EFFECTS OF LIGHT QUALITY AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHOTON FLUX ON GROWTH AND CAROTENOID PIGMENTS IN SPINACH (SPINACIA OLERACEA L.)

2011 ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Li ◽  
S. Hikosaka ◽  
E. Goto
Keyword(s):  
Light Quality ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Carotenoid Pigments ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L

scholarly journals Bolting and Growth of Spinacia oleracea L. Can be Altered by Modifying the Photoperiod during Transplant Production

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 624-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changhoo Chun ◽  
Ayumi Watanabe ◽  
Toyoki Kozai ◽  
Hyeon-Hye Kim ◽  
Junya Fuse
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽  
Flower Stalk ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L ◽  
Critical Photoperiod ◽  
Long Photoperiod

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. cv. Dimple) was chosen to determine whether bolting (i.e., elongation of flower stalks) could be controlled by manipulating the photoperiod during transplant production in a closed system using artificial light. Plants grown under various photoperiods during transplant production were transferred and cultured under natural short photoperiods and artificial long photoperiods. Vegetative growth at transplanting tended to be greater with the longer photoperiod because of the increased integrated photosynthetic photon flux. Bolting initiation reacted qualitatively to a long photoperiod, and the critical photoperiod for bolting initiation was longer than 13 h and shorter than 15 h. The plants grown under a longer photoperiod during transplant production had longer flower stalks at harvest. The long photoperiod and/or high temperature after transplanting therefore promoted flower stalk elongation. Growing plants under a photoperiod that was shorter than the critical photoperiod during transplant production reduced elongation of the flower stalks, thus there was no loss of market value even though the plants were cultured under a long photoperiod and high temperature for 2 weeks after transplanting.

scholarly journals Optimization of Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density and Light Quality for Increasing Radiation-Use Efficiency in Dwarf Tomato under LED Light at the Vegetative Growth Stage

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Xinglin Ke ◽  
Hideo Yoshida ◽  
Shoko Hikosaka ◽  
Eiji Goto
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Radiation Use

Dwarf tomatoes are advantageous when cultivated in a plant factory with artificial light because they can grow well in a small volume. However, few studies have been reported on cultivation in a controlled environment for improving productivity. We performed two experiments to investigate the effects of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD; 300, 500, and 700 μmol m−2 s−1) with white light and light quality (white, R3B1 (red:blue = 3:1), and R9B1) with a PPFD of 300 μmol m−2 s−1 on plant growth and radiation-use efficiency (RUE) of a dwarf tomato cultivar (‘Micro-Tom’) at the vegetative growth stage. The results clearly demonstrated that higher PPFD leads to higher dry mass and lower specific leaf area, but it does not affect the stem length. Furthermore, high PPFD increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of individual leaves but decreased RUE. A higher blue light proportion inhibited dry mass production with the same intercepted light because the leaves under high blue light proportion had low Pn and photosynthetic light-use efficiency. In conclusion, 300 μmol m−2 s−1 PPFD and R9B1 are the recommended proper PPFD and light quality, respectively, for ‘Micro-Tom’ cultivation at the vegetative growth stage to increase the RUE.

scholarly journals Supplemental Light Quality Affects Budbreak, Yield, and Vase Life of Cut Roses

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 621-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.L. Roberts ◽  
M.J. Tsujita ◽  
B. Dansereau
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Metal Halide ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽  
R:Fr Ratio ◽  
Metal Halide Lamps

Rosa ×hybrida `Samantha' plants were grown under high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps, HPS lamps fitted with blue gel filters to reduce the red to far-red (R:FR) ratio, or metal halide lamps. R: FR ratios were 1:0.95, 1:2, and 1:0.26 for HPS; filtered HPS, and metal halide, respectively. Although the R: FR ratio for metal halide was 3.5 times higher than for HPS, the total energy from 630 to 750 nm was 2.8 times lower. At a nighttime supplemental photosynthetic photon flux of 70 to 75 μmol·m-2.s-1, plants under HPS and metal halide lamps produced 49 % and 64% more flowering shoots, respectively, than those under filtered HPS (averaged over two crop cycles). The quality index for flowers under HPS, metal halide, and filtered HPS was 25.0, 23.3, and 18.5, respectively. Vase life was 10 to 11 days, regardless of treatment.

scholarly journals Influence of Spectral Filters on Height, Leaf Chlorophyll, and Flowering of Rosa × hybrida ‘Meirutral’

1990 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-211
Author(s):  
M.J. McMahon ◽  
J.W. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Light Quality ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Rosa Hybrida ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Textile Dye ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Spectral Filters ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Growth Chambers

Abstract Growth of Rosa × hybrida ‘Meirutral’ under different spectral filters was evaluated. Two filters that altered far-red (730 nm)/red (660 nm) light (FR/R) were developed. One, a blue textile dye, increased FR/R by filtering out a portion of red light. The second, a salt (copper sulfate) decreased FR/R by filtering out a greater portion of far-red than red light. A third filter that did not alter light quality was the control. The filters were installed in specially built growth chambers. Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) was adjusted to equal values in each chamber. Plants were significantly shorter and had higher leaf chlorophyll when grown under the reduced FR/R filter. The number of flower buds and number of buds showing color at termination of the experiment was not affected by light quality treatments.

Rate Limitation of Non-Steady-State Photosynthesis by Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase in Spinach

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 487 ◽  
Author(s):  
IE Woodrow ◽  
KA Mott
Keyword(s):  
Relaxation Time ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Exponential Phase ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
Quantitative Expression ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L

A mathematical framework was developed to analyse rate limitation of non-steady-state photosynthesis following an increase in photon flux density (PFD). This analysis was employed to resolve an exponential phase of the photosynthetic response of Spinacia oleracea L. to a step increase from darkness to moderate PFD. This phase had a relaxation time of approximately 5 min, similar to the relaxation time for the activation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) as determined by freeze-clamp experiments following the same change in PFD. Furthermore, as the time in darkness prior to illumination was increased, the exponential phase contributed more to the overall trajectory of photosynthesis following the increase in light. The relaxation time for the increase in the contribution of this phase was 24 min. Freeze-clamp studies showed a relaxation time of 28 min for Rubisco deactivation in the dark. These results, together with measurements of RuP2 levels, suggest that the exponential phase resolved from gas exchange experiments was limited by activation of Rubisco and that Rubisco deactivation in the dark was the reason that this phase contributed more to the overall photosynthetic trajectory as time in darkness increased. A quantitative expression for the amount of extra photosynthesis that could have been obtained had Rubisco activated instantly following an increase in PFD was derived and discussed in relation to optimal functioning of the system under different environmental conditions.

Activities of the cyanide-resistant respiratory pathway in leaves of sun and shade species

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ko Noguchi ◽  
Chun-Sim Go ◽  
Ichiro Terashima ◽  
Shingo Ueda ◽  
Tadashi Yoshinari
Keyword(s):  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Proton Translocation ◽  
Plant Mitochondria ◽  
Oxygen Electrode ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Respiratory Pathway ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L

Higher plant mitochondria have a cyanide-resistant alternative respiratory pathway of electron transport (AP) that is not coupled to proton translocation. To characterise the ecophysiology of this apparently ‘wasteful’ pathway, we constructed a system consisting of a gas-phase oxygen electrode and an air sampling line for measurement of stable oxygen isotope ratios. With this system, we were able to measure respiratory rates of a small amount of leaf segments of ca 0.6 g fresh weight, and collect about 100 L of the air from the oxygen electrode chamber several times. The 18 O/16 O ratio in the air samples was measured by mass spectrometry. The activity of AP was estimated based on the isotopic discrimination of 18 O. We used the leaves of Alocasia odora (Lodd.) Spach., a shade species, and Spinacia oleracea L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L., sun species. These plants were grown at two levels of photosynthetically active photon flux density (PPFD). Three main findings were: (1) in the leaves of A. odora, the contribution of AP was less than 10% of the total respiratory rate, irrespective of growth PPFD; (2) for the sun species grown at high PPFD, the contribution of AP in the leaves was about 40% early in the night, but decreased dramatically late in the night; and (3) when S. oleracea was grown at low PPFD, the contribution of AP in the leaves declined. The low activity of AP in the leaves of A. odora suggests that the efficiency of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production (ATP/O 2 ) of this species is high. This may be especially important in shaded environments where input of light energy is low. We also suggest that, in the leaves of sun species, ATP/O 2 changes depending on the conditions.

scholarly journals Growth of Dendranthema ×grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura under Various Spectral Filters

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 950-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. McMahon ◽  
J.W. Kelly ◽  
D.R. Decoteau ◽  
R.E. Young ◽  
R.K. Pollock
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Blue Light ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
The Other ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽  
Spectral Filters ◽  
Reduced Height ◽  
Growth Chambers

`Spears' (nonpinched and pinched) and `Yellow Mandalay' (pinched) chrysanthemums were grown in growth chambers equipped with panels filled with liquids that served as spectral filters. Light quality was altered by reducing blue light, increasing red: far-red (R: FR) light, or reducing R: FR. Control panels did not selectively alter light transmission. Photosynthetic photon flux was the same in all chambers. All plants grown under increased R: FR filters had reduced height, reduced internode length, and increased chlorophyll content compared to controls. Reduction in blue light decreased chlorophyll content of pinched plants compared to controls. Pinched plants grown under increased R: FR light and !ong days developed fewer nodes than controls due to the formation of abnormal capitula; the controls and plants from the other treatments developed more nodes before producing similarly abnormal capitula. Stem diameter and leaf area did not differ due to treatments.

scholarly journals Day-long Alterations of the Photomorphogenic Light Environment Affect Young Watermelon Plant Growth: Implications for Use with Rowcovers

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis R. Decoteau ◽  
Heather A. Hatt Graham
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Blue Light ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Metal Halide ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽  
Metal Halide Lamps

The sensitivity of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thumb.) Matsum & Naki `Sugar Baby'] plant growth to day-long alterations in light quality was determined by exposing plants to light transmitted through broad band wavelength selective filters. Of the three acetate filters analyzed (nos. 19, 27, and 74), filter no. 74 transmitted the least amount of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) (400 to 700 nm), the smallest red light: far-red light ratio (R:FR) (645:735 nm), and the greatest amount of blue light (400 to 500 nm) radiation from metal halide lamps. Plants grown under filter no. 74 were taller, had elongated petioles, and had a greater amount of petiole and stem biomass than plants grown under the other filters. Spectral transmission properties of commercially available rowcover materials were evaluated for variation of PPF, R:FR, and blue light. Clear polyethylene rowcovers were completely permeable to all measured (330 to 850 nm) wavelengths of radiation from metal halide lamps. White polyethylene rowcovers were the least permeable of the rowcover materials to wavelengths of radiation with decreases in the PPF, R:FR, and blue light. Spunbonded polyester materials slightly reduced PPF, R:FR, and blue light. Plants grown under white polyethylene and spunbonded materials grew taller (longer stems) than plants grown under the clear polyethylene rowcover. Petiole lengths were generally longer for plants grown under white polyethylene. Our results suggests that alterations in the R:FR and blue light due to selected wavelength transmission through commercially available rowcover material alter early watermelon growth.

scholarly journals Floral Development and Bolting of Spinach as Affected by Photoperiod and Integrated Photosynthetic Photon Flux During Transplant Production

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 889-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changhoo Chun ◽  
Machiko Tominaga ◽  
Toyoki Kozai
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Short Photoperiod ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽  
Flower Stalk ◽  
Stalk Length

We recently showed that spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) transplants produced under a short photoperiod and low air temperature were characterized by a delay of bolting and short flower-stalk length at harvest (Chun et al., 2000a). The present study was conducted to determine whether these changes are caused by the short photoperiod itself or by the lower integrated photosynthetic photon flux (IPPF). Shoot and root dry weights of transplants increased significantly with increasing IPPF, but were not affected by a change in the photoperiod. However, the floral development indices of transplants were significantly greater under a 16-than under a 10- or 13-hours/day photoperiod, but were not affected by a change in IPPF. The percentage of bolted plants 3 days after transplanting (DAT) increased significantly with increasing photoperiod (from 0% at 10 hours/day to more than 85% at 16 hours/day). Flower-stalk length increased with increasing photoperiod (e.g., at 14 DAT, from 15 mm at the shorter photoperiods to 80 mm at 16 hours/day), but was not affected by a change in IPPF. These results show that the delay of bolting that occurs when the photoperiod is reduced during transplant production is due to the delay of floral development and not to retarded vegetative growth as a result of reduced IPPF.

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