scholarly journals Kinematics of healthy American Pit Bull Terrier dogs

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 8-16
Author(s):  
MC de Souza ◽  
JR Calesso ◽  
B Cenci ◽  
MJL Cardoso ◽  
FA Moura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stride Length ◽  
Musculoskeletal Diseases ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Kinematic Data ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Pelvic Limb ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Clinical Gait Analysis ◽  
Support Phase

A visual clinical gait analysis is useful, however, it may overlook small, but important, details about the movement, as well as differences between the normal and pathological locomotion. The branch of mechanics that describes the spatial and temporal components of motion is called kinematics, providing quantitative data regarding linear and angular motion. The objective of this study was to establish kinematic gait data of healthy American Pit Bull Terriers and to contribute to the understanding of the locomotion. We evaluated the articular and pelvic angles, and the spatiotemporal variables for walking and trotting from eleven dogs with no previous history of joint and musculoskeletal diseases. Twenty reflective markers were positioned at the anatomical points of interest. The animals walked and trotted in a linear space, led by the same researcher. The kinematic data were collected through optoelectronic cameras and analysed by motion analysis software. The movements analysed during the gait phases were the flexion, extension, range of motion (ROM), angle at the moment of the support phase, stride length and velocity. Comparing the angles between walking and trotting, there were more expressive differences for the pelvic limb joints. There was no difference between the left and right sides at all of the joint angles of the pelvic limbs during walking and trotting. Therefore, the movement of the pelvic limb is symmetrical in both trotting and walking. Our results present reference values for healthy American Pit Bull Terriers, having clinical relevance for studies of dogs with musculoskeletal diseases.

Particularities of Upper Limb Movements of Healthy and Pathologic Subjects

2013 ◽  
Vol 430 ◽  
pp. 203-207
Author(s):  
Mirela Toth-Taşcău ◽  
Flavia Bălănean ◽  
Dan Ioan Stoia
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Elbow Joint ◽  
Distal Humerus ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Angle Variation ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Upper Limb Movements ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Time Standard

The paper presents a comparative study of the kinematic parameters of the upper limbs of one healthy subject and one patient with lateral distal humerus implant. This study aims to identify the movement patterns of the upper limb joints, having a particular interest in elbow joint, due to the patients pathology. Both subjects have been recorded in identical conditions, performing the same exercise what simulates one of the common daily activities. The kinematic parameters which have been analyzed were flexion-extension and abduction-adduction in shoulder joint and flexion-extension of the elbow joint. The joint angles have been averaged per each valid trial and exercise. The comparison of the joint angle variation was performed in terms of normalized time. Standard deviation was computed to evaluate the variability of joint angles. Movement symmetry between left and right arms was evaluated by computing the p-values of the averaged series.

Skin movement during the kinematic analysis of the canine pelvic limb

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (05) ◽  
pp. 326-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Y. Kim ◽  
J. Y. Kim ◽  
K. Hayashi ◽  
A. S. Kapatkin
Keyword(s):  
Kinematic Analysis ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Close Agreement ◽  
Gait Cycle ◽  
Rigid Bodies ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Kinematic Data ◽  
Tarsal Joint ◽  
Pelvic Limb ◽  
The Difference

Summary Objectives: To determine whether the canine pelvic limb can be considered a linkage of rigid bodies during kinematic analysis. Methods: The lengths of the femur and tibia based on skin markers were examined throughout gait cycles in six dogs trotting on a treadmill at 2 m/sec. The angular kinematics of the hip, stifle and tarsal joints were calculated based on a conventional stifle marker (CSM) and computed virtual stifle positions (VSP). Based on the CSM and VSP, the kinematic data from the joints were compared and the agreement among them determined. The difference between the CSM and VSP coordinates were illustrated. Result: The femoral and tibial lengths based on skin markers were not constant throughout a gait cycle and the lengths changed in repeatable patterns in each dog. There was close agreement between the joint angles based on the CSM and VSP in the tarsal joint but not in the hip and stifle joints, where the kinematics based on the CSM tended to calculate smaller angular excursion than the kinematics based on VSP. The pattern of displacement of the CSM was repeatable through a gait cycle. Clinical relevance: There was skin movement which causes considerable artifact during kinematic analysis of the canine pelvic limb. The skin movement has to be accounted for during canine kinematic analysis.The current study was presented at Veterinary Orthopedic Society Conference, Steamboat Springs, CO, USA, February 28 - March 7, 2009.

A Novel Training Bike and Camera System to Evaluate Pose of Cyclists

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raman Garimella ◽  
Koen Beyers ◽  
Thomas Peeters ◽  
Stijn Verwulgen ◽  
Seppe Sels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Aerodynamic Drag ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Frontal Area ◽  
Motion Sensors ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Camera System ◽  
Flexion Extension

Abstract Aerodynamic drag force can account for up to 90% of the opposing force experienced by a cyclist. Therefore, aerodynamic testing and efficiency is a priority in cycling. An inexpensive method to optimize performance is required. In this study, we evaluate a novel indoor setup as a tool for aerodynamic pose training. The setup consists of a bike, indoor home trainer, camera, and wearable inertial motion sensors. A camera calculates frontal area of the cyclist and the trainer varies resistance to the cyclist by using this as an input. To guide a cyclist to assume an optimal pose, joint angles of the body are an objective metric. To track joint angles, two methods were evaluated: optical (RGB camera for the two-dimensional angles in sagittal plane of 6 joints), and inertial sensors (wearable sensors for three-dimensional angles of 13 joints). One (1) male amateur cyclist was instructed to recreate certain static and dynamic poses on the bike. The inertial sensors provide excellent results (absolute error = 0.28°) for knee joint. Based on linear regression analysis, frontal area can be best predicted (correlation > 0.4) by chest anterior/posterior tilt, pelvis left/right rotation, neck flexion/extension, chest left/right rotation, and chest left/right lateral tilt (p < 0.01).

scholarly journals Differences in stride between healthy ostriches (Struthio camelus) and those affected by tibiotarsal rotation : research note

2007 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R.G. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Struthio Camelus ◽  
Foot Length ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right

Twenty healthy ostriches (ten cocks and ten hens), and twenty birds with tibiotarsal rotation (nine cocks and 11 hens) (14 months old) were isolated, hooded and weighed. A run (50m x 2.5 m) was divided into sections marked 5m, 10m, 15m and 20 m. Time taken for each bird to pass these points was recorded and speed computed. The degree of tibiotarsal rotation in the right foot was mean + SEM, 156 + 2.69°. Comparisons between left and right foot length in healthy birds showed no significant differences. Foot length was significantly lower in tibiotarsal rotation (P=0.03). The right foot in tibiotarsal rotation was significantly shorter than the left foot. The number of strides per each 5 m division were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in tibiotarsal rotation by comparison with healthy birds. At 20 m, healthy cocks had more strides than hens. The stride length in hens was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than cocks at 5, 10 and 15 m, respectively, but lower throughout in tibiotarsal rotation (P = 0.001). The speed of hens was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than cocks. Tibiotarsal rotation resulted in significantly (P <0.05) reduced speeds. Hens may be able to escape danger faster than cocks. The occurrence of tibiotarsal rotation necessitates consideration of genetics, management, sex, nutrition and growth rates.

scholarly journals Inertial Sensors as a Tool for Diagnosing Discopathy Lumbosacral Pathologic Gait: A Preliminary Research

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Glowinski ◽  
Karol Łosiński ◽  
Przemysław Kowiański ◽  
Monika Waśkow ◽  
Aleksandra Bryndal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Disc Disease ◽  
Medical Test ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Acceleration Data ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Normal Health

Background: the goal of the study is to ascertain the influence of discopathy in the lumbosacral (L-S) segment on the gait parameters. The inertial sensors are used to determine the pathologic parameters of gait. Methods: the study involved four patients (44, 46, 42, and 38 years). First, the goal of the survey was to analyze by a noninvasive medical test magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of each patient. Next, by using inertial sensors, the flexion-extension of joint angles of the left and right knees were calculated. The statistical analysis was performed. The wavelet transform was applied to analyze periodic information in the acceleration data. Results: in the patients with discopathy, the amount of knee flexion attained during stance phase is significantly lower than that of normal (health side), which could indicate poor eccentric control or a pain avoidance mechanism. The biggest differences are observed in the Initial Swing phase. Bending of the lower limb in the knee joint at this stage reaches maximum values during the entire gait cycle. Conclusions: It has been difficult to quantify the knee angle during gait by visual inspection. The inertial measurement unit (IMU) system can be useful in determining the level of spine damage and its degree. In patients in the first stages of the intervertebral disc disease who may undergo conservative treatment, it may also partially delay or completely exclude the decision to perform a complicated imaging examination which is MRI, often showing a false positive result in this phase of the disease.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a Torque-Driven Model of Jumping for Height

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 264-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. King ◽  
Cassie Wilson ◽  
Maurice R. Yeadon
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Procedure ◽  
Computer Simulation Model ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Strength Parameters ◽  
Kinematic Data ◽  
Percentage Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Height Increase ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Recorded Performance

This study used an optimization procedure to evaluate an 8-segment torque-driven subject-specific computer simulation model of the takeoff phase in running jumps for height. Kinetic and kinematic data were obtained on a running jump performed by an elite male high jumper. Torque generator activation timings were varied to minimize the difference between simulation and performance in terms of kinematic and kinetic variables subject to constraints on the joint angles at takeoff to ensure that joints remained within their anatomical ranges of motion. A percentage difference of 6.6% between simulation and recorded performance was obtained. Maximizing the height reached by the mass center during the flight phase by varying torque generator activation timings resulted in a credible height increase of 90 mm compared with the matching simulation. These two results imply that the model is sufficiently complex and has appropriate strength parameters to give realistic simulations of running jumps for height.

Cervical Spine Movement Sequencing During Flexion-Extension

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Anderst ◽  
Michelle Schafman ◽  
William F. Donaldson ◽  
Joon Y. Lee ◽  
James D. Kang
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Clinical Tool ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Kinematic Data ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Functional Movements ◽  
Spine Movement

Static flexion-extension x-rays are the most common clinical tool used to assess abnormal motion of the cervical spine. Despite their widespread use (over 168,000 cases per year), the clinical efficacy of flexion-extension radiographs of the cervical spine has yet to be proven1. Limitations of static flexion-extension x-rays include data collection during static positions that may not accurately represent dynamic behavior, and the fact that data is collected at end range of motion positions, not in more frequently encountered mid-range positions. Consequently, static x-rays may not reveal movement abnormalities that occur during activities of daily living and lead to pain and degeneration. Therefore, it may be advantageous to analyze cervical spine kinematic data collected during dynamic, functional movements performed through an entire range of motion (not just the endpoints). Furthermore, the literature confirms there is substantial variability in “normal” range of motion and translation during flexion-extension1, making it difficult to reliably identify abnormal motion. Therefore, it may also be beneficial to evaluate alternative motion parameters that may reliably identify abnormal motion.

Analysis of the mero-carpopodite joint of the American lobster and snow crab. II. Kinematics, morphometrics and moment arms

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 1249-1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.C. Mitchell ◽  
M.E. DeMont
Keyword(s):  
Joint Angle ◽  
Snow Crab ◽  
Moment Arm ◽  
Scaling Effects ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Positive Allometry ◽  
Moment Arms ◽  
Arm Reaching ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
The Moment

This research reports on the kinematics of lobster and snow crab walking, documents changes in the moment arms of the mero-carpopodite joint during rotation, and examines scaling effects of morphological and mechanical variables in these crustacean species. Forward walking lobsters and lateral walking crabs were recorded and images analysed to describe the kinematics of these animals, and subsequently morphometric and moment arm measurements made. During forward walking the lobster maintains fixed mero-carpopodite joint angles during both the power and recovery strokes, though each of the walking legs maintains different joint angles. Legs 3 and 5 are maintained at angles which appear to equalize the flexor and extensor moment arms, and leg 4 joint angle appears to maximize the extensor moment arm. The snow crab has a joint excursion angle of between approximately 50° to 150° and, during flat bed walking, the leading and trailing legs move through similar excursion angles. The length of the meropodite for both species are longer for the anterior two leg pairs relative to the posterior two pairs and the rate of growth of the meropodite is largely isometric for the lobster while consistently increases with positive allometry in the crab. The flexor and extensor moment arms generated as the joint undergoes flexion/extension show two distinct patterns with the extensor moment arm being maximized at relatively low joint angles (55°–115°) and the flexor moment arm reaching a plateau at joint extension with angles between 95° and 155°. The flexor apodeme possesses the largest moment arms in all legs for both species, suggesting the flexors are able to generate greater torques. It appears that, mechanically, these laterally moving animals may be ‘pulling’ with the leading legs to a greater extent than ‘pushing’ with the trailing legs.

Evaluation of Professional Ballet Dancers Body Posture During Barre Movements

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Patterson ◽  
N. Hershberger ◽  
E. Balyakina ◽  
W. Capell ◽  
A. Mirochnitchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Recognition ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Ballet Dancers ◽  
Leg Extension ◽  
Proper Form ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Mechanical Overload ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract Ballet dancers have finite careers due to the demands placed upon their bodies throughout years of training, study, and performance. The average age a dancer retires is 34 due to persistent stress on their joints and injuries due to mechanical overload or overuse. Proper form is crucial to prevent injury. The aim of this study was to establish benchmarks for normal movement patterns among professional dancers. Ten professional ballerinas were studied. Reflective markers were placed on the pelvis, left and right anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), and posterior iliac spine (PSIS) to evaluate motion during Barre movements: plié, grand battement, and développé. Pelvis flexion/extension, mediolateral rotation, and torsion were analyzed. These motions test different skills. The plié is a controlled coordinated motion using both legs. The grand battement and développé both require leg extension, one with a quick motion that creates momentum and one using controlled motion that requires strength. Each requires core and pelvis stability to perform accurately and with less injury. Dancers' motions were consistent. Maximum pelvis range of motion for the plié, grand battement, and développé were 8.0, 42, and 50 deg, respectively. This represents usable benchmarks with which other dancers may be compared, for example, those who are at different levels of training, injured, predisposed to injury, or recovering from injury. Early recognition of pathologic movement patterns could benefit professional and amateur dancers by helping to prevent injuries, and potentially improve the quality and length of their careers.

scholarly journals Validation of Novel Relative Orientation and Inertial Sensor-to-Segment Alignment Algorithms for Estimating 3D Hip Joint Angles

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (23) ◽  
pp. 5143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Adamowicz ◽  
Reed Gurchiek ◽  
Jonathan Ferri ◽  
Anna Ursiny ◽  
Niccolo Fiorentino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Hip Joint ◽  
Inertial Sensor ◽  
Estimation Error ◽  
Relative Orientation ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Alignment Algorithms ◽  
Sensor Orientation ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Optical Motion

Wearable sensor-based algorithms for estimating joint angles have seen great improvements in recent years. While the knee joint has garnered most of the attention in this area, algorithms for estimating hip joint angles are less available. Herein, we propose and validate a novel algorithm for this purpose with innovations in sensor-to-sensor orientation and sensor-to-segment alignment. The proposed approach is robust to sensor placement and does not require specific calibration motions. The accuracy of the proposed approach is established relative to optical motion capture and compared to existing methods for estimating relative orientation, hip joint angles, and range of motion (ROM) during a task designed to exercise the full hip range of motion (ROM) and fast walking using root mean square error (RMSE) and regression analysis. The RMSE of the proposed approach was less than that for existing methods when estimating sensor orientation ( 12 . 32 ∘ and 11 . 82 ∘ vs. 24 . 61 ∘ and 23 . 76 ∘ ) and flexion/extension joint angles ( 7 . 88 ∘ and 8 . 62 ∘ vs. 14 . 14 ∘ and 15 . 64 ∘ ). Also, ROM estimation error was less than 2 . 2 ∘ during the walking trial using the proposed method. These results suggest the proposed approach presents an improvement to existing methods and provides a promising technique for remote monitoring of hip joint angles.

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