scholarly journals Vocational Education and Employment: Explaining Cohort Variations in Life Course Patterns

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Kratz ◽  
Alexander Patzina ◽  
Corinna Kleinert ◽  
Hans Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Vocational Education ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Employment Patterns ◽  
Education And Employment ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Smooth Transitions ◽  
Health Deterioration

A stylized finding on returns to vocational education is that vocational compared to general education generates a differential life course pattern of employability: while vocational education guarantees smooth transitions into the labour market and thus generates initial advantages, these erode with increasing age, leading to late-life reversals in employment chances. We contribute to this research by assessing cohort variations in life-cycle patterns and distinguishing two explanations for late-life reversals in employment chances. The adaptability argument states that this phenomenon is due to the lower adaptability and occupational flexibility of those with vocational education. In contrast, the health argument states that vocational education leads to physically more demanding occupations, faster health deterioration, and, thus, lower employability in later life. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we employ non-parametric state probability analysis to assess cohort variations in employment patterns, and mediation analysis to assess how much of the late-life reversal of employment patterns is due to a faster health deterioration among the vocationally educated. Results show that the early life advantage of vocational education increases across cohorts. Furthermore, those with vocational education exhibit faster health deterioration, and a small part of the late-life employment disadvantage of this group works through lower levels of health after midlife.

scholarly journals Body size throughout the life-course and incident benign prostatic hyperplasia-related outcomes and nocturia

BMC Urology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saira Khan ◽  
K. Y. Wolin ◽  
R. Pakpahan ◽  
R. L. Grubb ◽  
G. A. Colditz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Prostate Volume ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽  
The Life Course

Abstract Background Existing evidence suggests that there is an association between body size and prevalent Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)-related outcomes and nocturia. However, there is limited evidence on the association between body size throughout the life-course and incident BPH-related outcomes. Methods Our study population consisted of men without histories of prostate cancer, BPH-related outcomes, or nocturia in the intervention arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO) (n = 4710). Associations for body size in early- (age 20), mid- (age 50) and late-life (age ≥ 55, mean age 60.7 years) and weight change with incident BPH-related outcomes (including self-reported nocturia and physician diagnosis of BPH, digital rectal examination-estimated prostate volume ≥ 30 cc, and prostate-specific antigen [PSA] concentration > 1.4 ng/mL) were examined using Poisson regression with robust variance estimation. Results Men who were obese in late-life were 25% more likely to report nocturia (Relative Risk (RR): 1.25, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.11–1.40; p-trendfor continuous BMI < 0.0001) and men who were either overweight or obese in late-life were more likely to report a prostate volume ≥ 30 cc (RRoverweight: 1.13, 95% CI 1.07–1.21; RRobese: 1.10, 95% CI 1.02–1.19; p-trendfor continuous BMI = 0.017) as compared to normal weight men. Obesity at ages 20 and 50 was similarly associated with both nocturia and prostate volume ≥ 30 cc. Considering trajectories of body size, men who were normal weight at age 20 and became overweight or obese by later-life had increased risks of nocturia (RRnormal to overweight: 1.09, 95% CI 0.98–1.22; RRnormal to obese: 1.28, 95% CI 1.10–1.47) and a prostate volume ≥ 30 cc (RRnormal to overweight: 1.12, 95% CI 1.05–1.20). Too few men were obese early in life to examine the independent effect of early-life body size. Later-life body size modified the association between physical activity and nocturia. Conclusions We found that later-life body size, independent of early-life body size, was associated with adverse BPH outcomes, suggesting that interventions to reduce body size even late in life can potentially reduce the burden of BPH-related outcomes and nocturia.

The Importance of School Attendance: Findings From the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development on the Life-Course Effects of Truancy

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 592-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Rocque ◽  
Wesley G. Jennings ◽  
Alex R. Piquero ◽  
Turgut Ozkan ◽  
David P. Farrington
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Problem Drinking ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
Later Life ◽  
School Dropout ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Childhood Risk Factors ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
The Relationship

School dropout has been extensively studied in the literature as a correlate of negative life outcomes. A precursor to school dropout is truancy, the unexcused or illegitimate student absence from school. Few studies have examined the relationship between truancy and involvement in crime and adjustment more generally over the life-course. This study extends previous work by exploring whether truancy at age 12 to 14 is related to later life outcomes such as crime, aggression, and adjustment using data from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development. Results indicate that truancy has long-lasting associations with negative life outcomes, especially for non-violent crime and problem drinking. Importantly, these findings hold for certain outcomes controlling for a comprehensive host of environmental and individual childhood risk factors.

scholarly journals The Life-Course Timing of Legalization: Evidence from the DACA Program

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 237802312110589
Author(s):  
Erin R. Hamilton ◽  
Caitlin Patler ◽  
Paola D. Langer
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Mexican Immigrants ◽  
Employment Outcomes ◽  
School Enrollment ◽  
Immigrant Integration ◽  
Integration Theory ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Education And Employment ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Life Course

The Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program was created to mitigate some of the harmful consequences of undocumented immigration status. Although research shows that the DACA program promoted employment outcomes for the average DACA recipient, life-course theory and immigrant integration theory suggest that the program may differentially affect younger and older recipients. Using data from the American Community Survey, the authors test whether DACA was associated with different education and employment outcomes for younger and older Mexican immigrants. The results indicate that DACA was associated with increases in the likelihood of working among younger but not older DACA-eligible individuals and with greater decreases in the likelihood of school enrollment among younger DACA-eligible individuals. These results suggest that policy makers should ensure that opportunities to permanently legalize status are available to immigrants as early as possible in the life course.

scholarly journals Associations of Successful Aging With Socioeconomic Position Across the Life-Course: The West of Scotland Twenty-07 Prospective Cohort Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise Whitley ◽  
Michaela Benzeval ◽  
Frank Popham
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Socioeconomic Position ◽  
Successful Aging ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
The West ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Life Course

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate how socioeconomic position (SEP) is associated with multidimensional measures of successful aging (SA), and how this varies and accumulates across the life-course. Method: Using data from 1,733 Scottish men and women from two cohorts aged around 57 and 76, respectively, we explored associations of SA, based on the Rowe–Kahn model, with 10 measures of SEP measured in childhood and, distally and proximally, in adulthood. Results: Individual SEP associations with SA score were generally consistent across different indicators and life stages: Respondents with the most versus least favorable SEP had two additional positive SA dimensions. There was also a strong association between SA and cumulative SEP based on all 10 measures combined; respondents with the most versus least favorable lifelong SEP had four additional positive SA dimensions. Conclusion: SEP advantages/disadvantages act and accumulate across the life-course, resulting in widening socioeconomic inequalities in SA in later life.

Suicide, Life Course, and Life Story

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertram J. Cohler ◽  
Michael J. Jenuwine
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Life Story ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Life Course Perspective ◽  
Psychological Autopsy ◽  
Life Course Approach ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Narrative Methodology ◽  
Off Time

This article explores how a life-course perspective and narrative methodology can be used to study risk factors for late-life suicide. A life-course approach to aging and suicide requires consideration of age as both social and personal construction. “On-” and “off-time” events and their impact on adjustmenta are used to illustrate these social and personal constructions. Cohort, period, and histrorical events have potentially profound effects on risk for suicide, yet the study of these effects is difficult because they are so often confounded in longitudinal study. Lifelong personality characteristics that are not life-threatening in earlier life may be of greater risk in later life depending on life circumstances such as physical dependencies. A life-story or narrative approach offers an alternative method for incorporating these complicated factors when studying late-life suicide. The psychological autopsy can be considered a type of “narrative” used by various individuals to gain understanding about a suicide.

scholarly journals Early-life Health as a Lifelong Precursor of Self-Related Views of Aging in Later Life

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqui Smith ◽  
Marina Larkina
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Chronic Illness ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Chronic Illnesses ◽  
Subjective Age ◽  
Childhood Health ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Demographic Covariates

Abstract Objectives Age stereotypes and expectations about one’s own aging commence in childhood but most research focuses on predictive associations with midlife health behaviors, later-life chronic conditions, biomarkers, and longevity. Surprisingly little is known about the role of poor childhood health in these associations. This study aims to fill this gap. Methods Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS: N = 5,773, aged 50–98), we investigated whether diagnosed chronic illness before age 16 and self-rated childhood health predict late-life self-perceptions of aging (SPA) and proportional subjective age discrepancy (PSAD). We conducted multivariate multiple regression analysis (MMRA) to determine the joint and partial effects of the two indicators of childhood health. Models included controls for childhood family financial status as well as late-life self-rated health, chronic illnesses, memory status, and demographic covariates (age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, socioeconomic status) in 2016. Results Over and above all covariates and the covariation of the two views of one’s own aging, the MMRA models revealed that the number of childhood chronic illnesses predicted SPA but not for PSAD. Self-rated childhood health predicted both SPA and PSAD in the unadjusted models, but not in the adjusted models. Discussion This study provides new insight into potential early-life precursors of self-evaluations of aging. In particular, childhood diagnoses of chronic illness enhance negative SPA up to 50 years later. Non-normative experiences related to poor health in childhood are lifelong foundations for socioeconomic status, health, and for self-related beliefs about age and aging.

A life of relationships

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torbjörn Bildtgård ◽  
Peter Öberg
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Relationship Experiences ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Historical Transition ◽  
Experiences Of Women ◽  
Prior Relationship

This chapter bridges the macro–micro gap by showing how the historical transformation of intimacy is reflected in older individuals’ relationship careers. The chapter challenges the idea that current generations of older people have normally lived their lives in single lifelong marriages ending in widowhood and shows the complexity of their relationship careers. It discusses the consequences of prior relationship experiences on interest in, and preferences for, late-life intimacy. It discusses the different implications of being widowed versus divorced for interest in repartnering. Finally, it focuses on the different biographical relationship experiences of women and men and how they impact on the interest for repartnering in later life. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the presented findings in relation to the deinstitutionalisation of the life course. Extensive biographical case descriptions are used to give the reader an understanding of what it means to have lived one’s life during the historical transition to divorce culture.

scholarly journals CUMULATIVE ADVANTAGE IN CHANGING ECONOMIC TIMES: STRESS, DISTRESS, AND FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR AGING COHORTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S418-S418
Author(s):  
Dale Dannefer ◽  
Stephen Crystal ◽  
Angela O’Rand
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Historical Change ◽  
Cumulative Advantage ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Processes of cumulative dis/advantage operate within cohorts and across historical time. In the ongoing dance of age, cohort and period, each cohort encounters distinctive social and economic environments at particular ages that may ameliorate or exacerbate the cumulative and systemic processes of inequality production that operate over its collective life course. We explore issues of current and future late-life inequality and its consequences. As overall income inequality has grown, what are the likely consequences for late-life outcomes? How have cohorts currently in midlife been affected by the Great Recession of 2008 and subsequent recovery? What are the mental and physical consequences of these developments, and to what extent can they be ameliorated by interventions in middle and later adulthood? This symposium addresses how variation in economic circumstances and social and psychological stresses may affect outcomes over the life course, and how these complex, interacting processes can be best conceptualized and examined. One paper examines the impact of the Great Recession and subsequent events on the intracohort distribution of income, suggesting inordinate setbacks during the Recession with likely long-term effects for economically vulnerable subpopulations. Another explores the role of psychosocial stressors in the process of cumulative dis/advantage, focusing on linkages between functional limitations and psychological well-being in later life, and how these linkages are amplified by diverse dimensions of disadvantage (e.g., education, employment; coping strategies; caregiving). A third paper examines the intergenerational dimensions of cumulative advantage processes. Finally, contrasting theoretical frameworks for apprehending life-course processes and historical change will be explored.

scholarly journals Life Course Socioeconomic Status and Later Life Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Neuropathological Lesions

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 164-164
Author(s):  
Sarah Tom ◽  
Amol Mehta ◽  
Stepanie Izard ◽  
Paul Crane ◽  
David Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Braak Stage

Abstract While higher life course socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with lower Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) risk, relationships with AD-related neuropathological lesions are unclear. We hypothesize that high SES in early, mid and late life will be associated with lower frequency of AD-related pathological lesions. The Rush Memory and Aging Project is a cohort of 2025 people age ≥ 65 years from Northeastern Illinois recruited 1997 – 2018; 972 participants died. We created binary variables for Braak stage (0-II versus III-VI), NIA-Reagan score (low likelihood/no AD pathology versus high/intermediate likelihood), presence of microinfarcts and, separately, macroinfarcts, and life course SES based on median for late life (baseline income), midlife (income at age 40 years), and early life (composite of parental education and number of siblings). Logistic regression models adjusted for ages at baseline and death, sex, presence of APOE-Ɛ4 alleles, and separately, vascular factors and education. Of 761 participants with relevant data, 69% were women, and mean ages at baseline and death were 83 + 6 years and 90 + 6 years, respectively. High early life SES was related to lower frequency of AD pathology (OR= 0.69, 95% CI 0.50, 0.96) and macroinfarcts (OR= 0.69, 95% CI 0.51, 0.94). Results were similar when adjusting for vascular factors; adjustment for education modestly attenuated these associations. Mid-life and late life SES were not associated with AD-related neuropathological lesions. High early life SES was related to lower frequency of AD pathology and macroinfarct presence. Environment during early development may influence later life brain aging.

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