The Relationship between Conflict and Social Change in the Perspective of Expert Theory: A Literature Review

Conflict and social change are a couple that influences each other. Conflict inevitably drives social change. Social changes also inevitably lead to conflict. These conditions can manifest in large or small sizes. Every society that exists on this earth in their life will certainly experience what is called changes. The existence of these changes will be known if we compare by examining society at a particular time which we then compare with the state of society in the past. Changes that occur in society are a continuous process. This situation means that every society will, in fact, experience changes. This study aims to collect argumentative views on the relationship between conflict and social change. The conclusions of this study have a significant impact in providing illustrations and projections of what social situations occur before and after conflicts or social changes occur. This research is a discourse relation analysis research. This type of research analyzes the relationship between two or more variables and then describes each contextual factor. This study concludes that the argumentative view of implying and exposing the relationship of conflict to social change is vital and sensitive.

Developing a Special Theory of Expert Knowledge Use with a view to Ensuring Information and Worldview Security in the Digital Environment

This paper substantiates the need to develop a new special theory of the use of expert knowledge in the framework of ensuring information and worldview security in the digital environment, aimed at analyzing and generalizing the possibilities of using a range of expert knowledge for the study of criminogenic information disseminated within the digital environment. For these purposes, conceptual frameworks have been developed, including the subject and the system of new expert theory, as well as other terms that are important for a holistic understanding of this area (such as "digital environment", "information (worldview) security", "value basis"). The involvement of persons with special knowledge is important due to the peculiarities of information disseminated in the digital environment (such as electronic form, hypertextuality, etc.). In this case, the question often arises about the need for a comprehensive expert analysis (for example, the use of special knowledge in the field of forensic speech and forensic psychology, special computer-technical knowledge, etc.). The result of the study is conclusion on the need to develop a new private expert theory; the paper defines its conceptual foundations in the form of a consideration of its subject and system.

Analysis on the Effect of Protective Equipment Training on Hospital Infection Managers

Objectives: To analyze the effect of personal protective equipment training on new hospital infection managers. Methods: Personnel are divided into two batches by region. Adopt a diversified training model to train all personnel, finally conduct practical assessments and issue certificates. Collect information through information technology, analyze questionnaires, and understand trainees’ circumstances before and after the training. Each training batch has uniform teachers and the same training methods. Results: After the training, the trainees' proficiency in putting on and taking off protective equipment increased by 22.85%, and ability to choose protective equipment according to different working environments increased by 22.04%; 78.23% trainees believed that practical exercises should be emphasized. Taking off protective clothing was considered as the most difficult link in practical training (91.13%), followed by putting on protective clothing (70.43%). 96.24% trainees believed that this training is helpful for future work. Conclusions: It is quite necessary to implement personal protective equipment training among new hospital infection managers; where, practical training, assessment, information-based questionnaire survey, expert theory teaching have achieved good results; the training helps reduce occupational exposure-induced hospital infection, and at the same time, avoids improper use of protective materials and waste.

I Have Never Felt so Novice: Using Narrative Reflection to Explore the Transition from Expert RN to Novice NP Student

Aim: To explore the experiences of nurse practitioner students moving from expert registered nurses to novice nurse practitioner program students. Background: Moving from registered nurse to nurse practitioner can be a time filled with mixed emotions, lack of confidence, adaptation, and competency development. Learning about and navigating the advanced practice nursing role can be challenging. Students in the nurse practitioner program are encouraged to engage in regular reflective writing to foster role development and learning. This paper aims to reflectively explore the experiences of transition from registered nurse to nurse practitioner student. Methods: Inspired by Benner’s Novice to Expert Theory and Carper’s ways of knowing, the authors personally reflected on their transition experiences during NP schooling and then collectively developed a composite reflection of the shared experience. From this exercise common themes were identified. Conclusion: This unique reflective paper identified common themes in the experience of transitioning to the student role. Potential areas for future research-based exploration of the nurse practitioner student experience were identified. By understanding these experiences, students can be better prepared in advance and faculty can design both formal and informal support measures to better support the student experience.

Hubungan Kepercayaan Diri Siswa dengan Hasil Belajar PAK Kelas VII Di SMP Negeri 4 Sumbul Kabupaten Dairi Tahun Ajaran 2020/2021

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besarnya hubungan Kepercayaan Diri Siswa Dengan Hasil Belajar PAK Di Kelas VII SMP Negeri 4 Sumbul Kabupaten Dairi Tahun Pembelajaran 2020/2021, dengan hipotesis terdapat hubungan yang positif dan signifikan antara Kepercayaan Diri Siswa Dengan Hasil Belajar PAK Di Kelas VII SMP Negeri 4 Sumbul Kabupaten Dairi Tahun Pembelajaran 2020/2021. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif deskriptif inferensial, dengan populasi seluruh siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 4 Sumbul yang berjumlah 86 orang dengan sampel berjumlah 65 orang. Data dikumpulkan dengan angket tertutup sebanyak 31 item yang disusun oleh penulis berdasarkan indikator variabel sesuai teori ahli. Uji coba angket dilakukan kepada 21 siswa yang bukan responden penelitian, dan telah diuji validitas dan reliabilitasnya. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang positif dan signifikan antara Kepercayaan Diri Siswa Dengan Hasil Belajar PAK Di Kelas VII SMP Negeri 4 Sumbul Kabupaten Dairi Tahun Pembelajaran 2020/2021 dengan koefisien korelasi rhitung rtabel atau 0,612 0,244 dan uji signifikan hubungan diperoleh thitungttabel sebesar 6,148 2,000, dengan demikiandapat disimpulkan Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima .Katakunci : Hasil belajar, Kepercayaan diri Abstract This study aims to determine the magnitude of the relationship between Student Confidence and PAK Learning Outcomes in Class VII Sumbul, Dairi District, 2020/2021 Learning Year, with the hypothesis that there is a positive and significant relationship between Student Confidence and PAK Learning Outcomes in Class VII SMP Negeri 4 Sumbul Regency. Dairi Academic Year 2020/2021. This study used an inferential descriptive quantitative approach, with a population of all students of class VII SMP Negeri 4 Sumbul, totaling 86 people with a sample of 65 people. Data were collected using a closed questionnaire of 31 items compiled by the author based on variable indicators according to expert theory. Questionnaire trials were conducted on 21 students who were not research respondents, and had tested their validity and reliability. The results of data analysis show that there is a positive and significant relationship between Student Confidence and PAK Learning Outcomes in Class VII SMP Negeri 4 Sumbul Dairi Regency 2020/2021 Learning Year with a correlation coefficient r count r table or 0.612 0.244 and a significant correlation test is obtained t count t table of 6, 148 2,000, thus it can be concluded that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted.Keywords: Learning Outcomes, Self-Confidence

Becoming a Channel of God: How Faith Community Nurses Develop Their Spiritual Practice

Purpose: This study explored the underlying process faith community nurses (FCNs) experience in developing their spiritual nursing practice. Design: A qualitative, exploratory design was used. Method: Data from interviews with six FCNs were generated and analyzed using Glaserian grounded theory. Findings: The basic social psychological process, cultivating the soul to become a channel of God, explains the steps these nurses take to achieve stages of presence. Going through these stages of presence, FCNs develop a foundation of God-related beliefs and values, presence with self, presence with God, presence with others, presence with God and others, and become a channel of God. Conclusions: Developing spiritual care competence in assessing and meeting clients’ spiritual needs is necessary to enhance person-centered practice, a vital aspect of holistic care. The model of presence can inform the development of spiritual care competencies and link to other nursing theories including Watson’s theory of caring and Benner’s novice to expert theory. Workplace support is needed for nurses to refine spiritual nursing care practices and integrate spiritual care into practice. Further research regarding the stages of presence could foster deeper understanding of how foundations of God-related values develop.

ANALYSIS OF THE CONTENT OF EXERCISE SEVENTH GRADE ENGLISH TEXTBOOK

The aim of this study was to analyze the content of exercise in the English textbook appropriate with the criteria a good exercise or activity in the English textbook purposed by expert theory. This study is a qualitative research which the data was obtained with observation and documentation; First, Interview, researcher asked English teacher to answer the questions; Second, documentation, data was taken based on the main English textbook used SMP Muhammadiyah Cawang 4 Jakarta Timur namely Buku Bahasa Inggris untuk SMP/MTS Kelas VII by Erlina, S and Muhammad, H published Mediatama. In the English textbook there were 24 exercises. The result of this research shows that the exercises of this book provided from 24 exercises which were six exercises without new vocabulary students to communicate and five exercises do not incorporate by pair/group work, so the exercise do not meet criteria with a good exercise in the English textbook, but the English teacher always give the supplementary material that taken from other media sources

PENGARUH VARIASI PENGAJARAN PAK TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA KELAS VIII SMP NEGERI 2 BALIGE TAHUN PEMBELAJARAN 2019/2020

This study aims to determine the effect of Christian Religion Education teaching variations on students’ learning outcomes of Class VIII of SMP Negeri 2 Balige Academic Year 2019/2020, with the hypothesis that there is a positive and significant influence on Christian Religion Education teaching variations on students’ learning outcomes of class VIII of SMP Negeri 2 Balige Academic Year 2019/2020. This study uses inferential quantitative descriptive approach, with a population of all Protestant Christian students in class VIII of SMP Negeri 2 Balige, totaling 221 people with a sample of 60 people. Data were collected with a closed questionnaire of 20 items and a test of 20 items compiled by the author based on variable indicators according to expert theory. The research instrument trials were conducted on 30 students who were not research respondents, and its validity and reliability were tested. The results of the data analysis showed that there was a positive and significant influence on Christian Religion Education teaching variations on students’ learning outcomes of class VIII of SMP Negeri 2 Balige Academic Year 2019/2020 with a coefficient of determination (r²) = 25.90% and a significance test of influence obtained tcoun ttable = 6.097 2,000 , meaning that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. Keywords: Christian Religion Education teaching variations, Learning Outcomes.

PENGARUH PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF MODEL TEAM GAME TOURNAMENT (TGT) TERHADAP MOTIVASI BELAJAR PAK SISWA KELAS XI SMA SWASTA HKBP 1 TARUTUNG TAHUN PEMBELAJARAN 2019/2020

This study aims to determine how much influence the TGT Model Cooperative Learning Against PAK Learning Motivation of Class XI Students in HKBP 1 Tarutung Private High School Year 2019/2020, with the hypothesis that there is a positive and significant effect of the TGT Model Cooperative Learning Against PAK Student Motivation in Class XI HKBP 1 Tarutung Private High School 2019/2020 Academic Year. This study uses a descriptive quantitative method approach, with a population of all students in class XI of HKBP 1 Tarutung Private High School, with a total of 150 people with a sample of 48 people. Data were collected with 45 questionnaire items compiled by the author based on variable indicators according to expert theory. The questionnaire test was conducted on 30 students outside the study sample, and its validity and reliability were tested. The results of the data analysis showed that there was a positive and significant effect between the TGT Model Cooperative Learning Against PAK Learning Motivation for Class XI Students in the HKBP 1 Tarutung Private High School in 2019/2020 with a coefficient of determination R2 = 32.3% and a significant test of influence was obtained by Fhitun Ftable of 53.35 4.08, meaning that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. This study suggests that for good student motivation in classroom learning, the TGT Model Cooperative Learning is well implemented.Keywords: Cooperative Learning Model Team Game Tournament, (TGT) Student Learning Motivation