scholarly journals El bosque mesófilo de la región de Puerto Soledad (Oaxaca), México: Análisis estructural

2017 ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Alberto Ruiz-Jiménez ◽  
Jorge Meave ◽  
José Luis Contreras-Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Montane Forest ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Montane Rain Forest ◽  
Population Structures

<p>Spatial variation of a mesophyllous montane forest (=cloud forest, montane rain forest) tree community structure (dbh ≥ 3.18 cm; girth≥ 10 cm) was evaluated by sampling with the point-centered quadrat technique at six contrasting environments at Puerto Soledad, Oaxaca: East-facing slope, North-facing slope, West-facing slope, South-facing slope, Mountain Top and Wet Ravine. Density ranged between 505 and 2,730 ind ha•1, and basal area between 41.8 and 172 m2 ha•1. Forest structure at the Mountain Top greatly differed from that in other environments, as the smallest density and largest basal area were found there. Total canopy cover was &gt; 150% in all environments. Canopy height ranged between 20 and 35 m; no well defined strata were found at any site. Structurally important species were: Arctosta.phylos mguta, Clethra. licanoides, C. mexicana, Cyathea fulva, Ilex discolor, Podocarpus reichei, Quercus acherdophylla, Q. eugenifolia, Q. rysophylla and Ternstroermia lineata. Diameter-based population structures for the most abundant species were very variable, but in general small diameter classes were the best represented. According to an association analysis, around 12% of the 34 examined species pairs showed significant, negative associations. In general, the structural values assessed for the studied mesophyllous montane forest fall within the range for similar forests in other regions; however, the results of this study clearly show the large heterogeneity of the vegetation within a single locality, although this variability is more noticeable for some variables (e.g. density, basal area) than for others (e.g. cover). This study supports the idea that under the mesophyllous montane forest (bosque mesófilo<br />de montaña), a diverse array of plant communities is grouped.</p>

Conservation value of koa (Acacia koa) reforestation areas on Hawaii Island

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Laurie Strommer ◽  
Sheila Conant
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Acacia Koa ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Hawaii Island

Efforts to restore forests for ecological and economic benefit in Hawaii are converging on koa (Acacia koa), an endemic dominant or codominant canopy tree common across broad elevation and moisture gradients. We quantified plant species composition and forest structure in koa reforestation areas (KRAs) and in nearby intact native forest on Hawaii Island. Total species richness and percentage native species richness were lower in the plantation forests than in the intact forests, although species richness in the KRAs at one site was not significantly different from that in intact forest. Tree, sapling, and seedling densities differed between KRAs and forest sites at one site. At another, the native forest and one KRA had similar tree and seedling densities and similar canopy height and percentage canopy cover. Total stand basal area was greatest in the intact forest at both sites, although the basal area for the KRAs at one site exceeded those for intact forest at the other. Koa plantings can be structurally similar to intact forests though species composition differs. Our results suggest that koa forestry can facilitate native understorey development in some cases.

scholarly journals Vegetación de bordes en un bosque mesófilo de montaña del occidente de México

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Ana Luisa Santiago Pérez ◽  
Enrique José Jardel Peláez ◽  
Ramón Cuevas Guzmán ◽  
Francisco Martín Huerta Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Edge Type ◽  
Bosque Mesófilo De Montaña ◽  
Sierra De Manantlán

<p>Species composition, diversity, structure and microclimate were compared in two edge type of montane cloud forest (FF, edges with pine forest and FS, secondary shrubland) within a forest-edge-exterior gradient at Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve (Jalisco, Mexico). The cloud forest presented higher richness (126 species, 52 interior habitat specifi c) than pine forests (84) and shrublands (71). Richness and diversity were similar in FF, but species replacement was higher in FS. Density, diameter structure, basal area and canopy cover were major in FF than in FS. Microclimatic and soil condition, was gradual in FF edges and abrupt in FS edges. Tree species of the cloud forests (high density of seedlings and saplings &lt;5 cm diameter breast height) are colonizing the understory of adjacent pine forests, whereas in shrublands their establishment appears to be limited by competition with shrubs and herbaceous species and microclimatic conditions. Our results highlight the importance of considering edge type contrast in conservation and restoration of cloud forest in forest landscapes.</p>

scholarly journals Development of Forest Structure and Leaf Area in Secondary Forests Regenerating on Abandoned Pastures in Central Amazônia

2005 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted R. Feldpausch ◽  
Susan J. Riha ◽  
Erick C. M. Fernandes ◽  
Elisa V. Wandelli
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Forest Structure ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Primary Forest ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Slash And Burn

Abstract The area of secondary forest (SF) regenerating from pastures is increasing in the Amazon basin; however, the return of forest and canopy structure following abandonment is not well understood. This study examined the development of leaf area index (LAI), canopy cover, aboveground biomass, stem density, diameter at breast height (DBH), and basal area (BA) by growth form and diameter class for 10 SFs regenerating from abandoned pastures. Biomass accrual was tree dominated, constituting ≥94% of the total measured biomass in all forests abandoned ≥4 to 6 yr. Vine biomass increased with forest age, but its relative contribution to total biomass decreased with time. The forests were dominated by the tree Vismia spp. (&gt;50%). Tree stem density peaked after 6 to 8 yr (10 320 stems per hectare) before declining by 42% in the 12- to 14-yr-old SFs. Small-diameter tree stems in the 1–5-cm size class composed &gt;58% of the total stems for all forests. After 12 to 14 yr, there was no significant leaf area below 150-cm height. Leaf area return (LAI = 3.2 after 12 to 14 yr) relative to biomass was slower than literature-reported recovery following slash-and-burn, where LAI can reach primary forest levels (LAI = 4–6) in 5 yr. After 12 to 14 yr, the colonizing vegetation returned some components of forest structure to values reported for primary forest. Basal area and LAI were 50%–60%, canopy cover and stem density were nearly 100%, and the rapid tree-dominated biomass accrual was 25%–50% of values reported for primary forest. Biomass accumulation may reach an asymptote earlier than expected because of even-aged, monospecific, untiered stand structure. The very slow leaf area accumulation relative to biomass and to reported values for recovery following slash-and-burn indicates a different canopy development pathway that warrants further investigation of causes (e.g., nutrient limitations, competition) and effects on processes such as evapotranspiration and soil water uptake, which would influence long-term recovery rates and have regional implications.

scholarly journals Sinecological analysis of the montane rain forrest of Omiltemi, Guerrero

2017 ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Jorge Meave ◽  
Miguel Angel Soto ◽  
Luz María Calvo-Irabien ◽  
Horacio Paz-Hernández ◽  
Susana Valencia-Avalos
Keyword(s):  
Forest Structure ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Important Species

The floristic composition, structure, and texture of 1 ha of mesophytic mountain forest in Omiltemi, Guerrero, is described. With 138 species of vascular plants in the plot, this forest is very rich, with epiphytes, trees and herbs comprising the most diverse growth forms. The geographic affinities of this forest are diverse; many elements are shared with the andean-mesoamerican regions, and others are present in the deciduous forests of eastern United States. The Omiltemi forest is similar to other communities from western Mexico, and many of the endemic elements of this region occur in Omiltemi. This forest is structurally dense, approximately 24 m high, without a well-defined stratification. The canopy is made up mainly by Carpinus caroliniana and Quercus uxoris; Pinus ayacahuite is an emergent tree. The understory is rich in small-statured tree species. The horizontal distributions of the trees were analyzed, and only two understory species had a clumped pattern. Density is 2,096 trees/ha, total basal area is 49.82 m2/ha and cover is 263.8% The most important! species in the forest structure are those reaching the canopy. Two trends in the diametric structures of tree species populations were found: 1) with classes of small sizes having high frequencies, and gradually decreasing towards classes of larger sizes, and 2) with classes of intermediate sizes having lower frequencies than classes of smaller and larger sizes. The internal spatial variation of the forest structure was analyzed using multivariate methods. Tropical species were usually found in more humid places, while species of temperate affinities occurred in more exposed sites. Five floristic groups were recognized, and their associated structural features are described. This forest bears leaves throughout the year, although some of the most abundant species of the canopy are deciduous. The textural characteristics of pollination, dispersal and tree architecture are described. In addition, the mixed character of the mesophytic mountain forest of Omiltemi is discussed and related to its marginal geographic location.

scholarly journals Adjudicating Perspectives on Forest Structure: How Do Airborne, Terrestrial, and Mobile Lidar-Derived Estimates Compare?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2297
Author(s):  
Jonathon J. Donager ◽  
Andrew J. Sánchez Meador ◽  
Ryan C. Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Forest Monitoring ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Structural Configurations ◽  
Individual Trees

Applications of lidar in ecosystem conservation and management continue to expand as technology has rapidly evolved. An accounting of relative accuracy and errors among lidar platforms within a range of forest types and structural configurations was needed. Within a ponderosa pine forest in northern Arizona, we compare vegetation attributes at the tree-, plot-, and stand-scales derived from three lidar platforms: fixed-wing airborne (ALS), fixed-location terrestrial (TLS), and hand-held mobile laser scanning (MLS). We present a methodology to segment individual trees from TLS and MLS datasets, incorporating eigen-value and density metrics to locate trees, then assigning point returns to trees using a graph-theory shortest-path approach. Overall, we found MLS consistently provided more accurate structural metrics at the tree- (e.g., mean absolute error for DBH in cm was 4.8, 5.0, and 9.1 for MLS, TLS and ALS, respectively) and plot-scale (e.g., R2 for field observed and lidar-derived basal area, m2 ha−1, was 0.986, 0.974, and 0.851 for MLS, TLS, and ALS, respectively) as compared to ALS and TLS. While TLS data produced estimates similar to MLS, attributes derived from TLS often underpredicted structural values due to occlusion. Additionally, ALS data provided accurate estimates of tree height for larger trees, yet consistently missed and underpredicted small trees (≤35 cm). MLS produced accurate estimates of canopy cover and landscape metrics up to 50 m from plot center. TLS tended to underpredict both canopy cover and patch metrics with constant bias due to occlusion. Taking full advantage of minimal occlusion effects, MLS data consistently provided the best individual tree and plot-based metrics, with ALS providing the best estimates for volume, biomass, and canopy cover. Overall, we found MLS data logistically simple, quickly acquirable, and accurate for small area inventories, assessments, and monitoring activities. We suggest further work exploring the active use of MLS for forest monitoring and inventory.

Ammonium, nitrate and glycine uptake of six Ecuadorian tropical montane forest tree species: anin situpot experiment with saplings

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bärbel Wittich ◽  
Jürgen Homeier ◽  
Christoph Leuschner
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Tropical Trees ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Montane Forest ◽  
Tropical Montane Forest ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
N Form ◽  
Form Preference

Abstract:Not much is known about the nitrogen (N) uptake capacity and N-form preference of tropical trees. In a replicated labelling experiment with15N-ammonium,15N-nitrate and dual-labelled glycine applied to saplings of six tree species from southern Ecuadorian montane forests, we tested the hypotheses that (1) the saplings of tropical trees are capable of using organic N even though they are forming arbuscular mycorrhizas, and (2) with increasing altitude, tree saplings increasingly prefer ammonium and glycine over nitrate due to reduced nitrification and growing humus accumulation. Three- to 5-y-old saplings of two species each from 1000, 2000 and 3000 m asl were grown in pots inside the forest at their origin and labelled with non-fertilizing amounts of the three N forms;15N enrichment was detected 5 days after labelling in fine roots, coarse roots, shoots and leaves. The six species differed with respect to their N-form preference, but neither the abundance of ammonium and nitrate in the soil nor altitude (1000–3000 m asl) seemed to influence the preference. Two species (those with highest growth rate) preferred NH4+over NO3−, while the other four species took up NO3−and NH4+at similar rates when both N forms were equally available. After13C-glycine addition,13C was significantly accumulated in the biomass of three species (all species with exclusively AM symbionts) but a convincing proof of the uptake of intact glycine molecules by these tropical montane forest trees was not obtained.

scholarly journals Biomass and Soil Carbon Stocks in Wet Montane Forest, Monteverde Region, Costa Rica: Assessments and Challenges for Quantifying Accumulation Rates

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence H. Tanner ◽  
Megan T. Wilckens ◽  
Morgan A. Nivison ◽  
Katherine M. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Montane Forest ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Mature Forest ◽  
Large Trees

We measured carbon stocks at two forest reserves in the cloud forest region of Monteverde, comparing cleared land, experimental secondary forest plots, and mature forest at each location to assess the effectiveness of reforestation in sequestering biomass and soil carbon. The biomass carbon stock measured in the mature forest at the Monteverde Institute is similar to other measurements of mature tropical montane forest biomass carbon in Costa Rica. Local historical records and the distribution of large trees suggest a mature forest age of greater than 80 years. The forest at La Calandria lacks historical documentation, and dendrochronological dating is not applicable. However, based on the differences in tree size, above-ground biomass carbon, and soil carbon between the Monteverde Institute and La Calandria sites, we estimate an age difference of at least 30 years of the mature forests. Experimental secondary forest plots at both sites have accumulated biomass at lower than expected rates, suggesting local limiting factors, such as nutrient limitation. We find that soil carbon content is primarily a function of time and that altitudinal differences between the study sites do not play a role.

Intraspecific variation in drought susceptibility in Eucalyptus globulus is linked to differences in leaf vulnerability

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Lucani ◽  
Timothy J. Brodribb ◽  
Greg Jordan ◽  
Patrick J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Intraspecific Variation ◽  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Hydraulic Failure ◽  
Xylem Vulnerability ◽  
Alternative Approach

Understanding intraspecific variation in the vulnerability of the xylem to hydraulic failure during drought is critical in predicting the response of forest tree species to climate change. However, few studies have assessed intraspecific variation in this trait, and a likely limitation is the large number of measurements required to generate the standard ‘vulnerability curve’ used to assess hydraulic failure. Here we explore an alternative approach that requires fewer measurements, and assess within species variation in leaf xylem vulnerability in Eucalyptus globulus Labill., an ecologically and economically important species with known genetic variation in drought tolerance. Using this approach we demonstrate significant phenotypic differences and evidence of plasticity among two provenances with contrasting drought tolerance.

scholarly journals The endemic plant species of Mt Kupe, Cameroon with a new Critically Endangered cloud-forest tree species, Vepris zapfackii (Rutaceae)

Kew Bulletin ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Cheek ◽  
Jean Michel Onana
Keyword(s):  
Endemic Species ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
Endemic Plant ◽  
Taxonomic Changes ◽  
Mt Kupe ◽  
Endemic Plant Species

SummaryWe revise and update the records of strict and near-endemic species of Mt Kupe, Cameroon respectively from 31 strict endemics in 2004, to 25 today, and with near-endemic species 30, unchanged in number but with turnover. The changes result from new collections, discoveries and taxonomic changes in the last 16 years. While 15 of the provisionally named putative endemic species have now been formally published, a further 18 have not. The majority of the 30 near-endemic species (18) are shared with the adjacent Bakossi Mts, far exceeding the numbers shared with the more distant Mt Etinde-Mt Cameroon, Rumpi Hills and Ebo forest areas (sharing three near-endemic species each with Mt Kupe). We test the hypothesis that a further one of the provisionally named putative Mt Kupe species, Vepris sp. 1 from submontane forest near the summit, is indeed new to science. We compare it morphologically with the two other bicarpellate high altitude Cameroon Highland tree species V. montisbambutensis Onana and V. bali Cheek, concluding that it is a new undescribed species here named as Vepris zapfackii. The new species is illustrated and its conservation status assessed as Critically Endangered using the 2012 IUCN standard, due to habitat clearance from agricultural pressures at its sole location which is unprotected. Vepris zapfackii and V. bali appear unique in African trifoliolate species of the genus in having opposite leaves. Vepris zapfackii differs in having hairy petiolules and midribs and petiolules with the blade decurrent distally, narrowing towards a winged-canaliculate base (vs glabrous and petiolule long, terete), and sparsely golden hairy pistillodes and a glabrous calyx (vs densely black hairy pistillodes, and sepals hairy).

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