Evaluation of radiation exposure from fluoroscopic examination in small animal veterinary staff using thermoluminescent dosimeters

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occupational radiation exposure levels of veterinary staff during fluoroscopic examination using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). A prospective study was conducted to measure radiation doses in three positioned persons (two restrainers and one observer) using TLDs. The TLDs were placed on the inside and outside of the lead-equivalent protective devices of the panorama mask, thyroid shield, apron and arm shield. The TLDs were placed at five anatomic sites (eye, thyroid, breast, gonad and hand). Radiation exposure was measured in 65 fluoroscopic examinations at 80 kVp and 100 mAs. The doses (mSv) (outside/inside the shield) measured in restrainers A and B and observer C were 3.09/0.59, 3.80/0.65 and 0.63/0.44 in the eye; 2.20/0.73, 1.88/1.10 and 0.79/0.45 in the thyroid; 3.42/0.44, 3.94/2.35 and 0.61/0.34 in the breast; 1.84/0.45, 1.69/0.23 and 0.46/0.36 in the gonad; and 5.56/3.16, 8.29/2.99 and 0.79/0.34 in the hand, respectively. Out of all the lead protection devices, the radiation dose of the hand was the highest in all three participants, with the thyroid radiation dose value being the same as the hand in the observer C. Radiation doses received by the eyes of all three participants were also not negligible. Veterinary workers exposed to radiation through not only radiography but also fluoroscopy should wear protective gear, especially for the eyes.

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Radiation exposure during C-arm-guided (fluoroscopy) small animal orthopaedic surgery

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/15/2018-vetmed ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 63 (No. 11) ◽

pp. 527-531

Author(s):

S. Sung ◽

S. Lim ◽

K. Min ◽

Y. Jung ◽

Y. Cho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Radiation Exposure ◽

Orthopaedic Surgery ◽

Small Animal ◽

Exposure Dose ◽

Exposure Level ◽

Body Parts ◽

Thermoluminescent Dosimeters ◽

Protective Devices ◽

A Prospective Study ◽

Operating Surgeon

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the radiation exposure level of surgeons performing C-arm guided small animal orthopaedic surgery using thermoluminescent dosimeters located inside and outside personnel shielding devices at major body parts. A prospective study was conducted to measure the radiation exposure dose of individuals in three positions (first assistant, operating surgeon and anaesthesiologist) using thermoluminescent dosimeters placed inside and outside protective devices. The lead equivalent protective devices included panorama mask, thyroid shield, apron and arm shield placed at five anatomic sites (eye, thyroid, breast, gonad and hand). Radiation exposure was measured during 12 surgical procedures with mean kVp of 51 and mean mAs of 1.6. The equivalent doses for thyroid, breast and gonad (outside/inside in mSv) were 1.75/0.58, 2.01/0.13 and 3.03/0.11, respectively, for the first assistant and 1.69/1.46, 4.82/0.35 and 5.25/0.22 for the operating surgeon. The dose of eye, thyroid, breast, gonad and arm for the anaesthesiologist were 0.61/0.51, 0.35/0.3, 0.67/0.34, 0.72/0.29 and 0.62/0.35, respectively. The exposure dose to gonads outside the lead protection showed the highest values in all participants. With lead protection, there was a significant reduction in the exposure dose to the gonads (first assistant, 96%; operating surgeon, 96%; anaesthesiologist, 60%). These results suggest that a radiation shield is essential in veterinary surgery with C-arms, particularly for gonad protection. In addition, these results demonstrate that exposure dose decreases with increasing distance from the C-arm machine.

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Restrainer exposure to scatter radiation in practical small animal radiography measured using thermoluminescent dosimeters

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/115/2017-vetmed ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 63 (No. 2) ◽

pp. 81-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

H. Oh ◽

S. Sung ◽

S. Lim ◽

Y. Jung ◽

Y. Cho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Small Animal ◽

Exposure Dose ◽

Study Data ◽

Cathode Side ◽

Scatter Radiation ◽

X Ray ◽

Thermoluminescent Dosimeters ◽

Radiation Shields ◽

A Prospective Study ◽

Occupational Radiation

This study was aimed at estimating restrainer exposure to scatter radiation in veterinary radiography using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) in different positions, and at different anatomic regions. A prospective study was conducted to measure exposure dose of two restrainers: A (cathode side) and B (anode side), and an observer C (at a 1-meter distance from the X-ray table) over two months. Protective devices included panorama mask, thyroid shield and arm shield. TLDs were placed on the inside and outside of the protective gear at five different anatomic sites (eye, thyroid, breast, gonad and arm). The study data consisted of 778 exposures, 82 patients (78 dogs, four cats), a mean kVp of 58.7 and a mean mAs of 11.4. The doses (outside the shield/inside the shield, in mSv) measured by restrainers A, B and C were eye (3.04/0.42), (2.29/0.17), (0.55/0.01), thyroid (2.93/0.01), (1.97/0.01), (0.19/0.01), breast (1.01/0.04), (0.73/0.01), (0.32/0.01), gonad (0.07/0.01), (0.01/0.01), (0.16/0.01) and arm (2.81/1.43), (1.17/0.01), (0.08/0.01), respectively. This study describes the extent of occupational radiation exposure in small animal radiography. The exposure dose for eyes outside lead protection showed the highest value in all participants. With lead protection, the reduction in the exposure dose of eyes was significant (A: 86%, B: 93%, C: 98%), and the highest reduction was 99% in the thyroid region. These results suggest the necessity of radiation shields in manual restraint, particularly for eye protection.

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EVALUATION OF OCCUPATIONAL RADIATION EXPOSURE IN A RADIO-DIAGNOSTIC FACILITY IN KATSINA- NIGERIA

FUDMA Journal of Sciences ◽

10.33003/fjs-2020-0402-406 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 722-729

Author(s):

Usman Sani ◽

Bashir Gide Muhammad ◽

Dimas Skam Joseph ◽

D. Z. Joseph

Keyword(s):

Radiation Dose ◽

Radiation Exposure ◽

Short Exposure ◽

Skin Dose ◽

Continuous Training ◽

Short Exposure Time ◽

Occupational Dose ◽

Dose Limits ◽

Radiation Workers ◽

Occupational Radiation

Poor implementation of quality assurance programs in the radiation industry has been a major setback in our locality. Several studies revealed that occupational workers are exposed to many potential hazards of ionizing radiation during radio-diagnostic procedures, yet radiation workers are often not monitored. This study aims to evaluate the occupational exposure of the radiation workers in Federal Medical Centre Katsina, and to compare the exposure with recommended occupational radiation dose limits. The quarterly readings of 20 thermo-luminescent dosimeters (TLDs') used by the radiation workers from January to December, 2019 were collected from the facility's radiation monitoring archive, and subsequently assessed and analyzed. The results indicate that the average annual equivalent dose per occupational worker range from 0.74 to 1.20 mSv and 1.28 to 2.21 mSv for skin surface and deep skin dose, measured at 10 mm and 0.07 mm tissue depth respectively. The occupational dose was within the recommended national and international limits of 5 mSv per annum or an average of 20 mSv in 5 years. Therefore, there was no significant radiation exposure to all the occupational workers in the study area. Though, the occupational radiation dose is within recommended limit, this does not eliminate stochastic effect of radiation. The study recommended that the occupational workers should adhere and strictly comply with the principles of radiation protection which includes distance, short exposure time, shielding and proper monitoring of dose limits. Furthermore, continuous training of the radiation workers is advised.

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Intraoperative 2D C-arm and 3D O-arm in children: a comparative phantom study

Journal of Children s Orthopaedics ◽

10.1302/1863-2548.12.180016 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 550-557 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. Prod’homme ◽

M. Sans-Merce ◽

N. Pitteloud ◽

J. Damet ◽

P. Lascombes

Keyword(s):

Radiation Exposure ◽

Scattered Radiation ◽

Intraoperative Imaging ◽

Radiation Doses ◽

Organ Doses ◽

Thermoluminescent Dosimeters ◽

Dose Rates ◽

Absorbed Doses ◽

Entrance Dose ◽

Student’S T

Purpose Exposure to ionizing radiation is a concern for children during intraoperative imaging. We aimed to assess the radiation exposure to the paediatric patient with 2D and 3D imaging. Methods To evaluate the radiation exposure, patient absorbed doses to the organs were measured in an anthropomorphic phantom representing a five-year-old child, using thermoluminescent dosimeters. For comparative purposes, organ doses were measured using a C-arm for one minute of fluoroscopy and one acquisition with an O-arm. The cone-beam was centred on the pelvis. Direct and scattered irradiations were measured and compared (Student’s t-test). Skin entrance dose rates were also evaluated. Results All radiation doses were expressed in µGy. Direct radiation doses of pelvic organs were between 631.22 and 1691.87 for the O-arm and between 214.08 and 737.51 for the C-arm, and were not significant (p = 0.07). Close scattered radiation on abdominal organs were between 25.11 and 114.85 for the O-arm and between 8.03 and 55.34 for the C-arm, and were not significant (p = 0.07). Far scattered radiation doses on thorax, neck and head varied from 0.86 to 6.42 for the O-arm and from 0.04 to 3.08 for the C-arm, and were significant (p = 0.02). The dose rate at the skin entrance was 328.58 µGy.s−1 for the O-arm and 1.90 with the C-arm. Conclusion During imaging of the pelvis, absorbed doses for a 3D O-arm acquisition were higher than with one minute fluoroscopy with the C-arm. Further clinical studies comparing effective doses are needed to assess ionizing risks of the intraoperative imaging systems in children.

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Mini C-Arm Fluoroscopy: Does Its Configuration Matter for Radiation Exposure to the Surgeon?

Hand ◽

10.1177/1558944717715139 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 552-557 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Talia Chapman ◽

Dennis P. Martin ◽

Christopher Williamson ◽

Brian Tinsley ◽

Mark L. Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Radiation Exposure ◽

Upper Body ◽

Body Parts ◽

Horizontal Position ◽

Occupational Radiation Exposure ◽

Inverted Position ◽

Thermoluminescent Dosimeters ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Occupational Radiation ◽

Fracture Surgery

Background: The risk of occupational radiation exposure to the surgeon associated with the use of a mini C-arm has yet to reach a wide consensus. Using a distal radius fracture surgery model, we tested the hypothesis that radiation exposure to the surgeon’s critical body parts is independent of mini C-arm configuration. Methods: An anthropomorphic mannequin (representing the upper body of a 60” male surgeon) was seated at a hand table as if operating on a volar-plated wrist Sawbone model. Thermoluminescent dosimeters measured radiation exposure to the surgeon’s eyes, thyroid, chest, hand, and groin from a mini C-arm fluoroscopy unit in 3 commonly used configurations: vertical (source above table), inverted (source below table), and horizontal (with beam parallel to table surface). The fluoroscope scanned the wrist model for 15 continuous minutes in triplicate for each orientation. Results: Radiation to the hand was significantly greatest in all mini C-arm positions compared with all other anatomic sites irrespective of C-arm position. Hand radiation exposure was greatest in the horizontal position (2887.09 mrem), versus the vertical and inverted positions (59.79 mrem, 31.10 mrem, P < .001). Eye radiation exposure was significantly greater in the inverted position (2.33 mrem) compared with the vertical (0.67 mrem, P = .024), and horizontal positions (0.33 mrem, P = .012). No significant difference in radiation exposure was found at the thyroid, chest, and groin sites, at each of the 3 C-arm configurations. Conclusions: The model’s hand received almost 1000 times more radiation exposure than all other anatomic sites with statistically greatest radiation exposure sustained in the horizontal position. Eye radiation exposure with the C-arm in the inverted position (below the table) was also significantly greater.

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Radiation doses deriving from patients treated with 166Ho-ferric hydroxide

Nuklearmedizin ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1625736 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 42 (06) ◽

pp. 251-254

Author(s):

C. Pirich ◽

P. John ◽

S. Ofluoglu ◽

H. Sinzinger ◽

E. Havlik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Radiation Exposure ◽

Radiation Protection ◽

Ferric Hydroxide ◽

Medical Personnel ◽

Whole Body ◽

Radiation Doses ◽

Annual Dose ◽

Tracer Injection ◽

Dose Rates ◽

Protection Devices

Summary Aim: To estimate radiation doses deriving from patients treated with 166Ho ferric hydroxide. Methods: For radiation synoviorthesis about 900 ± 100 MBq 166Ho ferric hydroxide was injected into the knee joint of 16 patients. To estimate the radiation exposure of persons in the neighbourhood of the patients measurements of the dose rates were performed at 0.5 m, 1 m and 2 m distance of the treated joint 10 min after tracer injection. Measurements were carried out with and without radiation protection devices of the syringe. Results: The initial values of the dose rate were 11.9 μSv/h at 0.5 m, 3.5 μSv/h at 1 m and 1 μSv/h at 2 m distance, respectively. The whole body doses were 2.9 μSv for the physician and 4.6 μSv for the technologist. The finger doses for the technologist and the physician were ranging from 65 to 111 μSv. After discharge at home other persons might receive 118 μSv. Conclusion: Our results, under very strict assumptions, clearly demonstrate that the calculated radiation exposure to medical and non medical personnel is well below the maximum annual dose limit. The use of any additional radiation protection device as syringe shielding does not significantly lower radiation exposure.

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The radiation doses and radiation protection on the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedures

British Journal of Radiology ◽

10.1259/bjr.20210399 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 20210399

Author(s):

Mamoru Takenaka ◽

Makoto Hosono ◽

Shiro Hayashi ◽

Tsutomu Nishida ◽

Masatoshi Kudo

Keyword(s):

Radiation Dose ◽

Radiation Exposure ◽

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography ◽

Radiation Doses ◽

Average Dose ◽

Endoscopic Retrograde ◽

X Ray ◽

Endoscopic Procedures ◽

Dose Area Product ◽

Therapeutic Ercp

Although many interventions involving radiation exposure have been replaced to endoscopic procedure in the gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary fields, there remains no alternative for enteroscopy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), which requires the use of radiation. In this review, we discuss the radiation doses and protective measures of endoscopic procedures, especially for ERCP. For the patient radiation dose, the average dose area product for diagnostic ERCP was 14–26 Gy.cm², while it increased to as high as 67–89 Gy.cm² for therapeutic ERCP. The corresponding entrance skin doses for diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP were 90 and 250 mGy, respectively. The mean effective doses were 3– 6 mSv for diagnostic ERCP and 12–20 mSv for therapeutic ERCP. For the occupational radiation dose, the typical doses were 94 μGy and 75 μGy for the eye and neck, respectively. However, with an over-couch-type X-ray unit, the eye and neck doses reached as high as 550 and 450 μGy, with maximal doses of up to 2.8 and 2.4 mGy/procedure, respectively. A protective lead shield was effective for an over couch X-ray tube unit. It lowered scattered radiation by up to 89.1% in a phantom study. In actual measurements, the radiation exposure of the endoscopist closest to the unit was reduced to approximately 12%. In conclusion, there is a clear need for raising awareness among medical personnel involved endoscopic procedures to minimise radiation risks to both the patients and staff.

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Radiation dose to the interventionalist is directly affected by the operating position

Vascular ◽

10.1177/1708538113476452 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 149-153 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Brant W Ullery ◽

Bruce Landau ◽

Grace J Wang ◽

Ronald M Faifrman ◽

Edward Y Woo

Keyword(s):

Radiation Dose ◽

Radiation Exposure ◽

Image Intensifier ◽

Radiation Absorption ◽

Radiation Doses

We aimed to determine the optimal positioning of the interventionalist with regard to radiation exposure during endovascular aneurysm repairs (EVAR). The radiation absorption of two vascular surgeons and one trainee was prospectively monitored during a series of 10 routine EVARs. Position of the two vascular surgeons varied: surgeon A stood adjacent to the trainee and one person down from the image intensifier (II), whereas surgeon B stood directly across from the trainee at the same level as the II. Surgeon A absorbed significantly less mean body (0.004 mSv versus 0.036 mSv; P = 0.001), eye (0.036 versus 0.222 mSv; P < 0.001) and extremity (0.034 versus 0.212 mSv; P < 0.001) radiation doses compared with surgeon B and also had significantly lower doses of absorbed body (0.004 versus 0.04 mSv; P = 0.047), eye (0.036 versus 0.25 mSv; P = 0.043) and extremity (0.034 versus 0.248 mSv; P = 0.05) radiation relative to the trainee. In conclusion, there is considerable variation in radiation absorption due to the position of the interventionalist relative to the II and other operators. Although positioning of the operator next to the trainee may make it more difficult to assist and teach technical maneuvers, it greatly minimizes radiation exposure to the interventionalist.

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Methodical Approaches to Establishing Control Levels’ Parameters of the Radiation Environment and Radiation Doses to Staff

Medical Radiology and radiation safety ◽

10.12737/1024-6177-2021-66-1-20-24 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 20-24

Author(s):

A. Simakov ◽

Yu. Abramov ◽

N Proskuryakova ◽

O Isaev ◽

T Alferova

Keyword(s):

Radiation Exposure ◽

Radiation Safety ◽

Radiation Monitoring ◽

Radiation Environment ◽

Radiation Doses ◽

The Public ◽

Regulatory Documents ◽

Dose Limits ◽

Exposure Levels ◽

Methodological Approaches

Purpose: The aim of work is to substantiate methodological approaches in establishing the parameters of the radiation situation at the workplaces of staff and radiation doses. Results: Methodological approaches to establishing the following types of control levels (CL) are presented: - the maximum possible CL, established from the conditions of guaranteed not exceeding the permissible values of the parameters of the radiation situation and the limits of radiation doses; - CL, established from the condition of fixing the achieved values of the parameters of the radiation situation at a level below acceptable values; - CL, exceeding the permissible values of the parameters of the radiation environment, established in those cases when the time of radiation exposure is short, and the decrease in existing levels is associated with significant labor and dose costs. Regulatory documents of the sanitary-epidemiological standardization system require the establishment of CL for radiation facilities for all monitored parameters with the aim of operational monitoring of the radiation situation, preventing exceeding the basic dose limits for personnel and the public, fixing the achieved level of radiation safety and ensuring further reduction of exposure levels for personnel and the public. In this case, the interpretation of the results of radiation monitoring should be carried out taking into account the uncertainty of the measurement result of the parameters of the radiation situation and radiation doses.

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Collimation Reduces Radiation Exposure to the Surgeon in Endoscopic Spine Surgery: A Prospective Study

Journal of Neurological Surgery Part A Central European Neurosurgery ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1726111 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

H. Yener Erken ◽

Onur Yilmaz

Keyword(s):

Radiation Dose ◽

Gamma Radiation ◽

Prospective Study ◽

Radiation Exposure ◽

Spine Surgery ◽

Lead Apron ◽

Endoscopic Spine Surgery ◽

A Prospective Study ◽

Operating Surgeon

Abstract Background and Study Aims There are no previous studies in the literature comparing the radiation dose to which surgeons are exposed while using a standard fluoroscopy versus collimation during transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic lumbar diskectomy (PELD). The aim of this study is to compare this and to evaluate the effectiveness of collimation in reducing radiation exposure. Methods In this study, the operating surgeon (single surgeon) placed a gamma radiation dosimeter on his chest outside of the lead apron during transforaminal PELD surgeries and measured the radiation exposure immediately after each surgery. As foraminoplasty using free-hand reamers is a longer procedure and requires more fluoroscopy shots, we divided the patients into two groups. The first group consisted of 24 patients (nonforaminoplasty group). The second group consisted of 13 patients (foraminoplasty group). We compared the radiation exposure to the operating surgeon using a standard fluoroscopy versus collimation for each group individually and overall. We randomized the patients within each group based on the order in which they had their respective procedures. Results We analyzed 39 patients who underwent transforaminal PELD between May and December 2019. In both groups, as well as overall, the recorded radiation exposure to the surgeon was significantly lower in surgeries in which collimation was used. In the first group, the radiation dose was 0.083 versus 0.039 mSv per surgery (p = 0.019), whereas in the second group, it was 0.153 versus 0.041 mSv per surgery (p = 0.001), and overall it was 0.108 versus 0.039 mSv per surgery (p < 0.001). Conclusion The use of collimation during transforaminal PELD significantly reduces spine the surgeon's exposure to radiation. Therefore, spine surgeons should consider using collimation during transforaminal PELD.

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