scholarly journals A prevalence study of bovine tuberculosis by using abattoir meat inspection and tuberculin skin testing data, histopathological and IS6110PCR examination of tissues with tuberculous lesions in cattle inEthiopia

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 512-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shitaye JE ◽  
B. Getahun ◽  
T. Alemayehu ◽  
M. Skoric ◽  
F. Treml ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Granulomatous Inflammation ◽  
Work Load ◽  
Meat Inspection ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Testing ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Tissue Samples

Post mortem surveillances, for the detection of tuberculous lesions in particular depend on the work load time and the diligence of the inspector conducting the examination. The first aim of the study was to determine the trend of occurrence of tuberculous lesions in two abattoirs in Addis Ababa and Debre-Zeit (Ethiopia). The second aim of the study was to determine prevalence of the tuberculin skin test results in 10 dairy farm areas in Addis Ababa. The third aim was to detect tuberculous lesions and causal agents from tissue samples of the respiratory tract and mesenteric lymph nodes of the slaughtered cattle. The ten year (1996–2005) retrospective analysis of the meat inspection of 2 455 289 slaughtered animals showed that 707 (0.028%) were found with tuberculous lesions in parenchymatous organs of which were 699 (0.052%) of 1 336 266 cattle, 4 (0.001%) of 534 436 sheep, 3 (0.001%) of 573 767 goats and 1 (0.009%) of 10 820 pigs. The tuberculous lesions found in cattle were statistically highly significant (P < 0.01) than in other animals. The bovine tuberculin skin tests were conducted in Addis Ababa in 10 farm areas in 85 dairy farms having 2 098 cattle. Positive reactions were obtained from 9 farm areas in 41 (48%) herds which included 392 (19%) of the animals. In a current study, tuberculous lesions were found in 34 (3.5%) animals by the meat inspection surveillance of 984 cattle. Histopathologically, granulomatous inflammation was evident in 3 (8.8%) animals with tuberculous lesions. A highly sensitive PCR (IS6110) was positive in 4 of 34 (11.8%) animals with tuberculous lesions and in 1 (2.9%) of animal without lesions. The analyzed data and these study findings indicated that tuberculosis in cattle is an existing problem inEthiopia which needs to be solved.

A prospective randomized trial of maintenance versus nonmaintenance intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy of superficial bladder cancer.

1987 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
R A Badalament ◽  
H W Herr ◽  
G Y Wong ◽  
C Gnecco ◽  
C M Pinsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Trial ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Tumor Recurrence ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Prospective Randomized Trial ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Testing ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
Bcg Therapy

Between August 1981 and July 1984, 93 patients with polychronotopic superficial papillary carcinoma (Ta and/or T1), flat carcinoma in situ (Tis), or concomitant superficial papillary and in situ bladder carcinoma were entered into a prospective randomized trial of maintenance v nonmaintenance intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy. Forty-six patients who received BCG weekly for 6 weeks were compared with 47 patients receiving the six-weekly doses of BCG plus monthly BCG for 2 years. Both groups were evaluated every 3 months by cytology, cystoscopy, and biopsy. A significant reduction in the number of recurrent tumors per patient-month was demonstrated for both groups (P less than .0001); however, the difference in reduction of tumors between the two groups was not significant. Additionally, patients receiving maintenance and nonmaintenance therapy had similar tumor recurrence and progression rates. These results indicate that monthly maintenance BCG does not prevent, delay, or reduce tumor recurrence or progression observed with the 6-week regimen. Maintenance BCG was associated with increased local toxicity, primarily dysuria, frequency, and urgency. Dosage reduction was required in 22 of 47 patients (46.8%). When the data were subjected to multivariate analysis, the presence or absence of tumor following induction BCG and PPD skin test results were found to be significant variables. Controlling for either the presence or absence of tumor following induction BCG, tumor recurrence and progression rates were not significantly different for the two treatment groups. However, the absence of tumor after induction BCG was associated with a longer disease-free duration (P = .00001) and time to progression (P = .095). Patients with a reactive tuberculin skin test before and after induction BCG had significantly less tumor recurrences than patients with different PPD skin tests results (P = .02). Tumor progression was not related to tuberculin skin testing.

scholarly journals Mycobacterial infections in cattle in the CzechRepublic during 1990–1999

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 241-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Pavlik ◽  
L. Dvorska ◽  
L. Matlova ◽  
P. Svastova ◽  
I. Parmova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Testing ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Infected Herd ◽  
Mycobacterial Infections ◽  
Bovine Tuberculin

In the nineties, cattle stocks gradually decreased from 3 506 222 head of cattle in 1990 to 1 657 337 head in 1999. Skin testing of cattle was carried out annually using bovine tuberculin. Animals for sale were also simultaneously tested with avian tuberculin. In records from 1991 to 1999 a total of 14 611 393 bovine tuberculin skin tests and 611 405 simultaneous avian tuberculin skin tests are registered. A total of 1 457 (0.01%) animals reacted positively with bovine tuberculin and 1 790 (0.29%) with avian tuberculin. In the period monitored a total of 7 268 274 head of cattle were slaughtered and given veterinary hygienic examinations. Statistical data on the post-mortem detection of tuberculous lesions have been available for nine years since 1992 when tuberculous lesions were found in 1 186 (0.019%) out of 6 273 441 slaughtered animals. Mycobacteria were isolated from the organs of only 561 (17.5%) out of 3 202 culturally examined animals. M. bovis only was isolated from 48 (8.6%) animals originating from seven herds (two infected herds in 1991, 1992 and 1994 and one infected herd in 1995): four outbreaks were detected by annual skin testing, one outbreak by movement tuberculin skin testing and two outbreaks by the detection of tuberculous lesions at slaughter. M. avium complex strains of serotypes 1, 2 and 3 and of genotypes IS901+ and IS1245+ were isolated from 331 (59.0%) animals and strains of serotypes 4 to 6, 8 to 11 and 21 and of genotypes IS901- and IS1245+ were isolated from 132 (23.5%) animals. Potentially pathogenic bacteria of the M. chelonae, M. terrae, M. phlei and M. fortuitum species were isolated from 50 (8.9%) animals. Neither miliary nor generalised tuberculosis was found in any of the animals. Between 1996 and 1999, the proportion of cattle in which tuberculous lesions were recorded decreased.

scholarly journals Bovine tuberculosis infection in animal and human populations in Ethiopia: a review

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 317-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.E. Shitaye ◽  
W. Tsegaye ◽  
I. Pavlik
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
National Level ◽  
Meat Inspection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Testing

Ethiopia is one among the nations that possesses the largest number of livestock population in the African continent estimated to be 33 million cattle, 24 million sheep and 18 million goats. In contrast to the huge livestock resource, the livestock productivity is however, found to be very low. The major biological and socio-economical factors attributing to the low productivity includes: the low genetic potential and performance, poor nutrition (in quality and quantity terms), the prevailing of different diseases, traditional way of husbandry systems and inadequate skilled manpower, among others. Ethiopia is one of the African countries where tuberculosis is wide spread in both humans and cattle and the endemic nature of tuberculosis in humans and cattle has long been documented. The disease is considered as one of the major livestock diseases that results in high morbidity and mortality, although the current status on the actual prevalence rate of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) at a national level is yet unknown. Detection of BTB in Ethiopia is carried out most commonly on the basis of tuberculin skin testing, abattoir meat inspection and very rarely on bacteriological techniques. Recently undertaken studies indicated the prevalence rate of BTB with a range of 3.4% (in small holder production system) to 50% (in intensive dairy productions) and a range of 3.5% to 5.2% in slaughterhouses in various places of the country. BTB in cattle remains to be a great concern due to the susceptibility of humans to the disease. The infections mainly take place by drinking raw milk and occur in the extra-pulmonary form, in the cervical lymphadenitis form in particular. The aim of this paper is to review the status of BTB in Ethiopia in relation with the existing animal husbandry systems and abattoir meat inspection surveillances. Control measures, economic impacts and the zoonotic aspect of the disease are also briefly addressed.

scholarly journals Isolation of conditionally pathogenic mycobacteria from the environment of one pig farm and the effectiveness of preventive measures between 1997 and 2003

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 392-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Pavlik ◽  
L. Matlova ◽  
M. Gilar ◽  
J. Bartl ◽  
I. Parmova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Testing ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Testing ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Positive Skin ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Serological Examination ◽  
Hygiene Measures ◽  
Pig Farm ◽  
Skin Responses ◽  
Pcr Method

Between 1997 and 2003, in one herd of breeding pigs with 90 sows and two boars, positive and dubious responses to avian tuberculin were detected in 4 and 72 pigs, respectively. Pigs were examined using the agglutination test for the presence of serum antibodies against corpuscular antigens prepared from various <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> complex (<i>MAC</i>) members: <i>M. a. avium</i> (<i>MAA</i>) of serotype 2, <i>M. a. hominissuis</i> (<i>MAH</i>) of serotype 8 and <i>M. intracellulare</i> (<i>MI</i>) of serotype 19. Positive skin responses were found in animals with antibodies against <i>MAH</i> (18; 23.7%), <i>MAA</i> (3; 4.0%) and MI (9; 11.8%) antigens. By serological examination of 17 sows with repeated dubious responses for tuberculin skin testing with avian tuberculin, no antibodies against <i>MAA</i> were detected; <i>MAH</i> antibodies and <i>MI</i> antibodies were found in eight and two animals, respectively. By <i>post mortem</i> examination of lymph nodes (ln) and organ samples from all 76 animals with responses to avian tuberculin, no tuberculous/tuberculoid lesions were detected. By culture examination of ln and organs from 13 animals, conditionally pathogenic mycobacteria (CPM) were isolated from only one animal (breeding boar): from mesenteric, pulmonary, hepatic ln and from spleen tissue samples. These isolates were identified as <i>MAH</i> and CPM by the PCR method and biochemically. By investigation of the external environment (205 samples), 33 (16.3%) CPM isolates were obtained: 13 <i>MAH</i>, eight <i>M. fortuitum</i>, one <i>M. nonchromogenicum</i>, one <i>M. abscessus</i>, one <i>M. scrofulaceum</i> and nine unidentified isolates, which were non-<i>MAC</i> according to the PCR examination. Non-specific responses obtained in the intravital tests (skin and serological tests) caused by CPM present in the environment substantially complicated diagnosis of avian tuberculosis. Based on these findings, animal hygiene measures have been adopted since 2002; resulted in a decrease of environmental contamination with CPM and a reduction in the number of animals giving positive responses to avian tuberculin.

staffTRAK-TB: Software for Surveillance of Tuberculosis Infection in Healthcare Workers

1999 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 770-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale R. Burwen ◽  
M. Franklin Seawright
Keyword(s):  
Skin Test ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Testing ◽  
Work Location ◽  
Conversion Rates

AbstractThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends periodic tuberculin skin testing of healthcare workers with potential exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, many healthcare facilities have neither a system to identify workers due for their skin test nor a means of analyzing aggregate data. To illustrate some of the complexities involved in tuberculin skin test (TST) tracking and analysis, and how these might be addressed, this report describes a software package called staffTRAK-TB, developed by the CDC to facilitate surveillance of tuberculosis infection in healthcare workers. staffTRAK-TB records data for each healthcare worker, including demographic information, occupation, work location, multiple TST results, and results of evaluations to determine if clinically active tuberculosis is present. Programmed reports include lists of workers due and overdue for skin tests, and skin test conversion rates by occupation or worksite. Standardization of types of occupations and locations allows data from multiple facilities to be aggregated and compared. Data transfer to the CDC can be performed via floppy diskettes. staffTRAK-TB illustrates important issues in software structure, standardization of occupation and work-location information, relevant data items, and reports and analyses that would be useful in practice. Developing software that adequately addresses the epidemiological issues is complex, and the lessons learned may serve as a model for hospital epidemiologists, infection control personnel, occupational health personnel, and computer programmers considering software development in this area or trying to optimize their facility's TST surveillance.

Update on Tuberculosis Skin Testing of Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Testing ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Local Risk ◽  
Positive Results

In January 1994, the Committee on Infectious Diseases published detailed guidelines on tuberculin skin testing of infants, children, and adolescents for the detection of tuberculous infections. This supplement to the 1994 statement is written to update and clarify several issues regarding the frequency of skin testing for children at increased risk of acquiring tuberculosis. In this document, children will refer to infants, children, and adolescents. The recommendations regarding the preferred use of the Mantoux skin test and the interpretation of skin test results remain unchanged and will not be repeated here. The interpretation guidelines for indurations of 5, 10, and 15 mm in diameter basically remain unchanged (Table 1). The overall emphasis to control tuberculosis in the United States should be placed on access to health care, a thorough history taking of exposure to infectious persons, timely and effective contact investigations, proper interpretation of Mantoux skin tests, and appropriate use of therapy, including directly observed therapy. Variations in the epidemiology of tuberculosis in different locations reinforce the importance of communication with local public health officials and/or experts on tuberculosis. Existing publications can assist in assessing the local risk of acquiring tuberculosis. The recommendations should be considered regardless of previous BCG vaccine administration. The American Academy of Pediatrics continues to encourage focusing tuberculin skin testing on children who are at increased risk of acquiring tuberculosis. Routine tuberculin testing, including school-based programs that include populations at low risk, has either a low yield of positive results or a large number of false-positive results and represents an inefficient use of limited health care resources.

Systemic reaction during intradermal skin tests with beta-lactams

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. e240050
Author(s):  
Joana Carvalho ◽  
Georgeta Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Skin Testing ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity ◽  
Systemic Reaction ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Provocation Tests ◽  
Maculopapular Eruption ◽  
Intradermal Tests ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanate ◽  
Immediate Reactions

Beta-lactam (BL) antibiotics are the most frequent cause of drug hypersensitivity in children, inducing both immediate and non-immediate reactions. Here we report a case of a 4-year-old child with a disseminated maculopapular exanthema 7 days after the first dose of amoxicillin–clavulanate, referred to our paediatric allergy department. Skin prick tests were negative. Intradermal tests were performed and, after 10 hours, indurated wheals larger than 10×10 mm with progressive erythema and disseminated maculopapular eruption were developed, related to amoxicillin and amoxicillin–clavulanate. Systemic reactions to BL skin tests are rarely reported and the majority are immediate reactions. This case illustrates a rare example of a non-immediate systemic reaction to intradermal tests, underlying the importance of skin testing before drug provocation tests in cases of moderate to severe non-immediate reactions.

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