scholarly journals When Does Expanded Eligibility Translate into Increased Take-Up? An Examination of Parental Leave Policy in Luxembourg

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 350-363
Author(s):  
Merve Uzunalioglu ◽  
Marie Valentova ◽  
Margaret O'Brien ◽  
Anne-Sophie Genevois
Keyword(s):  
Working Mothers ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Working Parents ◽  
Foreign National ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Marginal Part ◽  
Leave Policy ◽  
Part Time ◽  
First Time

This article aims to explore the role of eligibility for parental leave as a determinant of access and as an enabler of leave take-up. To analyse the link between eligibility and take-up, we study a unique policy change in Luxembourg’s parental leave scheme. The country’s 2016 parental leave reform relaxed the eligibility criteria to enable marginal part-time working parents to access the parental leave scheme for the first time. We focus on this change and examine to what extent relaxing the eligibility criteria translated into increased take-up by the marginal part-time working parents who became eligible. To quantify this transition, we analyse trends in and patterns of eligibility for the scheme in Luxembourg between 2009 and 2018 among first-time parents working full-time, part-time, or marginal part-time hours. We use a subsample of Luxembourg-resident, cohabiting, first-time parents (N = 6,254) drawn from the social security data. Our analysis shows that as eligibility is dependent on individual factors, it has similarities among mothers and fathers, whereas take-up is notably greater for mothers. After the reform, we observe that marginal part-time working mothers started taking parental leave, but up to 2018, the reform’s outreach to marginal part-time working fathers remained limited. We also find that foreign national parents are less likely to be eligible for parental leave and have lower take-up rates. Despite the gendered parental leave take-up behaviours in parallel with international evidence, marginal part-time working mothers’ positive response to the reform indicates progress towards strengthening women’s labour market attachment in Luxembourg.

scholarly journals How can we become more equal? Public policies and parents’ work–family preferences in Germany

2021 ◽  
pp. 095892872110357
Author(s):  
Mareike Bünning ◽  
Lena Hipp
Keyword(s):  
Parental Leave ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Working Parents ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Time Position ◽  
Work Family ◽  
Employed Parents ◽  
The Right ◽  
Policy Setting

This study examines how public policies affect parents’ preferences for a more egalitarian division of paid and unpaid work. Based on the assumption that individuals develop their preferences within a specific policy context, we examine how changes in three policies affect mothers’ and fathers’ work–family preferences: the availability of high-quality, affordable childcare; the right to return to a full-time job after having reduced hours to part-time and an increase in the number of ‘partner months’ in parental leave schemes. Analysing a unique probability sample of parents with young children in Germany from 2015 ( N = 1756), we find that fathers would want to work slightly fewer hours if they had the right to return to a full-time position after working part-time, and mothers would want to work slightly more hours if childcare opportunities were improved. Full-time working parents, moreover, are found to prefer fewer hours independent of the policy setting, while non-employed parents would like to work at least some hours. Last but not least, our analyses show that increasing the number of partner months in the parental leave scheme considerably increases fathers’ preferences for longer and mothers’ preferences for shorter leave. Increasing the number of partner months in parental schemes hence has the greatest potential to increase gender equality.

scholarly journals How can we become more equal? Public policies and parents’ work-family preferences in Germany

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mareike Bünning ◽  
Lena Hipp
Keyword(s):  
Parental Leave ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Working Parents ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Time Position ◽  
Work Family ◽  
Employed Parents ◽  
The Right ◽  
Policy Setting

This study uses Sen’s (1985) “capabilities framework” to examine how public policies affect parents’ preferences for a more egalitarian division of paid and unpaid work. Based on the assumption that individuals develop their preferences within a specific policy context, we examine how changes in three policies affect mothers’ and fathers’ work-family preferences, namely, the availability of high-quality, affordable childcare, the right to return to a full-time job after working part-time, and an extension of “partner months” in parental leave schemes. Analyzing a unique probability sample of parents with young children in Germany, we find that, on average, fathers would want to work slightly fewer hours if they had the right to return to a full-time position after working part-time, and mothers would want to work slightly more hours if childcare opportunities were improved. Our analyses, however, also show that full-time working parents have preferences for shorter hours and that non-employed parents would prefer longer hours independent of the policy setting. Last but not least, we find that increasing the number of partner months in the parental leave scheme considerably increases fathers’ preferences for longer and mothers’ preferences for shorter periods of parental leave. Our main conclusion is that extending the number of partner months in parental schemes has the greatest potential to increase gender equality.

THE SARS-CoV-2 PANDEMIC IN BULGARIA AND THE CHALLENGES OF REAL-TIME DISTANCE LEARNING FOR TOURISM UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Obreshkov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Distance Learning ◽  
University Students ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Time Distance ◽  
First Time ◽  
Educational Field

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic brought changes in various aspects of life, including educational field. The present study reveals some of the challenges related to real-time distance learning for university students majoring in tourism in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. The study includes Bulgarian and international students in full-time and part-time bachelor's and master's tourism programs, in which real-time distance education was introduced for the first time. The current study could be a starting point for improving the organization and quality of education of Tourism students, as well as for faster overcoming of related difficulties in communication with students.

scholarly journals Restorative diploma now aesthetically pleasing

2006 ◽  
Vol 88 (10) ◽  
pp. 333-333
Author(s):  
Charlotte Worker
Keyword(s):  
Postgraduate Training ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Dental Practice ◽  
Restorative Dentistry ◽  
Time Commitment ◽  
Dental Practitioners ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Aesthetic Dentistry ◽  
First Time

Until recently it has been difficult for general dental practitioners (GDPs) to access formally recognised postgraduate training while maintaining a full-time commitment to practice. The diploma in restorative dentistry from the Faculty of General Dental Practice (UK) (FGDP(UK)) allows participants to do just that. In the latest development GDPs now have the option, for the first time, to choose a special interest module in aesthetic dentistry during the second year of the part-time diploma programme.

Maternity Leave And Women's Mental Health

1995 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Shibley Hyde ◽  
Marjorie H. Klein ◽  
Marilyn J. Essex ◽  
Roseanne Clark
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Work Status ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Part Time

The Wisconsin Maternity Leave and Health Study addresses an important policy issue, parental leave, by investigating the work status, maternity leave, and mental health of 570 women. In the longitudinal design, the women, all of whom were living with a husband or partner, were interviewed during the fifth month of pregnancy, 1 month postpartum, and 4 months postpartum. At 4 months postpartum, full-time workers, part-time workers, and homemakers did not differ in depression or anger, but full-time workers showed elevated anxiety compared with the other two groups. In multiple regression analyses, length of leave interacted significantly with marital concerns when predicting depression; women who took a short leave (6 weeks or less) and were high on marital concerns had the highest depression scores. Short maternity leave can be conceptualized as a risk factor that, when combined with other risk factors such as marital concerns, places women at greater risk for depression.

Do politics matter? Women in Swedish local elected assemblies 1970–2010 and gender equality in outcomes

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Wängnerud ◽  
Anders Sundell
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
National Level ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Equal Distribution ◽  
Input Side ◽  
Part Time ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Elected Representatives

A substantial number of studies support the notion that having a high number of women in elected office helps strengthen the position of women in society. However, some of the most cited studies rely on questionnaires asking elected representatives about their attitudes and priorities, thus focusing on the input side of the political system. The closer one gets to outcomes in citizens’ everyday lives, the fewer empirical findings there are to report. In this study, we attempt to explain contemporary variations in gender equality at the sub-national level in Sweden. We use six indicators to capture a broad spectrum of everyday life situations. The overall finding is that having a high number of women elected does affect conditions for women citizens, making them more equal to men in terms of factors such as income levels, full-time vs. part-time employment, and distribution of parental leave between mothers and fathers, even when controlling for party ideology and modernization at the municipal level. No effect was found, however, on factors such as unemployment, poor health, and poverty among women. Thus, the politics of presence theory (Phillips, 1995), which emphasizes the importance of having a high number of women elected, does exert an effect, but the effect needs to be specified. For some dimensions of gender equality, the driving forces of change have more to do with general transformations of society than the equal distribution of women and men in elected assemblies. We thoroughly discuss measurement challenges since there is no accepted or straightforward way of testing the politics of presence theory. We challenge the conventional wisdom of using indexes to capture the network of circumstances that determines the relationship between women and men in society; aggregating several factors undermines the possibility of building fine-tuned understandings of the operative mechanisms.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Impact of Student Enrollment Patterns on Academic Success Using a Hidden Markov Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6453
Author(s):  
Shahab Boumi ◽  
Adan Ernesto Vela
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Academic Performance ◽  
Academic Success ◽  
Transfer Students ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Enrollment Patterns ◽  
Part Time Students ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

Simplified classifications have often led to college students being labeled as full-time or part-time students. However, student enrollment patterns can be much more complicated at many universities, as it is common for students to switch between full-time and part-time enrollment each semester based on finances, scheduling, or family needs. While previous studies have identified part-time enrollment as a risk factor to students’ academic success, limited research has examined the impact of enrollment patterns or strategies on academic performance. Unlike traditional methods that use a single-period model to classify students into full-time and part-time categories, in this study, we apply an advanced multi-period dynamic approach using a Hidden Markov Model to distinguish and cluster students’ enrollment strategies into three categories: full-time, part-time, and mixed. We then investigate and compare the academic performance outcomes of each group based on their enrollment strategies while taking into account student type (i.e., first-time-in-college students and transfer students). Analysis of undergraduate student records data collected at the University of Central Florida from 2008 to 2017 shows that the academic performance of first-time-in-college students who apply a mixed enrollment strategy is closer to that of full-time students, as compared to part-time students. Moreover, during their part-time semesters, mixed-enrollment students significantly outperform part-time students. Similarly, analysis of transfer students shows that a mixed-enrollment strategy is correlated with similar graduation rates as the full-time enrollment strategy and more than double the graduation rate associated with part-time enrollment. This finding suggests that part-time students can achieve better overall outcomes by increased engagement through occasional full-time enrollments.

scholarly journals Understanding the increase in the number of childbirth-related leave beneficiaries in Serbia

Stanovnistvo ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-62
Author(s):  
Katarina Stanic ◽  
Gordana Matkovic
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Special Child ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Time Basis ◽  
The Right

Over the past number of years, the public expenditures for childbirth-related leave benefits have more than doubled ? in 2015 amounted to 0.7% GDP in relation to 0.3% GDP in 2002. This increase can mainly be attributed to the increased number of beneficiaries that grew consistently from 24 thousand in 2002 up to 40 thousand in 2015, despite the fact that the annual number of live births has been almost continually decreasing and the registered employment has dropped by almost 20 per cent in the observed period. One of the clear reasons explaining part of this increase is the extension of 3+ order of birth leaves in 2006, from one to two years, which can explain the increase of around 3.5 thousand of beneficiaries. Another reason is high number of beneficiaries using special child-care leave meant for parents with children with disabilities, but which, in reality, is very often used simply as the extension of parental leave. The average number of special child-care leave beneficiaries in the second half of 2015 amounted to 2.8 thousand. When these two effects are taken into account, we still notice significant increase of beneficiaries of around 10 thousand in the observed period. Fictitious employment during the pregnancy can explain this increase to some extent. Available data unambiguously show that a number of women formally employing during the second and third trimester of pregnancy has increased from 800 in 2002 to almost 3.5 thousand monthly average in the second half of 2015. There are two flaws of the childbirth-related leave programme in Serbia, which together lead to the constant increase of the number of beneficiaries. First is the lack of flexibility of the programme, both in terms of eligibility for acquiring the right as well as in terms of flexibility in use. Maternity/parental leave benefit may acquire only those in ?standard employment? i.e. employed under employment contract (and entrepreneurs) while other type of contracts is not eligible. Second problem is the loophole in the benefit calculation method and the inadequate special child-care acquiring procedure which brings about the inclusion error. This results in the increase of generosity of the program, in a selective way, which in turn jeopardizes the financial sustainability of the programme as a whole. The reform of the childbirth-related leave program should progress in two directions. First is the change of the benefit calculation method extending the calculation base period so that it disables misuse and inclusion error; enabling the right to those with flexible/non-standard employment; and tightening the eligibility criteria for special-care leave. Second array of reform should tackle the flexibility in use, allowing options such as taking a leave on part-time basis or taking longer periods of leave with lower benefits.

scholarly journals PART-TIME WORK AS A FLEXIBLE WORK ARRANGEMENT (EUROPEAN CONTEXT)

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1210-1220
Author(s):  
Nataliya P. Mokrytska ◽  
Mariya S. Dolynska
Keyword(s):  
Labor Relations ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Labor Legislation ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Labor Resources ◽  
The Cost ◽  
First Time ◽  
Part Time Work

Purpose of the study: The main criterion for choosing a model of the organization of the workflow by the employer is the cost-effectiveness and rationality of using labor resources. It is proved that the greatest efficiency of the working process can be achieved through the correct combination of full-time work with elements of part-time employment. It seems possible to enshrine such models of labor relations at the level of the legislation of the EU and individual countries by introducing appropriate amendments to labor legislation. Methodology: Hermeneutics, formal-logical and comparative law were used as the main methodological tools. In addition, the methods of systemic and structural analysis were used to identify the most successful mechanisms for the legal regulation of relations in the field of part-time employment. The study of the provisions of local regulations governing contractual relations was of particular success in achieving the research results. Main Findings: A conclusion was made that the transition to part-time employment can only take place within the labor relations between the employee and the employer. It is achieved through a combination of the means of contractual practices such as early notification of the other party (initiative) and negotiations aimed at resolving all issues related to changing working conditions. It has been found that most of the legislative rules are aimed at workers of medium-sized and large enterprises, certain categories of employees and duration of relations. Applications of this study: The study has an extended practical application. First of all, it can be used for developing the most effective modern mechanisms of part-time employment at the level of national legislation. The conclusions and the results of the study can also be used by companies in developing intra-corporate regulations. Novelty/Originality of this study: All types of effective HR management models based on part-time employment have been identified for the first time based on the transition from full-time to part-time work or vice versa. It was also proved for the first time with the help of scientific methodology, that the transition to part-time employment can only take place within the framework of labor relations between the employee and the employer.

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