scholarly journals An Examination of Ethnic Hierarchies and Returns to Human Capital in the UK

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 6-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wouter Zwysen ◽  
Neli Demireva
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Global Competition ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Black African ◽  
Black Caribbean ◽  
Highly Skilled Migrants ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Uk

This article focuses on the returns to human capital of migrants and minorities in the UK. The question of whether skills and qualifications are properly utilized is very pertinent given the global competition for skilled migrants and the aim of European and British markets to attract such workers. Using data from Understanding Society (2009 to 2017) we find that there is a clear evidence of ethnic hierarchies with black Caribbean and black African minorities generally most disadvantaged, while other white UK-born have the best outcomes compared to the white British. Western migrants generally do very well, but new EU migrants have high levels of employment, and low returns to their qualifications and relatively high levels of over-qualification. Foreign qualifications are generally discounted, and more so for migrants with less certain legal status or low language skills. Public sector employment plays an important role and is associated with the higher economic placement of migrants and minorities in the UK. There are some worrying trends however. Highly skilled migrants, particularly black migrants as well as those from Eastern Europe, come in with high qualifications, but their jobs do not match their skill levels.

scholarly journals Immigrants’ educational credentials leading to employment outcomes: The role played by language skills

2020 ◽  
pp. 167-191
Author(s):  
María Miyar-Busto ◽  
Fco. Javier Mato Díaz ◽  
Rodolfo Gutiérrez
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Employment Outcomes ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Labour Market Situation ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Market Situation ◽  
Educational Credentials

Transferability of human capital is a key issue in the analysis of immigrants’ integration in the destination country, according to both empirical and theoretical literature. In addition to the problem of recognition of immigrants’ educational credentials and their lack of social networks, language is highlighted in the literature as a crucial factor regarding human capital transfer. This paper considers the role played by Spanish language skills in the integration of migrants into the labour market in Spain. It takes advantage of the fact that about half of the immigrant population have Spanish as their native language, and of the diversity levels of fluency in Spanish among the remaining immigrants. Using the Labour Force Survey special module on the labour market situation of immigrants (INE 2015), the research has two purposes: first, to measure the direct effect of language skills on employment outcomes; and second, to analyze the complementary vs. substitution hypotheses regarding the interaction between Spanish language skills and educational credentials as determining factors for employment. The results confirm that skill levels in Spanish have a significant role regarding access to employment. Regarding the complementary vs. substitution hypotheses, interesting gender differences appear that confirm the striking contrasts in the Spanish labour market for female and male immigrants. For men, their level of Spanish acts as a complement to their educational qualifications in helping them to obtain employment, but this is not the case for women. However, female immigrant workers seem to obtain higher employment returns on their educational qualifications than men when it comes to avoiding very low-skilled jobs.

scholarly journals The Use of Dietary Supplements Among African and Caribbean Women Living in the UK: A Cross-Sectional Study

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 847
Author(s):  
Amanda Rodrigues Amorim Adegboye ◽  
Omorogieva Ojo ◽  
Gulshanara Begum
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Dietary Supplement ◽  
High Cholesterol ◽  
Black African ◽  
Supplement Use ◽  
Caribbean Women ◽  
Black Caribbean ◽  
Dietary Supplement Use ◽  
The Uk

Previous studies have shown that the use of dietary supplements is associated with the prevention of birth defects, negative pregnancy outcomes and cardiovascular diseases. However, there might be some ethnic disparities in supplement usage suggesting that women who could benefit from it are not frequent users. This study aimed to characterise the use of dietary supplement among Black African and Black Caribbean women living in the United Kingdom (UK). Furthermore, it evaluated possible associations between the use of dietary supplements and health and diet awareness. A total of 262 women self-ascribed as Black African and Black Caribbean living in the UK completed a comprehensive questionnaire on socio-demographic factors, diet, use of supplements and cultural factors. The main outcome variable was the regular use of any type of dietary supplement. Use of vitamin D and/or calcium was also explored. A stepwise logistic regression analysis was applied to identify predictors of regular use of dietary supplements. A total of 33.2% of women reported regular use of any dietary supplements and 16.8% reported use of vitamin D and/or calcium. There were no significant ethnic differences in the use of dietary supplements. Reporting use of the back of food packaging label (odds ratio (OR) 2.21; 95% CI 1.07–4.55); a self-rated healthy diet (OR 2.86; 95% CI 1.19–6.91) and having cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension and/or high cholesterol (OR 3.81; 95% CI 1.53–9.49) increased the likelihood of using any dietary supplement. However, having poorer awareness decreased the likelihood (OR 0.94; 95% CI 0.88–0.99) of using any dietary supplement. For the use of vitamin D and/or calcium supplements, the main predictor was having CVD, hypertension and/or high cholesterol (OR 4.43; 95% CI 1.90–10.35). The prevalence of dietary supplement use was low among African and Caribbean women. Thus, awareness of potential benefits of some dietary supplements (e.g., vitamin D) among the Black population should be promoted.

Exploring Perceptions of “Wellness” in Black Ethnic Minority Individuals at Risk of Developing Psychosis

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louisa Codjoe ◽  
Majella Byrne ◽  
Matthew Lister ◽  
Philip McGuire ◽  
Lucia Valmaggia
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Explanatory Models ◽  
Service Users ◽  
Treatment Expectations ◽  
Black African ◽  
Black Caribbean ◽  
Seeking Help ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
At Risk Mental State

Background:The NICE Schizophrenia guidelines (NICE, 2009, Update) recommend that services should address cultural differences in treatment, expectations and adherence, and clients’ explanatory models of illness should be better understood. Service users from Black African and Black Caribbean communities are overrepresented in psychosis services in the UK, yet there is no literature on how wellness is understood by this group.Aims:This study explored perceptions of wellness in Black African and Black Caribbean individuals with an At Risk Mental State (ARMS) for psychosis.Method:A Q set of potential meanings of wellness was identified from a literature search and interviews with people at risk of developing psychosis. From this, 50 potential definitions were identified; twenty Black African and Black Caribbean ARMS clients ranked these definitions.Results:Following factor analysis of completed Q sorts, six factors emerged that offered insight into perceptions of wellness in this population. These factors included: sense of social purpose explanation, the surviving God's test explanation, the internalization of spirituality explanation, understanding and attribution of symptoms to witchcraft explanation, avoidance and adversity explanation, and seeking help to cope explanation.Conclusions:Although preliminary, differences between the factors suggests that there may be perceptions of wellness specific to these groups that are distinct from the medical view of wellness promoted within early detection services. These differences may potentially impact upon engagement, particularly factors that clients feel may facilitate or aide their recovery. It is suggested that these differences need to be considered as part of the assessment and formulation process.

Resisting welfare conditionality: constraint, choice and dissent among homeless migrants

2019 ◽  
pp. 69-90
Author(s):  
Regina Serpa
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Behavioural Change ◽  
State Control ◽  
Active Choice ◽  
Constrained Choice ◽  
Eligibility Requirements ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Uk

This chapter examines the ways in which welfare conditionality impacts upon homeless migrants in the UK. Legal status, eligibility requirements and behavioural controls determine access to benefits, housing and State assistance, compounding the precarity of homeless migrants who are situated at the interstices of multiple (and competing) systems. The chapter looks how specific conditions both constrain the choices of homeless migrants and how efforts at behavioural change are resisted. Using data from a study of Polish rough sleepers in Scotland, this chapter asks: To what extent is non-participation a consequence of passivity or a feature of active choice? In what ways do those facing extreme precarity and constrained choice resist welfare conditionality? The study argues that for some rough sleepers, homelessness can be a form of resistance to eligibility and behavioural conditions attached to welfare and sleeping rough can be an act of dissent to forms of State control.

Better understandings of ethnic variations: ethnicity, poverty and social exclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saffron Karlsen ◽  
Christina Pantazis
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Black African ◽  
Ethnic Minority Population ◽  
Polish People ◽  
Black Caribbean ◽  
White Majority ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Ethnic Variations

Previous assessments of poverty and social exclusion in the UK show variations in the social position of people with different ethnic backgrounds. While many minority groups experience significant disadvantage compared with the white majority, this is found to be particularly persistent among Pakistani and Bangladeshi people. However, this previous work is less than comprehensive in its coverage of the ethnic minority population. There are also concerns that standard measures of socioeconomic status fail to account for some of the specific experiences of ethnic minority groups and as a consequence underestimate the prevalence of socioeconomic disadvantage among them. The Poverty and Social Exclusion UK 2012 survey enables us to look at groups often ignored in analyses of ethnic inequalities, such as white minority groups and more recent migrants. Our findings therefore make a valuable contribution to this existing evidence, drawing attention to the particular disadvantage experienced by Black African and Polish people. The more detailed markers employed here reveal additional dimensions of disadvantage than have generally been explored previously and through this the significant disadvantage experienced by other groups – such as Black Caribbean people – as well as the heterogeneity within particular ethnic groups, which have been unappreciated in previous work.

Men who have sex with men who are born abroad and diagnosed with HIV in England and Wales: an epidemiological perspective

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 618-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Dougan ◽  
J Elford ◽  
K Sinka ◽  
K A Fenton ◽  
B G Evans
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Health ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Health Needs ◽  
Country Of Birth ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Black African ◽  
South Central ◽  
Black Caribbean ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
The Uk

Relatively little is known about the sexual health needs of men who have sex with men (MSM) born abroad who reside in the UK. We describe here the epidemiology of HIV among MSM born outside the UK and diagnosed with HIV in England and Wales. Reports of HIV diagnoses in England and Wales received at the Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections were analysed. Between 2000 and 2003, 6386 MSM were diagnosed with HIV in England and Wales. Country of birth was recorded for 3571 (56%). Of those with country of birth reported, 2598 (73%) were born in the UK and 973 (27%) abroad. Of those born abroad (973), 424 (44%) were born in Europe, 141 (15%) in Africa, 104 (11%) in South/Central America and the remainder in other regions. Where reported (949), 69% of MSM born abroad were White, 12% other/mixed, 9% Black Caribbean and 7% Black African. Probable country of infection was reported for 612 MSM born abroad: 52% were infected in the UK, 43% in their region of birth and 5% in another region. Men born abroad represent a significant proportion of HIV diagnoses among MSM in England and Wales. More than half probably acquired their HIV infection in the UK, strengthening the call for targeted HIV prevention and sexual health promotion among MSM who are not born in England and Wales.

scholarly journals Influence of weaning timing advice and associated weaning behaviours in a survey of black and minority ethnic groups in the UK

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 2094-2103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda P Moore ◽  
Kristina Nanthagopan ◽  
Grace Hammond ◽  
Peter Milligan ◽  
Louise M Goff
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
South Asian ◽  
South Asians ◽  
Black African ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Minority Ethnic Groups ◽  
Black Caribbean ◽  
African Black ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Minority Ethnic

AbstractObjectiveTo assess understanding of the Department of Health weaning guidelines and weaning influences in a self-selected sample of black and minority ethnic (BME) parents, residing in London.DesignA face-to-face, questionnaire-facilitated survey among Black African, Black Caribbean and South Asian parents.SettingAn opportunistic sample of parents was recruited from Sure Start centres, churches and play groups across key London boroughs.SubjectsThree hundred and forty-nine interviews were included; 107 Black African, fifty-four Black Caribbean, 120 South Asian and sixty-four of Black mixed-race ethnicity.ResultsFifty-two per cent of Black and 66 % of South Asian parents had accurate understanding of the guidelines. Inaccurate knowledge of the guidelines was associated with weaning before 17 weeks (P < 0·001); 36 % of Black Africans and 31 % of Black Caribbeans were weaned before 4 months compared with 16 % of South Asians. All BME groups were most influenced by weaning information from the previous generations of mothers in their families, which was associated with earlier weaning (21·5 (sd 6·5) v. 24·1 (sd 4·2) weeks; F(2,328) = 5·79, P = 0·003), and less so by professional infant feeding advice, which was associated with a later weaning age (23·7 (sd 5·1) v. 20·7 (sd 5·7) weeks; F(1,344) = 34·7, P < 0·001).ConclusionsLack of awareness of the Department of Health weaning guidelines is common among these BME populations, whose weaning behaviour is strongly influenced by informal advice. Further research is necessary to elucidate the influences on weaning in these populations and to facilitate the development of infant feeding support which is salient for BME groups in the UK.

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