Theory ◽  
Conceptual Foundations ◽  
Empirical Material ◽  
Specific Expertise

This article analyzes the conceptual foundations, views and ideas on understanding the essence of expert prevention. Essence of expert prevention lies in the influence of relevant subjects on crime through the use of specific expertise. That means that subject of forensic examination of each kind and type should be attributed to the study of circumstances on the basis of which scientific, organizational and technical measures of a preventive nature can and should be developed. The empirical prerequisites for the emergence and development of forensic research have been investigated: accumulation of empirical facts in the theory of forensic science and other sciences, manifestation of integration processes. Formation of theoretical and applied foundations of private theory of expert prevention. The concept and structure of the private theory of expert prevention, its place and role in the theory of forensic science and judicial examination are considered. It is noted that the study of the current state of the theory and practice of private expert theory has allowed to establish that it has a common beginning and justification. Private theory of expert prevention as a system of interconnectedness includes: idea, principles, great empirical material, which is the cornerstone of the theory, general and specific tasks, functions and goals of the theory, etc. On the basis of the conducted analysis it is proved that the principles of a systematic approach and construction, which provide its structure, connection with the general theory of forensic examination and the general theory of criminology, a combination of theoretical and applied (practical) researches serve as a justification for the creation of a private theory of expert prevention. It is emphasized that the formation of the theory of expert prevention is the need to create this theory in order to successfully combat crime specific expertise using. The relation between the concepts of "general forensic theory" and "private theory of expert prevention" has been investigated, since ambiguity of both scientific understanding and practical application is one of the main problems that cannot be overcome in the forensic research of the phenomenon of expert prevention. appropriate conceptual categorical apparatus.

scholarly journals INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS AND VERBAL STATEMENT OF COMBINED FORENSIC EXAMINATION IN CIGARETTE SMUGGLING CASE

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 253-266
Author(s):  
D. Peikstenytê ◽  
D. Vasiliauskienê
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Science Center ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Forensic Examination ◽  
Verbal Scale ◽  
Verbal Statement ◽  
Cigarette Smuggling ◽  
Interpretation Of Results

The scale of smuggling of tobacco products in Lithuania is reviewed. The possibilities of assistance of experts from the Forensic Science Center of Lithuania in investigation of cigarette smuggling case are described. The verbal scale of results evaluation used in Department of Examination of Materials and Other Objects is discussed, on the basis of which the conclusion about the categorical contact of the objects is made.

scholarly journals Correspondence between the Terms and Defnitions of the International Standard ISO 21043-1-2018 and Terminology Developed by National Forensic Expertology

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
E. V. Chesnokova
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Legal System ◽  
International Communication ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Forensic Examination ◽  
Forensic Practice ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Forensic Expert ◽  
Expert Practice

The issue of developing a uniform language for international communication in the feld of forensic science is considered. The matters of relative maturity of domestic forensic expert terminology and peculiarities of translated terms usage in forensic expertology and forensic practice are discussed. The concept of expertise subject formulated by modern leading scientists is analyzed, the conclusion is made about the subject of forensic examination as a process of establishing facts and circumstances, the purely applied nature of the concept, as well as the similarity to the defnition of expertise in the ISO international standard. Specifc examples are given. The need to translate some foreign standards into Russian and to adjust and implement several of their provisions in domestic legal system and expert practice to standardize forensic and expert activity is emphasized.

scholarly journals PROBLEMAL ISSUES ON THE APPOINTMENT AND CONDUCT OF FORENSIC EXAMINATION in COMMERCIAL LITIGATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-206
Author(s):  
I. Popovich ◽  
A. Sviderskyi
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
State Institution ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Forensic Examination ◽  
Legitimate Interests ◽  
Legal Mechanism ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

One of the main conditions for the construction and functioning of the rule of law is the legal regulation of all spheres of human activity, the creation of a reliable effective legal mechanism of state protection of all natural and acquired human rights, in accordance with their legal status. The rapid growth of the needs of modern society in the use of knowledge from various fields of science, technology, art, crafts does not go around such a public sphere as the sphere of legal proceedings, and understanding the importance of special knowledge to establish the truth in economic affairs gives reason to consider forensic science as an independent institution for protecting rights and the legitimate interests of citizens, legal entities and the interests of the state as a whole. In any branch of law, there are branch institutes. In those cases when a particular institution combines the norms of two or more branches of law, it is considered intersectoral. A separate legal institution is a set of rules governing a certain group of legal relations, which are personified by virtue of their specificity. The integration of the achievements of various sciences into the practice of proof is a natural and traditionally studied phenomenon for economic proceedings. But the constant development of all social processes and relations determines the dynamic processes in the sphere of their legal regulation, which are reflected in the changes in the relevant regulatory legal acts. Due to the intensification of legislative activity in Ukraine, which has been manifested in recent years, there is not only inconsistency of the provisions of certain legal acts among themselves, but also contradictions to constitutional principles, and in some cases, to the laws of scientific development of certain branches of knowledge. Unfortunately, such processes are also characteristic of such an important state institution as justice and its individual institutions, in particular, forensic science. In connection with the above, there is a need to analyze the problematic issues of the appointment and conduct of forensic examination in economic proceedings.

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