scholarly journals Efficacy of Tobacco Leaves (Nicotiana tabacum) as Anaesthetic Agent on the Juveniles and Adults of African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822)

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moshood K. Mustapha ◽  
Jamaldeen A. Aileru
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Induction Time ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Anaesthetic Agent ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
The Body ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Tobacco Leaves ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts ◽  
Recovery Times

Abstract Various fisheries and aquacultural practices such as handling, transportation, tagging and so on stress fish. To minimise the stress, fish should be anaesthetise using agents that is safe, cheap in cost and extraction, effective and readily available and which should induce anaesthesia and recovery within few minutes as compared to synthetic anaesthetics. This study investigated the efficacy of tobacco leaves extract (Nicotiana tabacum) as an anaesthetic agent on Clarias gariepinus juveniles and adults. Ethanolic extracts of the leaves at 50 mg L−1, 100 mg L−1, 150 mg L−1 and 200 mg L−1 were used to anaesthetise juveniles and adults of the fish in order to vary the effects of increasing concentrations on the fish. Least induction time in juveniles was 166.72 ±7.15s recorded in 200 mg L−1, while highest induction time of 476.32 ±3.29s was in 50 mg L−1. In adult, least induction time was 440.99 ±2.42s in 200 mg L−1 concentration, and highest was 916.75 ±6.65s in 50.00 mg L−1. Highest and lowest recovery times in juveniles were 1078.68 ±19.80s and 751.21 ±7.65s in 200 mg L−1 and 50.00 mg L−1 respectively. In adult, least recovery time was 361.83 ±5.14s in 50.00 mg L−1, while 200.00 mg L−1 produced the highest recovery time at 548.45 ±7.78s. 200 mg L−1 concentration of tobacco extract was the effective concentration, as it induces anaesthesia within 3 minutes and recovery within 9 minutes with no mortality. These high induction and recovery times may be due to scalessness and well vascularised skin of the fish and its high body lipid content which make nicotine to diffuse faster in and out of the body. 200.00 mg L−1 ethanolic extracts of tobacco leaves could be used to anaesthetise fish as it is safe, low cost in terms of purchase and extraction, readily available, biodegradable (without residual effect), eco-friendly and efficient. It can serve as an alternative to expensive, toxic, scarce MS-222 or clove oil in fisheries and aquaculture.

EFEKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI BAWANG PUTIH (Allium sativum L) SEBAGAI PENGAWET ALAMI PADA IKAN LELE DUMBO (Clarias gariephinus) SEGAR

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Dyah Anggraeni ◽  
Nurlela Nurlela
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Garlic Extract ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Natural Preservatives ◽  
Colony Counter

Background: Natural preservatives are compounds produced by natural ingredients that can suppress bacterial growth and development. Natural preservatives are carried out because most of the preservatives circulating are chemicals and unsafe for the body. One of the natural preservatives is by using garlic extract (Allium sativum L).  Objective: This study is aimed to determine the effectiveness of the antibacterial garlic (Allium sativum L) as a natural preservative in fresh African catfish (Clarias gariepinus).  Method: This research used the Pour Plate iroculation method. African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) which is soaked with garlic (Allium sativum L) with a concentration of 7%, 14% and 21% for 30 minutes, then the fish will be kept at room temperature with a storage period of 24 hours and 48 hours and calculated growth in bacterial numbers with the Colony counter.  Result: Based on the research result, it was found that garlic extract (Allium sativum L) can obstruct the effectiveness of antibacterial in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) at a concentration of 14%.

scholarly journals Dietary canitine maintains energy reserves and delays fatigue of exercised african catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed high fat diets

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Ozório ◽  
Vincent Van Ginneken ◽  
Guido van den Thillart ◽  
Martin Verstegen ◽  
Johan Verreth
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Level ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Energy Charge ◽  
The Body ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
High Fat ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Fat Diets

Lipids, together with proteins, are traditionally considered as primary fuels during aerobic swimming. The effects of dietary fat and carnitine supplements and exercise on the energy metabolism of juvenile fish were investigated. One hundred African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were fed four isonitrogenous diets containing a fat level of 100 or 190 g kg-1 diet and one of the two levels of carnitine (15 and 1000 mg kg-1). Fish grew from 61 to 162 g in 10 wk. Thereafter, 6 fish per group swam vigorously for 3 h and the results were compared with unexercised groups. Fish receiving 1,000 mg carnitine accumulated 2- to 3-fold more carnitine than fish receiving 15 mg carnitine. Plasma acyl-carnitine level was affected by an interaction between dietary treatment and exercise (P < 0.05). Adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine concentrations were higher in the white muscle (WM) of exercised fish fed the high-carnitine supplements, compared with the low-carnitine fed fish (P < 0.05). Adenilate energy charge indexes were higher and ammonia concentrations were lower in WM of fish fed high-carnitine and high-fat diets. Dietary carnitine supplements may be needed in growing fish when dietary lipid level is high. In that case extra dietary carnitine can maintain the body energy reserves at adequate level when fish is exposed to a short-term, exhaustive exercise, a physiologic stress common both in nature and in intensive aquaculture systems.

scholarly journals Testicular Morphology and Sperm Motility in Cultured African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) at Different Stages of Development

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chidozie Nwabuisi OKOYE ◽  
Udensi Maduabuchi IGWEBUIKE ◽  
Anietie Francis UDOUMOH ◽  
Chinadindu Tochukwu OKEREKE
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sperm Cells ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Testicular Weight ◽  
Testicular Morphology ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Somatic Index

Testicular morphology and sperm motility were evaluated in cultured Clarias gariepinus (n = 25) purposively assigned to five groups according to their age. The results showed that the testes were paired, elongated, dorso-ventrally flattened structures, situated in the caudal aspects of the body cavity. The mean length of both right and left testes increased linearly with age, being significantly (p < 0.05) higher at 6 months than at 4 and 5 months of age, and also significantly (p < 0.05) higher at 8 months than at 6 months of age, while the mean weight and organo-somatic index of the catfish testes increased linearly until 6 months of age, after which no significant (p > 0.05) increase in the testicular weight and organo-somatic index was observed. Unidirectional progressive movement of spermatozoa was detected in the milt of C. gariepinus at 6, 7 and 8 months of age, but sperm cells were non-motile at 4 and 5 months of age. Histological sections showed seminiferous lobules, whose germinal epithelia were characterized by many cysts enclosing clones of sperm cells. Each cyst enclosed a clone of sperm cells at an identical stage of spermatogenesis. Spermatids and spermatozoa were present in the lumen of the seminiferous lobule. The obtained results indicate that the morphology of the testes of C. gariepinus is similar to the testes of members of the order Siluriformes, but sexual maturity and production of motile spermatozoa may be achieved at 6 months of age in the African catfish.

scholarly journals The application of [D-Tle6,ProNHEt9]mGnRH (Lecirelin) with the dopaminergic inhibitor metoclopramide to stimulate ovulation in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 297-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Brzuska ◽  
J. Kouřil ◽  
J. Adamek ◽  
Z. Stupka ◽  
V. Bekh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Female Body ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
The Body ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Average Body Weight ◽  
Pituitary Homogenate

The results of reproduction were tested in females of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell 1822) after stimulation of ovulation with carp pituitary (4 mg/kg body weight) or with Lecirelin (15 &mu;g/kg) and metoclopramide (10 mg/kg). After administering the synthetic substance eggs were obtained from all females while in the group treated with pituitary homogenate 7 out of 8 hypophysed females spawned. The applied spawning agent did not significantly influence the weight of eggs expressed in grams, but in the case of females treated with carp pituitary homogenate a significantly higher weight of eggs expressed as the percentage of body weight of fish was recorded. The applied stimulators of ovulation did not affect any trait reflecting the quality of eggs. Females used as an experimental material belonged to two categories in respect of body weight: lighter females with average body weight of 2.63 &plusmn; 0.36 kg and heavier females with average body weight of 3.91 &plusmn; 0.48 kg. It was proved that the weight of eggs expressed either in grams or as a percentage of a female&rsquo;s weight was significantly related to the body weight of a female (P &le; 0.01 and P &le; 0.05, respectively), as well as the percentage of fertilised eggs and the percentage of living embryos after 28 hours of incubation (P &le; 0.05 and P &le; 0.05, respectively). The interaction between the stimulator of ovulation and the female body weight was significant only for traits reflecting the weight of obtained eggs (P &le; 0.05 and P &le; 0.01). &nbsp;

Effect of Clarias gariepinus cultured in contaminated water on rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 759-764
Author(s):  
Oyeyemi Adeyemi ◽  
Olalekan Adeyemi ◽  
Chris C Osubor
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Enzyme Assays ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Wistar Strain

In this study, African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were cultured in water contaminated with phthalate, benzene and cyclohexane (10 μg/mL), respectively, over a period of 65 days. They were, thereafter, used as protein source to formulate feed for albino rats (Wistar strain) for 28 days. The weights of the body and selected tissues of the rats were monitored and standard enzyme assays were conducted for some enzymes in the serum. Results showed that rats in cyclohexane group gained 58% whereas the control group gained 46% of body weight. Liver weight (absolute and relative) of test rats were found to be significantly lower than that of control (p < .05). Enzyme activity of serum of test rats was found to be significantly higher than that of control (p < .05). Experimental evidence suggests leakage of enzymes from the liver to the serum, thus the elevated serum enzyme activity and that the contaminants may damage the liver.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of the Use of the Adaptogen Trekrezan in the Cultivation of African Catfish

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 00176
Author(s):  
Elena Spirina ◽  
Elena Romanova ◽  
Ludmila Shadyeva ◽  
Vasily Romanov
Keyword(s):  
Physiological State ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Closed Water ◽  
Cellular And Humoral Immunity

Growing fish in closed water supply installations with a high planting density leads to accumulation of waste products, turning the habitat into toxic. Growing fish in such an environment leads to stress and increases the stress on their liver, which provides the body with detoxification of metabolites. To reduce stress, adaptogens are used, which increase endurance and survival, increase adaptive plasticity, and strengthen the immunity of fish. We used an adaptogen called Trekrezan. The work aim was to study the morphofunctional changes in liver and its microarchitectonics in African catfish grown using Trekrezan. The analysis of morphofunctional changes in liver allows us to judge the general physiological state of fish body. The liver index of African catfish grown without the use of Trekrezan is significantly higher in both males and females, compared to African catfish grown with Trekrezan, which indicates an intensification of metabolism. Analysis of histological structure of African catfish liver (Clarias gariepinus), grown without the use of the Ttrekrezan, revealed abnormalities of the parenchymal layer of liver with signs of fatty dystrophy, signs of necrotic changes in liver cells, hemorrhages in vascular region, a violation of polarity in the structure of hepatocytes. In species raised in an environment with Trekrezan, these abnormalities are absent, since Trekrezan, due to the activation of cellular and humoral immunity, leads to decrease in intoxication, provides strengthening of immunity, and increases the body's resistance to unfavorable factors of medium.

scholarly journals Anaesthetic effects of various ratios of ketamine and xylazine in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

1979 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise F. Naccarato ◽  
William S. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Induction Time ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Safety Margin ◽  
Anaesthetic Induction ◽  
Recovery Times

Intramuscular injection of selected ratios of ketamine and xylazine provided smooth anaesthetic induction, a wide safety margin, and no significant undesirable side effects. Induction and recovery times, duration of anaesthesia, and thermoregulatory ability can be affected by different combinations of ketamine and xylazine. The addition of xylazine to ketamine increases muscle relaxation, recovery time, and duration of anaesthesia, while generally decreasing induction time and thermoregulatory ability.

scholarly journals Helminthes Parasites of Clarias gariepinus in Abraka Delta State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
J. O. Onojafe ◽  
A. O. Egwunyenga ◽  
S. S. Eke
Keyword(s):  
Normal Saline ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
The Body ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Lower Prevalence ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Oil Immersion ◽  
Petri Dishes

Fish is significant as a vector of disease pathogen of human and animals. The study of the helminthes parasites of Clarias gariepinus in Abraka was carried out to investigate the occurrence, prevalence and intensity of helminthes parasites in Clarias gariepinus; and to compare the helminthes parasites burden of the wild and cultured Clarias gariepinus in Abraka fresh water. A total number of four hundred and nine (409) Clarias gariepinus were examined. Collection of fish samples was done monthly for twelve months. The external parts of each fish were examined with a hand lens for the occurrence of helminthes parasites. Portions of the muscles were also teased apart in saline water and examined under the microscope first at x 40 and later x 100 oil immersion. Organs of the body were examined separately in petri dishes containing normal saline. The different groups of parasites recovered were preserved in formaldehyde and identified using prescribed methods. Of the 409 C. gariepinus examined, 172 were infected, showing an infection rate of 42.1%. C. gariepinus from the wild had a higher prevalence of 31.1% while those from culture ponds had a lower prevalence of 11%. A total of 485 parasites were recovered, comprising of 113 trematodes and 372 nematodes which represents 23.3% and 76.7% respectively. Identified trematodes included Diplosomum sp., Macrogyrodactylus sp., and Quadriancanthus sp., while namatodes included Procamallanus sp. and an Ascarid nematode. The highest intensity of infection of 3.11 was recorded in the Ascarid nematode while the least of 1.25 came from Diplostomum sp. in C. gariepinus caught from the wild. Although, there appears to be a lack of reported cases of the occurrence of the ascarid nematode that was recovered from the muscles of C. gariepinus in literature, it is evident from this study that it is a common endoparasite of the African catfish in Abraka freshwater.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Sargassum sp. dengan Pelarut Metanol pada Pakan terhadap Jumlah Eritrosit dan Differensial Leukosit Ikan Lele Dumbo (Clarias gariepinus) [Effect Of Extract Sargassum sp. with Methanol Solvent in Feed on Erythrocythes and Differential Leucocythes of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) ]

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Firly Waliani Rahma ◽  
Gunanti Mahasri ◽  
Laksmi Surmartiwi
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Natural Compound ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
The Body ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
A Value ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Monocytes And Lymphocytes ◽  
Successful Production

Abstract The main obstacles in successful production is the attack of a disease. Preventive measures in reducing disease one of them is by means an increase in immunity the body of fish use natural compound (Parelberg et al., 2005). One of the natural compound that can be used as obtaining the immune system fish are the vitamin C, iodine, tannin (Bachtiar, dkk., 2012) and polysaccharides and derivatives as fucoidan. (Castro et. al., 2006) which is in Sargassum sp. With the provision of extract Sargassum sp. in feed is expected to optimize the number of erythrocytes and differensial leukocytes (number of neutrophils , monocytes and lymphocytes) at african catfish (Clarias gariepinus) so that it may optimize immunity the body of fish (Brown, 2000). The result of the observation of the blood of fish test is the use of extract Sargassum sp. wich get mixed in feed with doses 5, 10 and 15 g/kilogram feed during 21 days impact on the number of erythrocytes and prosentase lymphocytes blood catfishes. In doses C (15 g extract/ kilogram feed) put a value erythrocytes highest in day 21 namely 16.84 ± 1.56 x 105 cells/mm3, and give prosentase lymphocytes highest in day 21 than those wich others are 86.00 ± 3.81 %. But in a post test, B and C not seen the real difference between treatment. While for statistics the addition of extract not indicates the influence of real to the percentage neutrophils and monocytes of the blood fish. So that it can be said that addition extract Sargassum sp. with doses 15 g extract/kilogram feed give the effectiveness of the optimal response immune system than second doses other.

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