scholarly journals The first mathematics textbook printed in Moldavia. Elementi aritmetice arătate firești (Iași, 1795)

Diacronia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana Soare
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Western World ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Mathematics Textbook ◽  
Local Tradition ◽  
Mathematical Terminology ◽  
Intense Activity ◽  
Linguistic Material

The first mathematics textbook printed in Moldavia (Iași, 1795) was not sufficiently examined, although the translation offers us valuable information on the Italian influence on the Romanian language and a precious linguistic material as regards both the configuration of the Romanian literary language in Moldavia at the end of the 18th century and the constitution of mathematical terminology. The linguistic material excerpted reflects phonetic and morphologic norms specific of the author’s dialect, sometimes going beyond the criteria illustrated by the local tradition, especially in the morphosyntax field. The lack of a terminological tradition is to be observed in the high number of un-adapted terms, semantic loans and old terms. Amfilohie’s intense activity of translating from Italian (the scholar being a genuine forerunner of the Italianate movement in Moldavia) is proof of the depths of the cultural contacts with the western world, resulting in the intensification of the renewing of the Romanian vocabulary by assimilating Latin-Romance borrowings in general and Italian ones, in particular.

scholarly journals Notes on Petru Maior’s language in Învățătură pentru ferirea și doftoria boalelor (1816)

Diacronia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana Soare
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Medical Terminology ◽  
Morphological Adaptation ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Semantic Classification ◽  
Local Tradition ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Linguistic Material

Petru Maior’s translation elaborated in 1816, insufficiently studied, offers precious material as regards the norms of literary language in Transylvania in the first two decades of the 19th century. We focused on the fundamental features of the literary language, but, at the same time, we mentioned the secondary features which were considered relevant for the literary norm promoted by the scholar. It can be observed that the linguistic material extracted from this translation reflects, besides phonetic and morphologic norms specific of the author’s dialect, norms established following other criteria than those exemplified by the local tradition, that is the criterion of proximity to the Latin etymon or proximity to the Wallachian rule promoted by the religious prints of the mid- eighteenth century. As far as the neologistic vocabulary used in this translation is concerned, a semantic classification was performed, aiming at both general cultural vocabulary, as well as at specialized vocabulary (medical terminology). The medical terminology of the text was presented on the two constituent coordinates: the literature, neologistic one and the folk, traditional one. There were considered the most important aspects of phonetic and morphological adaptation of loans, taking notice of the high number of loans properly integrated due to the Latin-Romance orientation of the scholar, as well as of the large share of analogue phonetic variants and unadapted terms (Latinisms and Italianisms).

„Z dodaniem wyraźniejszego morału, dla łatwiejszego ludzi prostych i nieuków zrozumienia...”. Ruskojęzyczne adaptacje tekstów o charakterze dogmatyczno-moralizatorskim w ukraińskiej kulturze literackiej (na materiale wydań drukarni bazyliańskich XVIII wiek)

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 154-173
Author(s):  
Joanna Getka
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Religious Literature ◽  
Language Origin ◽  
Western Influences

The source for research in this article are adaptations of dogmatic and moralizing texts printed in Basilians typography in 18th century. Examined texts have Polish, Latin and Orthodox Church language origin. Their role in shaping the Ukrainian literary language and style typical of Ukrainian religious literature was studied. Analyses of their influence on the formation of recipients, and in this context the process of shaping the identity of the Uniates, shows Eastern and Western influences.

Bouvard's Boulevards: Beaux-Arts Planning in Istanbul

1984 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeynep Çelik
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Western World ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
International Exposition ◽  
Imperial Capital ◽  
Aesthetic Values ◽  
Civic Center ◽  
Geographical Characteristics ◽  
Early 18Th Century

From the early 18th century on, the ruling elite of the Ottoman Empire equated European civilization with progress. Not only technological innovations, but also social, cultural, and aesthetic values of the Western World were warmly embraced. A renovation project prepared in 1902 for the imperial capital, Istanbul, reflected this attitude in the field of urban design and architecture. Its author was a prominent Beaux-Arts-trained Parisian architect, Joseph Antoine Bouvard. Bouvard's five large-sized watercolor drawings, now in the Istanbul University Library, depict his proposals for the Hippodrome, Beyazit Square, Valide Square, and the Galata Bridge. The Hippodrome is made a geometrically landscaped park; Beyazit Square is converted into a civic center; the new Valide Square duplicates the Trocadero scheme of the 1878 Paris International Exposition; and the design features of the 1900 Pont Alexandre III in Paris are adopted for the Galata Bridge. Largely disregarding the architectural heritage as well as the geographical characteristics of the capital, the architect proposed a major facelifting operation with the intention of turning Istanbul into the Paris of the East. Although the abstract nature of this project made its application impossible, the image, transmitted through Bouvard's masterful drawings, enjoyed a great deal of praise from Sultan Abdülhamit II and his entourage. This article analyzes Bouvard's avant-projet against the background of early-20th-century Istanbul's urban fabric.

scholarly journals From Church Slavonic to the Russian Literary Language: Subgrammar in Linguistic Writings of the 17–18th Centuries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalya Zapolskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Russian Literary

The report presents an analysis of ideosemantic and ideofunctional norms that demonstrate the infl uence of Church Slavonic on the new 18th century Russian literary language.

scholarly journals The Sculpture of the Iconostasis of the Smolensk Region the Temples of the eighteenth century

2020 ◽  
pp. 79-92
Author(s):  
Иван Михайлович Горский
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Local Tradition ◽  
The Temple

Статья посвящена малоизученной теме украшения иконостасов деревянной скульптурой в XVIII веке в Смоленской епархии. Рассмотрение ряда сохранившихся памятников иконостасного искусства Смоленщины позволяет увидеть особенности, присущие только местной традиции, и в то же время, обнаружить близость к повсеместной традиции украшения храмов скульптурой. Результатом сравнительного анализа скульптуры Смоленского региона с храмовой скульптурой других регионов (Украина, Белоруссия, Ростов Великий) стало выявление ориентира, руководствуясь которым, мастера создавали иконостасы барочной традиции на Смоленщине. The article is devoted to the little-studied theme of decorating iconostasis with wooden sculpture in the 18th century in the Smolensk diocese. Consideration of a number of preserved monuments of the iconostasis art of the Smolensk region makes it possible to see the features inherent only in the local tradition and, at the same time, to discover the proximity to the ubiquitous tradition of decorating temples with sculpture. The result of a comparative analysis of the sculpture of the Smolensk region with the temple sculpture of other regions (Ukraine, Belarus, Rostov the Great) revealed a landmark, guided by which, the masters created the iconostasis of the baroque tradition in the Smolensk region.

scholarly journals The ghazal of Mir Taqi Mir: the formation of the poetic and literary language of Urdu

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 820-848
Author(s):  
L. A. Vasilyeva
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Language Analysis ◽  
Selection Of

Mir Taqi Mir is a classic Urdu poet of the 18th century, an outstanding master of ghazal genre. With his work, Mir Taqi Mir proved that his native Urdu language possessed a vocabulary fit to express the finest nuances of poetic speech. He also made evident that the ghazals written in Urdu were not entirely imitations of those written in Persian, which formed the poetical basis of Urdu poetry. The article argues that the Mir Taqi Mir's heritage can be considered as a milestone in the evolutionary development of both poetical and literary language of Urdu. Throughout his life, the poet remained in a creative search. Working on a certain poetical theme, he often made recourse to it trying to bring out maximum possibilities for its realization by means of his native language. Analysis of numerous examples in the article can be considered as an effort to ascertain how borrowed poetical traditions were domesticated and how this process facilitated the selection of vocabulary and standardization of common literary language of Urdu.

scholarly journals Да праблемы пераемнасці беларускай літаратурнай мовы: лацінаграфічныя тэксты XVIII стагоддзя

2020 ◽  
pp. 239-253
Author(s):  
Марына Свістунова
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Graphic System ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Language History ◽  
History Of

The article is devoted to the problem of continuity between the old Bela¬rusian period and the period of the new Belarusian literary language, as well as to Latin graphic texts of the 18th century. The most widespread opinion about the existence of a break in the written tradition of the Belarusian literary language was not the only one before, but now it is being critically analyzed. The article considers the linkages between the continuity of the Belarusian literary language and the problem of its periodization, the concept of Belarusian language history and the history of Belarusian literature. An attempt has been made to refute the stereotypical opinion about the small number of texts of the 18th century Bela-rusian literature by addressing the little known and recently discovered Latin graphic texts. Conclusions have been made concerning the reasons and aims of using the Latin graphic system for writing in the Belarusian language in the 18th century. An opinion concerning such research directions of the Belarusian texts of that time as memoirs, confessional and official writings has been given as well.

The emergence of grammar in the Western world

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Swiggers ◽  
Alfons Wouters
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Western World ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Grammar Teaching ◽  
The Past ◽  
Model Texts ◽  
Nominal Morphology

The origins of Western grammar (and grammar teaching) lie in ancient Greece. Grammar took shape as a text-based discipline, taking as its object the literary language of the past. The focus was on mastering the morphological structures of classical Greek, of which the forms had to be memorized, and activated through the analysis of literary texts. The teaching of grammar involved the flexible use of manuals, offering the indispensable terminological apparatus and the descriptive categories. The parts-of-speech system remained the corner piece of Western grammar. The condensation of grammatical doctrine in manuals was supplemented with grammatical exercising, focusing on verbal and nominal morphology, and, sporadically, issues of syntax. Grammatical education was extended, through copying, memorizing and analysing of model texts, with lexical and phraseological materials.

scholarly journals The dispute on the language norm in A.P. Sumarokov’s article “To typographers”

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-480
Author(s):  
Yulia V. Slozhenikina ◽  
Andrey V. Rastyagaev
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
History Of

The actuality of the undertaken research is conditioned by the necessity to study the role of Russian literature and journalism, separate linguistic programs of the middle of the 18th century in assertion of the main characteristics of the literary standard, which began to take shape in 80 years of this century. The aim of the scientific study is to analyze the similarities and differences between the linguistic theories of A. Sumarokov and V. Trediakovsky, to establish the place of this polemic in the history of Russian literary language of the 18th century, its significance for the formation of the literary standard. The language material is the original text of Sumarokov's article To typographers (K tipografskim naborshhikam), published in the May issue of the journal Trudolyubivaya pchela (1759). The system of views of scholars and writers of the mid-18th century on the Russian language are presented by means of descriptive and comparative methods with revealing the specifics of each language concept. An integral part of the methodology was the observation of the word usage in the texts by A. Sumarokov and V. Trediakovsky. The use of methods of linguoculturology made it possible to present linguistic polemics as a phenomenon of Russian culture. The extra-linguistic method and the method of reconstruction from historical sources were used to establish the phenomena of extra-linguistic reality that influenced the problems of the philological discussion. The results of the research showed that the extra-linguistic reason for writing the article was determined, the tradition of the writers' appealing to the typesetters in the history of domestic printing of the first half of the 18th century was traced, the group of works with which Sumarokov-philologist enters polemics was determined, the main concepts of the article were identified, the position of Sumarokov from the point of view of normalization of graphic, morphological, orthographic practice in the middle of the 18th century was fixed; the article by Sumarokov was considered in accordance with the concept of metatextual unity in the world. The prospects of the research relate to the fundamental theoretical development of the role of 18th century Russian literature in the formation of the Russian literary language standard.

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