Power Losses and Efficiency in Transformers

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2(44)2021) ◽  
pp. 68-73
Author(s):  
Tadeusz GLINKA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
Electrical Steel ◽  
Power Losses ◽  
The Core ◽  
Load Power ◽  
Distribution Transformers ◽  
Continuous Progress ◽  
European Standards

Energy efficiency of transformers has been defined in the paper. The continuous progress noted in technology of electrical steel used for transformer laminations results in decreased lossiness and increase of flux density saturation in the core. Therefore, conditions are established for decreasing core weight and, to a lesser degree, decreasing winding weight as well. The examples of idle and load power losses have been provided for distribution transformers manufactured in 1960s and for those manufactured now. The European Commission [8] and European Standards have ruled that further decrease in power losses and increase in efficiency of newly-installed transformers must come into effect by 1st July, 2021.

Effect of Antimony on the Structure, Texture and Magnetic Properties of High Efficiency Non-Oriented Electrical Steel

2012 ◽  
Vol 602-604 ◽  
pp. 435-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Li ◽  
Li Xiang ◽  
Pei Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Electrical Steel ◽  
Core Loss ◽  
Magnetic Flux Density ◽  
Antimony Content ◽  
The Core ◽  
Maximum Value

The effect of antimony on the structure, texture and magnetic properties of high efficiency non-oriented electrical steel were investigated. The results showed that antimony played an important role on inhibiting the grain growth and enhancing the fraction of favorable texture in the annealed steels. With the increase of antimony content, core loss of specimens monotonously increased and the magnetic flux density increased firstly and then decreased. The magnetic properties of specimen results showed that the magnetic flux density in the steel with 0.12% antimony reached the maximum value, while the core loss didn’t increase obviously. However, when the antimony content in steel reached 0.22%, the magnetic properties deteriorated significantly. This is maybe that the addition of antimony in steels inhibited the development of {111} texture content and increased the intensity of Goss and {100} texture on the grain boundary.

Calculation and validation of iron loss in laminated core of power and distribution transformers

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 137-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyan Wang ◽  
Zhiguang Cheng ◽  
Li Lin ◽  
Jianmin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
Core Loss ◽  
Iron Loss ◽  
Magnetic Flux Density ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Core ◽  
Distribution Transformers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Transformer Core

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a simple method to analyze the iron loss in the laminated core of power and distribution transformers. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents a practical method to calculate the no-load loss in the transformer cores. Considering the non-uniformity of the magnetic flux density in the corner areas of the Epstein frames will affect the measurement precision of the Wt-B curves then further affect the core loss calculation in FEM, a dual-Epstein frame method is used to measure the Wt-B curves with the Epstein sample stripes cutting by different angles to the rolling direction. A 2D FEM that considers the type of joints of the core and eddy current effect in the laminations is used to analyze the core loss with multi-angle Wt-B curves. Findings – The impact of lamination thickness, size of gaps and type of joint of the core are considered. Considering the no-load testing conditions, harmonics in the exciting currents are taken into account. Originality/value – Harmonic wave of magnetic flux density in the transformer core is calculated and the core loss in the joint region is calculated by the loss curve measured with dual-Epstein frame. It makes the calculation result of transformer core loss more exactly.

scholarly journals How Are the Smart Readiness Indicators Expected to Affect the Energy Performance of Buildings: First Evidence and Perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9496
Author(s):  
Paris A. Fokaides ◽  
Christiana Panteli ◽  
Andri Panayidou
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Building Sector ◽  
Energy Performance Of Buildings ◽  
First Results ◽  
European Standards

In 2018, the European Commission adopted the Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI) concept in the recast of the directive on the energy efficiency of buildings. The set of SRIs is a measure of the intelligence of buildings systems, and its promotion is expected to contribute to the energy savings of the building sector. These indicators are relatively new and were developed only at the beginning of last decade, within European standards. This study introduces and elaborates on these indicators, as delivered in the final report of the European Commission. Some first results, which are obtained using a tool developed by the European Commission, are also presented. The work identifies gaps and perspectives for improvement of this system, as well as predicting the evolution of its implementation in the coming years, through specific numerical scenarios.

Austrian Veto against European Union Membership Negotiations with Turkey

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-122
Author(s):  
Ewa Kaczan-Winiarska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Strategic Partner ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
European Standards ◽  
The Eu

The Austrian government is extremely sceptical about the accession negotiations which are conducted by the European Commission on behalf of the European Union with Turkey and calls for the negotiation process to end. Serious reservations of Vienna have been raised by the current political situation in Turkey under the rule of President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, as well as by the standards of democracy in Turkey, which differ greatly from European standards. Serious deficiencies in rule of law, freedom of speech and independence of the judiciary, confirmed in the latest European Commission report on Turkey, do not justify, from Vienna’s point of view, the continuation of talks with Ankara on EU membership. In fact, Austria’s scepticism about the European perspective for Turkey has a longer tradition. This was marked previously in 2005 when the accession negotiations began. Until now, Austria’s position has not had enough clout within the European arena. Pragmatic cooperation with Turkey as a strategic partner of the EU, both in the context of the migration crisis and security policy, proved to be a key factor. The question is whether Austria, which took over the EU presidency from 1.7.2018, will be able to more strongly accentuate its reservations about Turkey and even build an alliance of Member States strong enough to block Turkey’s accession process.

scholarly journals Core Stress Analysis of Amorphous Alloy Transformer for Rail Transit under Different Working Conditions

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Jianwei Shao ◽  
Cuidong Xu ◽  
Ka Wai Eric Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Amorphous Alloy ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Iron Core ◽  
Rail Transit ◽  
Transit System ◽  
The Core ◽  
Distribution Transformers

The rail transit system is a large electric vehicle system that is strongly dependent on the energy technologies of the power system. The use of new energy-saving amorphous alloy transformers can not only reduce the loss of rail transit power, but also help alleviate the power shortage situation and electromagnetic emissions. The application of the transformer in the field of rail transit is limited by the problem that amorphous alloy is prone to debris. this paper studied the stress conditions of amorphous alloy transformer cores under different working conditions and determined that the location where the core is prone to fragmentation, which is the key problem of smoothly integrating amorphous alloy distribution transformers on rail transit power supply systems. In this study, we investigate the changes in the electromagnetic field and stress of the amorphous alloy transformer core under different operating conditions. The finite element model of an amorphous alloy transformer is established and verified. The simulation results of the magnetic field and stress of the core under different working conditions are given. The no-load current and no-load loss are simulated and compared with the actual experimental data to verify practicability of amorphous alloy transformers. The biggest influence on the iron core is the overload state and the maximum value is higher than the core stress during short circuit. The core strain caused by the side-phase short circuit is larger than the middle-phase short circuit.

scholarly journals Waves in Microstructured Conducting Sheath Helix Embedded Optical Guides with Chiral Nihility and Chiral Materials

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Iqbal ◽  
M. A. Baqir ◽  
P. K. Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
Energy Flux ◽  
Pitch Angle ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
The Core ◽  
Dispersion Behavior ◽  
Chiral Materials ◽  
Energy Flux Density

The paper deals with the sustainment of electromagnetic waves in circularly cylindrical optical guide with chiral nihility and chiral materials in the core and the clad sections, respectively. A perfectly conducting tightly wound helix is introduced at the core-clad interface. The eigenvalue relation for such a complex optical microstructured guide is deduced by applying suitable boundary conditions at the core-clad interface, and the dispersion behavior is analyzed by varying the pitch angle of helix. The sustainment of energy flux density in such optical guides is estimated under various structural conditions, and the density patterns in core-clad sections are anatomized analytically.

scholarly journals Anisotropy of Magnetic Properties in Non-oriented Electrical Steel Sheets

1989 ◽  
Vol 11 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 159-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Shiozaki ◽  
Y. Kurosaki
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Magnetic Induction ◽  
Crystallographic Orientation ◽  
Electrical Steel ◽  
Core Loss ◽  
Fluorescent Lamp ◽  
Steel Sheets ◽  
The Core ◽  
Texture Change ◽  
Electrical Steel Sheets

The anisotropy of magnetic properties in non-oriented electrical steel sheets can be evaluated by measuring Epstein specimens in the radial directions. The magnetic properties measured on ring cores are practically equal to the approximate values of magnetic properties determined by Epstein specimens in the radial directions. Non-oriented electrical steel sheets with anisotropy are not desirable for motors but are suitable for transformers and fluorescent lamp ballasts. The core loss and magnetic induction as measured with ring specimens are better with non-oriented electrical steel sheets with anisotropy than with non-oriented electrical steel sheets with random crystallographic orientation. This phenomenon depends on the texture change of the product.

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