The effects of two steady chilling temperatures on bud dormancy of two apple cultivars

2020 ◽  
pp. 161-170
Author(s):  
G.A. Finetto
Keyword(s):  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Chilling Temperatures

scholarly journals Phenotypic Variation of Length of Bud Dormancy in Apple Cultivars and Related Malus Species

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Hauagge ◽  
James N. Cummins
Keyword(s):  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Cu Accumulation ◽  
Malus Species ◽  
Growing Degree Hours ◽  
Chill Unit ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Subtropical Environment

The chilling requirements (CR) to break bud dormancy in a broad range of apple cultivars (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) and related Malus spp. were assessed by periodic sampling and forcing of field-grown shoots as a function of chill unit (CU) accumulation and/or by the total growing degree hours (GDH) accumulated from leaf fall until the time of budbreak under a simulated subtropical winter. The mean number of CU required to break dormancy of field overwintered shoots varied between 218 ± 113 for `Anna' and 1516 ± 113 for `Wright #1'. However, most genotypes had CR between 800 and 1200 CU. Much wider variation for the length of bud dormancy was observed in plants growing under simulated subtropic winter conditions. Genotypes that had shown the lowest CR values under Geneva, N.Y., winters generally had the highest year-to-year variation in CR estimates. Cultivar bud CR values obtained under cold winters are related to field-observed CR estimates in a subtropical environment, but absolute values may differ markedly. Furthermore, several genotypes that show reasonable adaptation to the subtropics have similar or higher CR than apple cultivars with standard CR under Geneva conditions. In addition, enough CU accumulated under the simulated subtropic winters to break dormancy of standard apple cultivars. However, complete dormancy removal was observed only in cultivars well-adapted to a subtropical environment. This result indicates that in addition to CU accumulation, there are important interactions among cultivars and environmental factors that are responsible for terminating bud dormancy. Several cultivars and wild species have shown resistance to delayed foliation. Among the species, M. brevipes, M. rockii, M. spectabilis, and M. turesii are more tolerant than M. baccata and its hybrids, which are recognized for their adaptation to the subtropic environment.

scholarly journals Relationships among Indices for the End of Bud Dormancy in Apple Cultivars and Related Malus Species under Cold Winter Conditions

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Hauagge ◽  
James N. Cummins
Keyword(s):  
Development Stage ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Cu Accumulation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Dormant Season ◽  
Quadratic Models

Relationships among estimates for the length of bud dormancy over a wide range of cultivars of Malus × domestics Borkh. and related Malus spp. are reported. Flower bud dormancy state was estimated after fitting quadratic models for the number of days for 50% terminal budbreak (D50), bud development stage (BDS), and percent terminal budbreak (BB) after 21 days of forcing as a function of chilling unit (CU) accumulation. Cultivar, linear, and quadratic components of regression, as well as all interactions, were significant for D50, BDS, and BB when regressed against CU accumulation. Consequently, cultivars differ not only as to when changes in “dormancy intensity take place, but also in the patterns and rates at which these changes proceed. The number of CU needed to reach arbitrary stages of each characteristic at the end of dormancy was calculated and compared for all genotypes. Rates of CU accumulation until BB, BDS, and D50 reached 50%, 1.5 and 15 days, respectively, were well-correlated. These CU values were considered the end of bud dormancy or genotype chilling requirement (CR). Estimations of D50 were less variable and less subjective, and a wider range of data points could be used in the analysis. In addition, values for D50 can indicate the growth potential of buds when other indices do not show changes. A few sampling times during the dormant season may give a preliminary idea about the CR of a given genotype.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variation in Intensity of Bud Dormancy in Apple Cultivars and Related Malus Species

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Hauagge ◽  
James N. Cummins
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Intensity ◽  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Normal Curve ◽  
Intensity Maximum ◽  
Heat Unit ◽  
Cu Accumulation ◽  
Malus Species ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Heat Requirement ◽  
Dormancy Pattern

Dormancy patterns throughout the season were studied in more than 90 apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) cultivars and related Malus spp. The seasonal apple bud dormancy pattern resembles a normal curve: it starts to intensify soon after bud formation and reaches maximum intensity by the time of leaf fall/senescence. Genotypes were grouped into three general classes based on maximum dormancy intensity. Maximum intensity of bud dormancy measured in cold winters is inversely related to adaptation to the subtropics. Low-chilling requirement (CR) cultivars have a shallow depth of dormancy with very little alteration throughout the year. High-CR cultivars have intense bud dormancy, the first stage of which can be induced by growing these cultivars at temperatures above 20C. Genotypes differed in their rates of dormancy dissipation. The efficiency of chilling unit (CU) accumulation to break dormancy was negatively correlated with CR, which indicates the importance of factors other than CU accumulation in terminating bud dormancy in low-CR cultivars. The inherent length of bud dormancy plays a major role in determining the time of budbreak in the spring. Deviations may be related to the genotypic efficiency in which chilling modifies dormancy and possibly the basal temperatures to which buds respond. Chill unit requirement and heat unit requirement are dependent factors. Heat requirement comparisons may be meaningless if the dormancy intensities of the genotypes are not taken into consideration.

Sucrose and fructan metabolism of different wheat cultivars at chilling temperatures

1990 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 554-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Tognetti ◽  
G. L. Salerno ◽  
M. D. Crespi ◽  
H. G. Pontis
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Chilling Temperatures ◽  
Fructan Metabolism

RESULTS OF COOPERATION BETWEEN BREEDERS OF DIFFERENT INSTITUTIONS IN CREATION OF NEW GENERATION APPLE TREE

1970 ◽  
pp. 46-49
Author(s):  
Е. N. Sedov ◽  
T. V. Yanchuk ◽  
S. А. Korneeva ◽  
L. I. Dutova ◽  
Е. V. Ulianovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
The North ◽  
State Register ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
New Generation

The experience in cooperation of breeders of different institutions in creating cultivars is shown. It is not always when the breeding institution has the necessary initial forms for selection. In this regard, there is a need to conduct separate stages of selection in different breeding institutions. For this purpose, a provision on authorship and continuity in the integrated work of several institutions in fruit breeding has been developed (Program and methods of fruit, berry and nut crop breeding. Annex. – Orel, 1995. – pp. 492-498). Breeding work of the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) and North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking can serve as a positive experience of creating new apple cultivars by two institutions. As a result of the joint work of these two institutions, 22 apple cultivars have been created, of which 9 have already been included in the state register of breeding achievements approved for use (zoned), including three cultivars for the conditions of the Middle zone of Russia – Aleksandr Boiko, Maslovskoye and Yablochny Spas and six cultivars for the conditions of the North Caucasus – Vasilisa, Karmen, Margo, Orfey, Soyuz and Talisman. Brief economical and biological characteristics of these cultivars are given in this paper. The obtained practical results indicate that in some cases, when creating modern cultivars that meet the requirements of production, it is necessary to use the knowledge of breeders, the source material and equipment of different breeding institutions, and carry out separate stages of the selection process in different institutions.

NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT AND BERRIES IN SELECTION OF ALL-RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR NATURAL FOOD PRODUCTION

1970 ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
N. S. Levgerova ◽  
Е. S. Salina ◽  
I. А. Sidorova
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Black Currant ◽  
Central Russia ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Processed Products

The results of the technological assessment of new apple, cherry, black currant, red currant and gooseberry cultivars of VNIISPK breeding for the suitability for the natural food production are given. As a result, the cultivars that are promising for cultivation in raw plantings have been selected. For the production of raw materials in the juice industry, apple cultivars with a high juice yield and content of soluble solids higher than 10.0% were selected: ‘Bolotovskoye’ (Vf), ‘Candil Orlovsky’ (Vf), ‘Osipovskoye’ (3x), ‘Rozhdestvenskoye’ ((Vf + 3x), ‘Zaryanka’ (Vm), ‘Priokskoye’ ((Vf + Co), etc. Based on the long-term study of cultivars for their suitability for compote, jam and jelly, the cultivars that are most suitable for these types of processing are identified. It has been found that taking into account the daily needs of vitamins C and P as the most important antioxidants, all processed products from black currant can serve as their sources, all processed products from cherries, as well as apple juice and gooseberry marmalade can serve as a source of P-active compounds. All columnar apple cultivars as well as ‘Bolotovskoye’, ‘Rozhdestvenskoye’, ‘Veteran’, ‘Imrus’, etc. show high suitability for the production of apple chips. Cherry cultivars ‘Rovesnitsa’, ‘Putinka’, ‘Podarok Uchitelyam’ and ‘Novella’ are suitable for dried fruit. Based on the long-term studies of the technological qualities of the VNIISPK gene pool, a new generation assortment has been formed that has an optimal combination of chemical and technological indicators of fruits that meet modern technological requirements and are suitable for cultivation in the raw plantations of Central Russia.

Variation of Phytochemicals Content in Pulp and Skin of Seven Romanian Apple Cultivars

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 474-477
Author(s):  
Lacramioara Oprica ◽  
Doina Atofanei ◽  
Vladimir Poroch
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Colour Intensity ◽  
Total Polyphenol ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Apple Fruits

The amounts of anthocyanins, flavonoids, total polyphenol and ascorbic acid in seven apple cultivars from Romania were investigated. The amounts of polyphenol and flavonoids in pulp and skin of apple cultivars ranged between 17.18�7.52 mg GAE/g DW and 20.10�11.06 mg CE/g DW as well as 3.64�1.18 mg GAE/g DW and 10.31�5.57 mg CE/g DW, respectively. The highest and smallest values of ascorbic acid both in the skin and the pulp were observed in the cultivars Mutsu and Starkrimson. The anthocyanin content is positively correlated with the colour intensity of the apple epicarp, being about three-fold higher in Prima than Golden Delicious cultivar. The better antioxidant activity provided by the content of polyphenol, ascorbic acid and flavonoids was in apple fruits of Mutsu cultivar and for this reason it should be regarded as a valuable source of antioxidants.

MEFLUIDIDE IMPROVED THE DEVELOPMENT OF TERMINAL FLOWER BUDS OF CHILLED PEPPER PLANTS

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1081G-1081
Author(s):  
Jing-fen Chen ◽  
Paul H. Li ◽  
David W. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Stress Growth ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Technical Grade ◽  
Days To Flowering ◽  
Terminal Flower ◽  
Cold Room ◽  
Chilling Temperatures ◽  
Adverse Influence ◽  
Post Stress ◽  
Pepper Plants

Exposure of young pepper plants to chilling temperatures delays the development of terminal flower buds to flowering during post-stress growth. Degree of adverse influence depends on chilling intensity, exposure duration and varietal sensitivity. `Ma Belle' pepper plants were grown in a greenhouse (GH) during winter months on the St. Paul campus, No supplemental lighting was provided. When plants were at the 2- to 3-leaf stage, they were foliar sprayed with mefluidide (Technical grade) at 0, 5, 10 and 15 ppm. One day after treatment, some plants were transferred from GH to a cold room (3° ∼4°C day/night) with 12-h photoperiod. Treatad plants remaining in the GH served as the control. Plants were chilled for 1, 2, 4 and 6 days and then brought back to the GH for post-stress growth and development observation. Treated and untreated plants grown in the GH showed no difference in days to flowering, and reached 50% flowering at about 62 days after treatment. When untreated plants were chilled for 1,2,4 and 6 days, they showed a delay of 8, 18, 30 and 34 days, respectively, to flowering, If not killed, as compared to the control The long delay to flowering was due to the injury of the terminal flower buds. After 4 and 6 days of chilling, most terminal flower buds were killed. However, when plants were treated with mefluidide and subsequently chilled days to flowering were significantly shortened. A difference of 10-12 days was observed between chilled untreated plants and chilled treated plants. Concentrations of 5 to 15 ppm were equally effective in protection against chilling.

Blossom Thinning in Pome and Stone Fruit

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 553b-553
Author(s):  
Esmaeil Fallahi
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanamide ◽  
Ammonium Thiosulfate ◽  
The Past ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Ortho Cresol ◽  
Bud Initiation

Early thinning of apples is important because of its impact on fruit size and next season's flower bud initiation. In the past, apple cultivars were often sprayed with the blossom thinner sodium dinitro-ortho-cresol(Elgetol) during full bloom, followed by a post-bloom application of a fruit thinner such as carbaryl with or without naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Elgetol was removed from the market in 1989 because of the high cost of re-registration. Full-bloom sprays of sulfcarbamide (Wilthin), pelargonic acid (Thinex), and endothalic acid (Endothal), ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) or petal fall spray of carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus) were developed as replacements for Elgetol. Hydrogen cyanamide (HC) and other chemicals have been used to eliminate or to reduce chilling requirements of peaches grown under the warm desert conditions. HC applied at “pink bloom” stage was observed to reduce the number of open blooms in `Florda Prince' peach; therefore, it was first used for blossom thinning in this cultivar in Arizona. Later, HC was also found to be an effective blossom thinner for plums in Idaho. HC has recently been found to effectively thin apple and peach blossoms. Armothin has also been an effective blossom thinner for peach in California.

Response of Cotton Mitochondria to Chilling Temperatures 1

Crop Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 908-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
James McD. Stewart ◽  
Gene Guinn
Keyword(s):  
Chilling Temperatures
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