scholarly journals A critical review of ionic liquids for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass

2015 ◽  
Vol Volume 111 (Number 11/12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashant Reddy ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Water Tolerance ◽  
Solids Loading ◽  
The Status ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
Active Research

Abstract Ionic liquids have been the subject of active research over the course of the last decade and have in the past been touted as one of the most promising technologies for revolutionising the chemical and petrochemical industries. The sheer abundance of potential ionic liquid structures coupled with their tuneable physico-chemical properties has endeared ionic liquids to the scientific community across a broad range of disciplines with potential applications that include pharmaceuticals, electrolytes, thermal energy storage media and liquid mirror telescopes. Within the context of a biorefinery for the production of biofuels and other bio-based products from renewable resources, the unique abilities of some ionic liquids to selectively dissolve biomass components or whole native biomass have been demonstrated. This ability has sparked extensive investigations of ionic liquids for the pretreatment of different biomass types, particularly for the production of cellulosic biofuels. However, the esoteric nature of ionic liquids persists and constructing a fundamental framework for correlating ionic liquid structures with useful applications remains a significantchallenge. In addition to the above, the more practical challenges of toxicity, high costs, high viscosities, low solids loading and complex recycling are key factors hindering the wide-scale uptake of ionic liquids as pretreatment solvents in a commercial biorefinery. This critical review provides insights from academic studies and the implications thereof for elevating ionic liquids from the status of ‘promising’ to ‘commercialisable’ in the pretreatment of biomass. It is vital that key hurdles for the commercialisation of ionic liquids in the form of high costs, high viscosities, poor water tolerance, toxicity, low solids loading and recovery/recycling be addressed.

Tetracarboxyl-Functionalized Ionic Liquid: Synthesis and Catalytic Properties

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 (10) ◽  
pp. 1513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miaona Feng ◽  
Guoying Zhao ◽  
Hongling Gao ◽  
Suojiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Propylene Carbonate ◽  
Propylene Oxide ◽  
High Stability ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Catalytic Properties ◽  
Potential Applications

Novel tetracarboxyl-functionalized 2,2′-biimidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) with different anions were synthesized in two steps from readily available and sustainable starting materials including ammonium acetate, glyoxal, and halogenated propionic acid. The functionalized IL exhibited higher catalytic activity towards the cycloaddition of CO2 to terminal epoxides. With propylene oxide as a substrate, the optimum yield of propylene carbonate reached 82.7 % at an initial CO2 pressure of 2.0 MPa for 4 h at 140°C. Moreover, the functionalized IL catalyst displayed a high stability and can be reused for at least five cycles without obvious loss of catalytic activity. The results provide a simple and economical way to synthesize multi-functionalized imidazolium-based ILs with versatile potential applications.

Ionic Liquids in Surface Protection of Aluminum and Its Alloys

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquin Arias-Pardilla ◽  
Tulia Espinosa ◽  
José Sanes ◽  
Ana Eva Jiménez ◽  
Ginés Martínez-Nicolás ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Energy Storage Devices ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Surface Protection ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
Potential Applications

Aluminum and its alloys are used in an increasing number of applications but the development of surface coatings and new techniques for corrosion resistance enhancement and for increasing wear resistance will be determinant for applications under aggressive environments. Ionic liquids have already found many industrial applications, including their use in surface protection. The present article will focus on the use of ionic liquids in aluminum and its alloys surface protection applications, including corrosion protection and inhibition, anodization and passivation processes, wear resistance, and potential applications of ionic liquid electrolytes in energy storage devices.

scholarly journals Ionic Liquid Crystals in Tribology

Lubricants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 72 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.D. Avilés ◽  
C. Sánchez ◽  
R. Pamies ◽  
J. Sanes ◽  
M.D. Bermúdez
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Liquid Crystals ◽  
Tribological Performance ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Fatty Acid Derivatives ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Ionic Liquid Crystals ◽  
Definition Of

The present work intends to provide a brief account of the most recent advances in the use of ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) in the field of tribology, that is, the development of new lubricants with the ability to reduce the coefficients of friction and the wear rates of materials under sliding conditions. After a definition of ILCs and their relationship with neutral liquid crystals (LCs) and ionic liquids (ILs), the review will be focused on the influence of molecular structure and composition on the tribological performance, the combination with base oils, surfactants or water, and the different sliding configuration and potential applications. The main mechanisms proposed in order to justify the lubricating ability of ILCs will be analyzed. Special emphasis will be made for recent results obtained for fatty acid derivatives due to their renewable and environmentally friendly nature.

Density Measurement of Pyridine Based Ionic Liquids and Methanol Binary Mixtures

2013 ◽  
Vol 675 ◽  
pp. 248-251
Author(s):  
Zhuo Li ◽  
Chang Ping Li
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Density Measurement ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Storage Material ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Energy Storage Material

As a new environmentally friendly solvent, ionic liquids have been investigated widely. The lack of physico-chemical properties data of ionic liquids has become a bottleneck that restricts their applications. In this study, the investigation of the density for binary mixtures of CnpyNTf2 (n = 2, 4, 5) and methanol is measured using Westphal balance. This study would be very important for the application of binary mixtures of ionic liquid and methanol in developing new energy storage material.

Graphene Research in China

2013 ◽  
Vol 1505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kexin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Status ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

ABSTRACTGraphene, a monolayer of sp2-bonded carbon atoms, has been attracting worldwide interests because of its unique two-dimensional structure, various fascinating properties and a wide range of intriguing potential applications. The graphene research is very active in China and has been developing rapidly in the past few years, which covers nearly all the areas related to graphene including theories, synthesis, physical and chemical properties, and applications. Over 100 research institutions have been involved in graphene research with fast-growing project supports. In this paper, the status of graphene research in China is first discussed based on the number of publications and patents as well as the institutions involved. Then the projects and fundings from both government and companies for graphene research are briefly introduced. Finally, the highlights of graphene research in China are reviewed, which include chemical vapor deposition growth and transfer, mass production, and assembly of graphene, and its applications in energy storage, sensing, composites and solar cells.

Tailoring ionic liquid catalysts: structure, acidity and catalytic activity of protonic ionic liquids based on anionic clusters, [(HSO4)(H2SO4)x]− (x = 0, 1, or 2)

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 3463-3471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Matuszek ◽  
Anna Chrobok ◽  
Fergal Coleman ◽  
Kenneth R. Seddon ◽  
Małgorzata Swadźba-Kwaśny
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Anionic Clusters ◽  
Physico Chemical

The speciation of a family of inexpensive, easily prepared protonic ionic liquids, their physico-chemical properties and their performance as catalysts in the model esterification reaction have been correlated.

Dissolution of Absorbent Cotton in Ionic Liquid and Characterization of the Regenerated Cellulose

2013 ◽  
Vol 830 ◽  
pp. 163-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ri Na Wu ◽  
Hu Zhu ◽  
Bei Hai He
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Regenerated Cellulose ◽  
Absorbent Cotton ◽  
Cellulose Films ◽  
Cotton Linters ◽  
Regenerated Cellulose Films ◽  
Tga Analysis

Dissolution of absorbent cotton (DP above 4000) using ionic liquids as solvent and regeneration was investigated. The results show that 1-ally-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AMIMCl) was a good solvent to dissolve absorbent cotton and a solution of 3 wt% can be reached in 18 min at 120°C. Besides, as the dissolving temperature increased the time needed for the cotton linters to dissolve decreased. The physic-chemical properties of the regenerated cellulose films were also characterized by XRD, FTIR and TGA analysis.

scholarly journals Desulfurization Of The Dibenzothiophene (DBT) By Using Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids(Ils)

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Bilal Kazmi ◽  
Awan Zahoor ◽  
Hashmi Saud ◽  
Zafar Khan Ghouri
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Process Condition ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Aspen Plus ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Model Diesel

In this work we examined the industrial scale extraction process of ultra-low sulfur diesel with the help of simulation software ASPEN Plus®. This work focuses on the [Cnmim] [BF4] (imidazolium-based) ionic liquid and employed it in the extractive desulfurization of the dibenzothiophene (DBT) from the model diesel fuel under a very mild process condition. UNIFAC (uniquasi functional activity) was chosen as the thermodynamic method to model the ionic liquid on ASPEN Plus® and different physical and chemical properties were then taken from the literature to be incorporated in the simulation model. Different parametric analysis was studied for the removal of thiophene-based compounds from the model diesel. The results acquired shows the significance of imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) for the extraction of S-contents from the liquid fuels at an optimal process conditions of 40 ℃ and 2 bar pressure with the 2.8: 1 ratio of ionic liquid and model diesel which validates the experimental results obtained previously in the literature.

scholarly journals Adjusting the cation and anion nature in ionic liquids used for the growth control of nanoparticles of organic conductors

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique de Caro ◽  
Christophe Faulmann ◽  
Lydie Valade ◽  
Kane Jacob ◽  
Benoit Cormary
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Supporting Electrolyte ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Organic Conductors ◽  
Organic Conductor ◽  
Valuable Characteristic ◽  
Potential Applications

Ionic liquids are used for controlling the growth of organic conductors as nanoparticles. We review the conditions of preparation of nanoparticles of conductors derived from tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene (TMTSF) and bis-ethylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF). They are prepared by electrocrystallization using an ionic liquid supporting electrolyte in which the cation plays the role of growth controller and the anion enters the composition of the expected organic conductor. Stable suspensions of nanoparticles are obtained in one case, a valuable characteristic for potential applications in electronic devices.

Impact of ionic liquids in environment and humans: An overview

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1038-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel FM Frade ◽  
Carlos AM Afonso
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Physical State ◽  
Alkyl Chain ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Alkyl Chain Length ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Toxicological Data ◽  
Potential Applications

Ionic liquids enclose a large number of molecular structures consisting of a cation and an anion. Their physical state and their chemical properties can be tuned by different combination of the ions and a large number of ionic liquids have already been reported. Toxicity of ionic liquids is a subject of great importance concerning their likely use as greener solvents and new materials for a broad number of potential applications. This review provides relevant toxicological data published so far about this topic and includes a large range of ionic liquids based on different cations (imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, quaternary ammonium, quaternary phosphonium and guanidinium) and anions (halogens-Br, Cl, bis (trifluoromethyl)sulfonylamide, tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, dicyanamide, acesulfame and saccharin, amongst others). In general, toxicity of ionic liquids depends on both ions and the effect of the cation alkyl chain length is very pronounced although the type of anion also exerts impact on the overall toxicity.

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