Evaluation of Toxicity of Ethanolic Extracts of Piper guineense and Capsicum annum on Dermestid Beetle, Demestes maculatus (DeGeer 1774), a Pest on Dried Catfish, Clarias gariepinus

Abstract Background The fruits of Xylopia aethiopica and seeds and leaves of Piper guineense are commonly used as spices. Due to their wide use in nutrition and traditional medicine, there is need to examine the biochemical and histological effects of ethanolic extracts of fruits of Xylopia aethiopica and seeds and leaves of Piper guineense on liver and kidney function in male albino rats. The test animals (groups 2, 3 and 4) received 100 mg/kg each of the corresponding extract for 21 days. Group 1 served as normal control and received a placebo of normal saline. The animals were later fasted overnight, sacrificed and their blood collected through cardiac puncture for biochemical indices. Results AST activity decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in rats of group 2 compared to the normal control; ALP decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in animals of group 3; while ALT increased significantly (p < 0.05) in group 4. The concentrations of urea and potassium showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) in animals of group 3. Creatinine increased significantly (p < 0.05) in group 2. Concentrations of total protein, albumin, globulin, sodium and chlorides in the test animals did not show any significant alteration. WBC count increased significantly (p < 0.05) in rats of group 3 and non-significantly (p > 0.05) in groups 2 and 4. PCV increased significantly in rats of group 4 and non-significantly in groups 2 and 3. RBC count and Hb levels increased non-significantly (p > 0.05) in all the test groups compared to group 1. The histoarchitectural states of the liver and kidneys showed no apparent alteration by the different extracts. Conclusion The extracts have no apparent toxic effect on the liver and kidneys of the experimental rats, although fruits’ extract of Xylopia aethiopica showed possibility of exhibiting mild liver toxicity.

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Potential of Five Local Plant as Protectant against Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus Degeer Infesting Dry Cat Fish; Clarias gariepinus Burchell

Asian Journal of Research in Zoology ◽

10.9734/ajriz/2018/v1i229672 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

A. Jatau ◽

Q. Majeed ◽

M. A. Yahaya ◽

M. B. Sokoto

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Clarias Gariepinus ◽

Post Treatment ◽

Ambient Conditions ◽

Piper Guineense ◽

Dermestes Maculatus ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Plant Powders ◽

Local Plant ◽

Dried Fish

Efficacy of varying amounts of five selected local plant namely : Balanite aegyptiaca, Eugenia aromatica, Piper guineense, Ocimum gratisimum, and Ziziphus mauratania against the mortality, oviposition, progeny emergence and weight loss of dried fish due to infestation by Dermestes maculatus was studied under ambient conditions. The plant were pulverised into powders and applied as 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 g per 50 g of dried fish. Three pairs of newly emerged adults by were inoculated into each of the treated fish in a beaker, arranged in a Complete Randomized Design in the laboratory. The result showed all the plant powders tested evoked significant mortalities of adults at the highest concentration (6) after 3 and 7 days of post-treatment when compared with untreated control. The rate of oviposition was drastically suppressed by all plant powders, especially at higher concentration. The number of adults emerged were significantly lower than control at (p>0.05). Similarly, all the plant's powders significantly prevented weight loss at highest concentration after 12 weeks of post-treatment periods. These results have shown that tested plants demonstrated potential ability against adults hide beetle infesting dried fish.

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Efficacy of Tobacco Leaves (Nicotiana tabacum) as Anaesthetic Agent on the Juveniles and Adults of African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822)

Annals of Science and Technology ◽

10.2478/ast-2021-0007 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Moshood K. Mustapha ◽

Jamaldeen A. Aileru

Keyword(s):

Nicotiana Tabacum ◽

Induction Time ◽

Recovery Time ◽

Anaesthetic Agent ◽

Clarias Gariepinus ◽

The Body ◽

African Catfish ◽

Tobacco Leaves ◽

Ethanolic Extracts ◽

Recovery Times

Abstract Various fisheries and aquacultural practices such as handling, transportation, tagging and so on stress fish. To minimise the stress, fish should be anaesthetise using agents that is safe, cheap in cost and extraction, effective and readily available and which should induce anaesthesia and recovery within few minutes as compared to synthetic anaesthetics. This study investigated the efficacy of tobacco leaves extract (Nicotiana tabacum) as an anaesthetic agent on Clarias gariepinus juveniles and adults. Ethanolic extracts of the leaves at 50 mg L−1, 100 mg L−1, 150 mg L−1 and 200 mg L−1 were used to anaesthetise juveniles and adults of the fish in order to vary the effects of increasing concentrations on the fish. Least induction time in juveniles was 166.72 ±7.15s recorded in 200 mg L−1, while highest induction time of 476.32 ±3.29s was in 50 mg L−1. In adult, least induction time was 440.99 ±2.42s in 200 mg L−1 concentration, and highest was 916.75 ±6.65s in 50.00 mg L−1. Highest and lowest recovery times in juveniles were 1078.68 ±19.80s and 751.21 ±7.65s in 200 mg L−1 and 50.00 mg L−1 respectively. In adult, least recovery time was 361.83 ±5.14s in 50.00 mg L−1, while 200.00 mg L−1 produced the highest recovery time at 548.45 ±7.78s. 200 mg L−1 concentration of tobacco extract was the effective concentration, as it induces anaesthesia within 3 minutes and recovery within 9 minutes with no mortality. These high induction and recovery times may be due to scalessness and well vascularised skin of the fish and its high body lipid content which make nicotine to diffuse faster in and out of the body. 200.00 mg L−1 ethanolic extracts of tobacco leaves could be used to anaesthetise fish as it is safe, low cost in terms of purchase and extraction, readily available, biodegradable (without residual effect), eco-friendly and efficient. It can serve as an alternative to expensive, toxic, scarce MS-222 or clove oil in fisheries and aquaculture.

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