scholarly journals Choice feeding in fattening pigs: Effect of diets differing in nutrient density on feeding behaviour and fattening performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 247-257
Author(s):  
Josef Pichler ◽  
Christiane Schwarz ◽  
Martin Gierus ◽  
Karl Schedle
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Performance Data ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Fattening Performance ◽  
Choice Group ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Choice Feeding

The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of feed consumed by pigs when they had the choice to meet their nutrient requirements offering a low (LND) or a high (HND) nutrient dense diet on animal performance and feeding behaviour. In total 120 barrows and gilts were allotted to three dietary treatments (LND, HND and a feed choice group, FC). Diets were calculated to keep a constant ratio of megajoule net energy (MJ NE) to nutrient standardised ileal digestible (SID) lysine, SID methionine and cysteine, SID threonine, SID tryptophan, Ca, available P and Na. Pigs of the feed choice treatment that could choose between LND and HND chose an energy content between 13.3 and 13.6 MJ ME or rather 10.1 and 10.4 MJ NE. The ratio between LND and HND changed during the growing period to a higher percentage of HND (26.2% : 73.8% in the starter, 22.0% : 78.0% in the grower and 20.0% : 80.0% in the finisher phase). No differences between barrows and gilts were detected regarding the selected diet. As a result, similar zootechnical performance data were observed for HND and FC, whereas LND led to a declined (P < 0.05) performance. Regarding the feeding behaviour no differences in the parameters meal size and daily feeder visits between LND and HND (P > 0.1) were observed. However, within the FC treatment more and greater meals were consumed (P < 0.05) at the HND feeder compared to the LND feeder. Pigs of modern genetics still have the ability to cover their nutrient requirements choosing between diets differing in nutrient density without impairing performance. Furthermore, the results give no indication for the necessity of different energy levels in diets for sexed pigs.

Survival feeding of pregnant and lactating ewes with combinations of wheat and lucerne hay

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (99) ◽  
pp. 419
Author(s):  
BW Clements ◽  
AR Gleeson ◽  
PJ Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Diet Analysis ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Net Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Lamb Growth

An experiment was performed to determine the proportion of roughage required by pregnant and lactating ewes fed wheat-based diets under drought conditions. Five dietary treatments ranging from wheat alone to lucerne hay alone were fed to pregnant and lactating Merino ewes, at levels estimated to give a similar net energy intake per ewe per day. The energy levels fed were altered during the experiment in an attempt to maintain ewe liveweight at a constant level. Wheat alone was unsuitable for lactating ewes, while a diet of 54% hay and 46% wheat (54:46) gave the best milk yields, lamb growth and lamb survival. The mean milk yields of the ewes ranged from 26.5 � (SD) 2.5 ml hour-1 for wheat alone to 38.1 � 2.2 ml hour-1 for the 54:46 diet. Lamb liveweight gains between birth and weaning (at seven weeks) were related to ewe milk yields, with lambs on the wheat alone diet gaining 3.17 kg and those on the 54:46 diet gaining 5.10 kg. Only half of the lambs born to ewes fed wheat alone survived to weaning, compared with 89% of lambs on the 54:46 diet. Analysis of the responses indicated that, for milk yield, the 54:46 diet was near optimum and that lamb growth and survival would be maximized at 60-67% hay.

525 Late-Breaking: Late Gestational Nutrient Restriction of Primiparous Beef Heifers Decreases Milk Yield and Pre-weaning Calf Growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 150-151
Author(s):  
Allison M Meyer ◽  
Colby A Redifer ◽  
Lindsey G Wichman ◽  
Erin M Shangraw ◽  
Thomas B McFadden
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Nutrient Restriction ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
D 63 ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Fall Calving

Abstract Fall-calving Hereford-SimAngus heifers (single-sired; BW: 451 ± 28 [SD] kg; BCS: 5.4 ± 0.7) bred to a single sire were individually-fed 100% (control; CON; n = 12) or 70% (nutrient restricted; NR; n = 13) of NASEM net energy and metabolizable protein requirements for maintenance, pregnancy, and growth from d 160 of gestation to calving. Post-calving, all females were limit-fed chopped tall-fescue hay supplemented to meet lactational nutrient requirements in Calan gates to constrain calves’ diets to milk only until d 147. Four-hour milk yields were measured 5 times; calf size was determined every 21 d. Data were analyzed with treatment, calving date, and calf sex (when P < 0.25) as fixed effects; day and day x treatment were included for milk yield. From calving to d 147, CON cows had greater (P ≤ 0.003) BW, BCS, and backfat, but NR cows gained more (P ≤ 0.004) BW, BCS, and backfat. Milk weight and volume was 15% less (main effect; P < 0.04) for NR cows. Calf size did not differ at birth (P ≥ 0.27). From d 42 to 147, calves born to NR dams had lower (P ≤ 0.02) BW. Heart, abdominal, and flank girths were less (P ≤ 0.07) for NR calves through d 147. Calf ribeye area tended to be less (P ≤ 0.11) in NR calves at d 42, 84, and 126. Nutrient restricted calves had less shoulder to rump length (d 63 to 147; P ≤ 0.08), shoulder height (d 63 to 126; P ≤ 0.02), cannon length (d 42 to 105 and 147; P ≤ 0.09), and cannon circumference (d 63 and 105 to 147; P ≤ 0.06). These data indicate that even when dams are fed to meet lactational requirements, milk yield and calf growth are reduced by late gestational nutrient restriction.

170 Meta-analysis to Determine the Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Requirements of Growing-finishing Pigs from 11- to 150-kg

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 62-63
Author(s):  
Uislei A Orlando ◽  
Carine M Vier ◽  
Wayne R Cast ◽  
Ning Lu ◽  
Ron A Navales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Ingredient Composition

Abstract A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) recommendations for 11–150 kg PIC pigs housed under commercial conditions. Data from 29 trials dating from 2013 to 2020 utilizing 48,338 pigs were recorded in a database. Number of pens/treatment and pigs/trial ranged from 9 to 16 and 12 to 25, respectively. Sire lines were PIC 337 in 25 trials, PIC 327 in 3 trials, and PIC TR4 and 327 in 1 trial. Dam lines were PIC Camborough in 18 trials and PIC Camborough 29 in 9 trials. The SID Lys to calorie ratio curves were built for both metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy (NE) systems using the feed ingredient composition in NRC (2012) for energy levels. The response variables average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F) were analyzed using generalized linear and non-linear mixed models with heterogeneous variance (Gonçalves et al., 2016). Each treatment mean within a trial (n = 288) was considered the experimental unit and each trial was used as a random effect. The models were developed for mixed gender pigs and the PIC 337 growth curves were used to estimate the recommendations for barrows and gilts. There was no evidence for an interaction between sire lines or dam lines and treatment (P > 0.10). The SID Lys to calorie recommendations are based on the average for ADG and G:F (Table 1). At these levels, approximately 100% of maximum ADG and 99.4% of maximum G:F are achieved. The NE to ME ratio that results in a similar SID Lys recommendation as a percentage of the diet ranged from approximately 0.72 to 0.74. The updated biological requirements for PIC pigs remained similar compared to previous PIC recommendations (Gonçalves et al., 2017). However, the requirement estimates have been adjusted for late nursery and late finishing phases.

Choice feeding as a method of determining lamb nutrient requirements and growth potential

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 72-72
Author(s):  
M. Cropper ◽  
M. Lloyd ◽  
G.C. Emmans ◽  
C.E. Hinks
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Choice Feeding

The experiment described here was designed to test the proposition that lambs, given access to two feeds, as a choice, one abundant in crude protein (CP), the other deficient, can both select a diet which supports their potential growth rate and which avoids excesses of protein intake.Twenty four Suffolk x Greyface wether and females, at a mean liveweight of 20.2 kg (s.e. 0.6) were individually housed and their feed intake and liveweight recorded weekly.The four pelleted feeds used were highly digestible and had estimated energy yields of 10.5 MJ ME/kg freshweight. The basal feed (A) was made from equal parts barley and sugar beet pulp plus a vitamin/mineral mix. It contained 91 g CP/kg FW. Feed D was made by substituting fishmeal for the barley in feed A such that it contained 383g CP/kg. Feed B contained one third D and two thirds A and contained 182g CP/kg. Féed C contained two thirds D and one third A, giving a CP content of 266g CP/kg. Thus each of the four feeds A, B, C and D could be described in terms of either the proportion of feed A or the crude protein which it contained.Four lambs were offered feed A alone, and four lambs received feed B only. Twelve of the lambs were given ad 1ibitum access to both the basal feed A and one of the three other feeds B, C and D, for ten weeks. Four lambs were offered a choice between feed B and feed D for four weeks.

scholarly journals OPTIMUM PROTEIN AND ENERGY LEVELS FOR FINISHING BROILER CHICKENS IN A TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-253
Author(s):  
M. J. Olomu
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Tropical Environment ◽  
Tropical Country ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Groundnut Meal ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Three experiments were conducted to determine the optimum protein and energy levels for finishing broiler chickens in a tropical environment. Dietary protein levels (20, 23 and 26 percent) and energy levels (2800, 3000 and 3200 Kcal/kg diet) tested had no significant effects on performance of finishing chickens fed fishmeal-containing rations. Rations based on cereals and groundnut meal, without fishmeal, did not support maximum liveweight gain and feed efficiency at dietary protein levels below 26 percent. Dietary treatments had no significant effects on carcass dressing percentages. Based on the present results, a protein level of 20 percent(for fishmeal containing rations) and 23 or 26 percent (for rations based on groundnut meal without fishmeal) and energy levels of 2800 to 3000 Kcal/Kg diet are tentatively recommended for finishing broiler chickens raised in a tropical country like Nigeria.

scholarly journals PSV-1 Effects of the protein level on growth performance and carcass grading in fattening pig fed ad libitum

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 223-224
Author(s):  
Arnaud Samson ◽  
Claire Launay ◽  
Francesc Payola ◽  
Eric Schetelat ◽  
Hervé Fortune
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Synthetic Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Performances ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract Reducing dietary crude protein (CP) with synthetic amino acids (AA) supplementation is beneficial for sustainable swine industry. However some discrepancies regarding the consequences on growth performance are observed. Therefore, this trial aimed to assess the effect of dietary CP level on growth performance of pigs from 35 to 113 kg BW. Growth performance of 63 pigs fed ad libitum and allocated to three groups (HH, MM and LL) was compared. Each group received one level of CP (‘H’ for High, ‘M’ for Medium and ‘L’ for Low) during growing (d0–d35) and finishing (d35–slaugther day) periods: 15.1%, 16.2%, 17.2% and 13.0%, 14.0%, 15.1% respectively. Diets were mostly based on wheat, corn and soybean meal. Within each feeding phase, diets were formulated to be similar in apparent total tract digestible phosphorus, net energy and standardized ileal digestible (SID) essential AA, the SID Lys levels being 0.95% and 0.78% during the growing and finishing period respectively. Data were analyzed using a linear model (R, 3.1.2) with individual as the experimental unit as feed intake, body weight and carcass grading were individually recorded. From d0 to d14 and from d35 to d63, average daily gain (ADG) and Growth:Feed ratio (G:F) were significantly reduced as the CP level decreased (P < 0.05) while average daily feed intake (ADFI) remained unaffected by the dietary treatments. From d14 to d35 and in late finishing period (d63-slaugther day), growth performance was not significantly affected by the dietary CP level. Over the 82-d of the experiment, G:F was significantly higher for ‘HH’ pigs (P < 0.01). Overall, ADG tended to be reduced as CP levels decreased (P = 0.10). There was no difference among treatments for parameters concerning carcass grading (lean meat percentage and meat yield). In conclusion, reducing CP levels while maintaining essential AA levels impaired growth performances of pigs.

Short Communication: Ruminal pH profile and feeding behaviour of feedlot cattle transitioning from a high-forage to a high-concentrate diet

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Holtshausen ◽  
K. S. Schwartzkopf-Genswein ◽  
K. A. Beauchemin
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Ph Profile ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Dietary Transition ◽  
Ph Conditions ◽  
High Forage

Holtshausen, L., Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K. S. and Beauchemin, K. A. 2013. Short Communication: Ruminal pH profile and feeding behaviour of feedlot cattle transitioning from a high-forage to a high-concentrate diet. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 529–533. Sixteen ruminally cannulated cattle (384±33.9 kg) were transitioned from a high-forage to a finishing diet over 21 d using three steps (+15% concentrate DM wk−1). Following the initiation of each transition step, mean daily ruminal pH declined and DM intake, meal size and meal duration were reduced. Recovery time to baseline feeding behaviour increased with severity of acidosis. Changes in feeding behaviour can be indicative of sub-optimal ruminal pH conditions during dietary transition. Transition protocols such as more steps, smaller grain increments or shorter initial and longer final steps may aid in reducing the incidence of acidosis.

scholarly journals PSIX-3 Effect of a combination of brown, green and red seaweeds on performance of nursery and growing-finishing pigs, and on carcass characteristics

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 184-185
Author(s):  
Hayford Manu ◽  
Qiang Huang ◽  
Devi Pangeni ◽  
Augustine Owusu-Asiedu ◽  
Jason Sands ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Red Seaweeds ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of a proprietary combination of brown, green and red seaweeds OceanFeedTM Swine (OFS) as a replacement of in-feed antibiotic growth promotors (AGP) or pharmacological levels of zinc oxide on performance of nursery and growing finishing pigs and carcass characteristics. Three hundred and twenty crossbred piglets (5.88 ± 0.26 kg) were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 1 or 4 dietary treatments of low ZnO and no AGP but formulated to meet NRC (2012) nutrient requirements (Negative control (NC, T1)), NC + OFS (0.75 % in the nursery and 0.5% in the grower-finisher) (T2), NC + high ZnO + OFS (T3), Positive control (PC), formulated to meet NRC (2012) nutrient requirements + high ZnO + AGP, (T4). All data were analyzed using PROC MIXED procedure of SAS (version 9.4; SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC). The model included fixed effect of treatment and random effect of replicate. Pen with 8 pigs was the experimental unit. Adjustment for multiple comparisons was by Tukey Kramer’s method. Overall (d 0 to 149), pigs on T4 diets had greater (0.47 vs 0.50; P = 0.013) and tended to have greater (0.48 vs 0.50; P = 0.083) G:F than pigs on the control (T1) and T2 diets, respectively. Relative to pigs on the T1 diet, ADG (0.796 vs 0.799 kg) and G:F (0.47 vs 0.48) of pigs fed the T2 diet were similar (P ˃0.10). Furthermore, pigs fed T4 and T3 diets did not differ in terms of ADFI (2.15 vs 2.14 kg; P = 0.994), ADG (0.804 vs 0.826 kg; P = 0.235), and G:F (0.48 vs 0.50; P = 0.260). Dietary treatments did not affect final BW, hot carcass weight, carcass yield, BF thickness, rib eye area, and percent lean (P ˃0.10). Based on performance criteria, these findings suggest OFS seaweed blend can replace either antibiotic growth promotors or pharmacological levels of zinc oxide in swine feeds.

The interactive effects of novel food flavours and food composition on the diet selection of sheep

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 61-61
Author(s):  
G. Arsenos ◽  
I. Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Diet Selection ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Organoleptic Properties ◽  
Novel Food ◽  
Selection Of

Animals have predispositions towards the organoleptic properties, such as flavours, of the foods available to them. These predispositions can influence the feeding behaviour and diet selection of animals and prevent from, or enable them to select a diet that meets their nutrient requirements, in both short - and longer - run (Forbes and Kyriazakis, 1995). In this experiment, we investigated whether predispositions of sheep for novel food flavours could affect their diet selection when offered a choice between two foods with different nutrient content. The specific hypotheses tested were that such predispositions are: (i ) influenced by the nutritional quality of the food that are associated with, and (ii) affected by the current nutritional state of the animal.

scholarly journals Effects of supplementing organic microminerals and methionine with or without limiting growth during the rearing phase of replacement gilts on lameness, growth, and body composition1

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 717-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lluís Fabà ◽  
Josep Gasa ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Evelia Varella ◽  
David Solà-Oriol
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Growth Requirements ◽  
Dietary Treatments

AbstractPrevious research suggested that lameness in growing pigs could be reduced using feeding strategies, such as limiting growth rate and supplementing trace minerals (TM) and (or) methionine (Met). The present study evaluates effects of 1) TM and Met and 2) limiting total lysine (Lys) during the rearing phase (90 d) of gilts (as a means to limit growth rate) on lameness, performance, and sow claw health and productivity (to first parity). Gilts (n = 240; 58.0 ± 11.1 kg body weight [BW]) were blocked, distributed into pens of 10 gilts, and pens were allocated to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Factors were: 1) control or TM plus Met, which provided additional 10, 20, and 50 mg/kg of chelated copper, manganese, and zinc, respectively (0.1%, Aplomotec Plus, Tecnología & Vitaminas, S.L.; Alforja, Spain), and a 1.01 Met:Lys ratio and 2) standard Lys was formulated to meet growth requirements or low Lys to 19% below growth requirements. Feeding was provided through two phases, first between 119 and 163 d of age (phase I) and the second between 163 and 209 d of age (phase II). Diets had 2.43 and 2.31 Mcal net energy/kg for phases I and II, respectively, and were offered ad libitum. Low Lys did not affect feed intake but rather reduced average daily gain (ADG) by 6.35% and the final BW by 3.80% compared with standard Lys (P &lt; 0.001). Low Lys reduced ADG (P &lt; 0.001) and gain:feed (P = 0.012) during phase I but not during phase II. Lameness prevalence was 7.92% during rearing and increased with time (P &lt; 0.001). Final BW (151 kg) and ADG (989 g) were similar (P &gt; 0.05) whether gilts displayed lameness or not. Lameness was low in severity and not affected by dietary factors. However, TM- plus Met-fed gilts were 19.2 kg heavier (P = 0.016) than were control at lameness detection. On the sow farm, there was no evidence for differences in lameness or claw lesions among previous dietary treatments. In conclusion, lameness prevalence during the rearing phase was similar, independent of TM plus Met supplement, low Lys, or the interaction. Insufficient reduction of ADG and low severity in lameness may have limited the potential of dietary treatments. Moreover, a greater deficiency of Lys would be needed to achieve the degree of growth reduction previously reported to lessen lameness through feed restriction.

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