scholarly journals Notes on Petru Maior’s language in Învățătură pentru ferirea și doftoria boalelor (1816)

Diacronia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana Soare
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Medical Terminology ◽  
Morphological Adaptation ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Semantic Classification ◽  
Local Tradition ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Linguistic Material

Petru Maior’s translation elaborated in 1816, insufficiently studied, offers precious material as regards the norms of literary language in Transylvania in the first two decades of the 19th century. We focused on the fundamental features of the literary language, but, at the same time, we mentioned the secondary features which were considered relevant for the literary norm promoted by the scholar. It can be observed that the linguistic material extracted from this translation reflects, besides phonetic and morphologic norms specific of the author’s dialect, norms established following other criteria than those exemplified by the local tradition, that is the criterion of proximity to the Latin etymon or proximity to the Wallachian rule promoted by the religious prints of the mid- eighteenth century. As far as the neologistic vocabulary used in this translation is concerned, a semantic classification was performed, aiming at both general cultural vocabulary, as well as at specialized vocabulary (medical terminology). The medical terminology of the text was presented on the two constituent coordinates: the literature, neologistic one and the folk, traditional one. There were considered the most important aspects of phonetic and morphological adaptation of loans, taking notice of the high number of loans properly integrated due to the Latin-Romance orientation of the scholar, as well as of the large share of analogue phonetic variants and unadapted terms (Latinisms and Italianisms).

scholarly journals FROM ORANJE NASSAU TO PULAU LAUT : THE INVEST OF COAL MINING IN SOUTHEAST KALIMANTAN FROM 1845 TO 1931

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 323
Author(s):  
Mansyur -
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Coal Mining ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
World Market ◽  
Mining Company ◽  
The World ◽  
Coal Market ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The 19Th Century

European Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth century brought great changes not only in Europe itself but also in other parts of the world including Indonesia which was used to be a country of Dutch colony. The invention of steam-powered ships triggered the Dutch to use steam-powered vessels as the alteration of yachts, wind-powered ships, in the 19th century. At the beginning, the steam-powered ships used rotating wheels in the left and right side; however, the ships finally used ordinary windmills or propellers. The decrease and the lack of this production was getting worsened the competition of other producer countries in world market and the unstable coal market and in crisis year in 1930, Pulau Laut Mining Company production dropped so that it was closed down in the same year.

scholarly journals The first mathematics textbook printed in Moldavia. Elementi aritmetice arătate firești (Iași, 1795)

Diacronia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana Soare
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Western World ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Mathematics Textbook ◽  
Local Tradition ◽  
Mathematical Terminology ◽  
Intense Activity ◽  
Linguistic Material

The first mathematics textbook printed in Moldavia (Iași, 1795) was not sufficiently examined, although the translation offers us valuable information on the Italian influence on the Romanian language and a precious linguistic material as regards both the configuration of the Romanian literary language in Moldavia at the end of the 18th century and the constitution of mathematical terminology. The linguistic material excerpted reflects phonetic and morphologic norms specific of the author’s dialect, sometimes going beyond the criteria illustrated by the local tradition, especially in the morphosyntax field. The lack of a terminological tradition is to be observed in the high number of un-adapted terms, semantic loans and old terms. Amfilohie’s intense activity of translating from Italian (the scholar being a genuine forerunner of the Italianate movement in Moldavia) is proof of the depths of the cultural contacts with the western world, resulting in the intensification of the renewing of the Romanian vocabulary by assimilating Latin-Romance borrowings in general and Italian ones, in particular.

scholarly journals «GRAMMAR» OF PANTELEIMON KULISH IN THE CONTEXT OF UKRAINIAN WRITING

2019 ◽  
pp. 120-127
Author(s):  
Tamara Usatenko ◽  
Galyna Usatenko ◽  
Myroslava Marushchenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
The People ◽  
The Creation ◽  
New Literature ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the defining of the phenomena of Ukrainian cultural movement of the 19th century, when under conditions of comprehensive Russification of the Ukrainian community and the influence of the Church Slavonic language as well as of complete lack of education in the native language, the processes of creation of the Ukrainian literary language took place. The new Ukrainian spelling was established, the struggle for teaching in schools in the Ukrainian language was intensified, various styles, and lot of genres of literature in the native language were developed. These searches and comprehension by advanced representatives of political, cultural and social life are considered. It is determined that the spirit of romanticism, European revolutions, the abolition of serfdom, scientific and industrial shifts gave birth to a galaxy of unique Ukrainian thinkers, scientific societies, writers, etc. Among them, Panteleimon Oleksandrovich Kulish (1819-1997) was a significant person due to his energy, ability to organize a business, multifaceted talent, profound knowledge. One of the resonance works of the diverse creative heritage P.O. Kulisha is studied in the article, that is a book for initial education in native language − the "Grammar" of the Ukrainian language, which was highly appreciated by T. Shevchenko. Its structure, the content of each part, the pedagogical role as well as the concept of the author, manifested in its preface and the final part were described. The study emphasizes that in the processes of creating a new literary Ukrainian language, its spelling, writing textbooks, grammars in Ukrainian for initials education, two periods are noticeable: the first one – the 20-30th years of the 19th century, when the problems of the necessity of a new literary language arose, the new literature, preservation of the ethnographic, folklore heritage of the people, the second one – the 40-60th-years was the period of active participation of a new generation of Ukrainian thinkers in the development of the Ukrainian literary language, the creation of new spelling, new literature for primary education in native Ukrainian language. The role of "Grammar" in the formation of a new Ukrainian literary language and its phonetic spelling, in the formation of education in the Ukrainian language, the creation of textbooks in the Ukrainian literary language, and the development of Ukrainian writing are underlined. The emphasis was also put on the introduction of the author's, phonetic spelling, the so-called "Kulishivka" in the "Grammar", which is the basis of the modern Ukrainian spelling. Despite the prohibition of "Valuevsky (1863)" and "Yamsky (1876)" decrees, books and newspapers, although very limited were published in Ukrainian. The article also highlights the following discourses: the role of "Grammar" wrote by P. Kulish (the theory and practice of creating a Ukrainian literary language, the new Ukrainian spelling, which caused the intensification of imperial repressions) and its contemporary significance for the new Ukrainian space of ideas, meanings, communication, methods of publications in the Ukrainian language, as well as some grammatical factors of the theory or history of writing: the language of sound - the language of the book: thinking - writing, writing - thinking; sound - letter, letter - sound; "science of reading" - writing, etc. Comparison of discourses contributes to the conclusion that the development of the living language, sound of language during writing has been improved so complex and multifaceted in the 19th century that passed later in the 20th century, and even in the 21st century remain controversial, as evidenced by the lengthy discussion of the “Project of the New Ukrainian spelling”.

scholarly journals Manuscritos dieciochescos desconocidos del Fondo Altamira en la Biblioteca de Ginebra

2018 ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
José Checa Beltrán ◽  
Abraham Madroñal Durán
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Satire ◽  
Siglo De Oro ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
Unpublished Manuscripts ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Sobre Todo

RESUMENEn la «Collection Favre» de la Bibliothèque de Genève se custodia el «Fondo Altamira», 83 códices con unos diez mil documentos históricos y literarios, casi todos manuscritos. Contienen textos de los siglos XV al XVIII. Constituyen una pequeña parte del enorme fondo documental que en el siglo XIX pertenecía a los Condes de Altamira. Cuatro de esos 83 volúmenes contienen manuscritos literarios del Siglo de Oro y, sobre todo, del siglo ilustrado. Los autores de este artículo ofrecen aquí un catálogo de todos esos textos, centrando su atención en los relativos al siglo XVIII. La mayor parte de este inventario corresponde a manuscritos desconocidos e inéditos: diez comedias y un gran número de composiciones poéticas de temática variada, amorosa, sátira política, religiosa, temas festivos, eventos, milagros, villancicos, sobre teatro y actores, etc.PALABRAS CLAVELiteratura del siglo XVIII español, manuscritos literarios inéditos del siglo XVIII español, Fondo Altamira, Biblioteca de Ginebra, Collection Favre. TITLEUnknown eighteenth-century manuscripts from the Altamira Archives at Geneva LibraryABSTRACTIn the «Collection Favre» of the Bibliothèque de Genève the «Fondo Altamira» is guarded, 83 codices with some ten thousand historical and literary documents, almost all manuscripts. They contain texts from the 15th to the 18th centuries. They constitute a small part of the enormous documentary collection that belonged to the Counts of Altamira in the 19th century. Four of those 83 volumes contain literary manuscripts of the Golden Age and, above all, the Enlightenment century. The authors of this article offer a catalogue of all these texts, with a particular focus on those related to the XVIII Century. Most of this inventory corresponds to unknown and unpublished manuscripts: ten comedies and a large number of poetic compositions of varied theme, love, political satire, religious, festive themes, events, miracles, Christmas carols, theater and actors, etc.KEY WORDSLiterature of the eighteenth century Spanish, unpublished literary manuscripts of the eighteenth century Spanish, Altamira Archives, Geneva Library, Collection Favre.

THE LANGUAGE POLICY IN TURKIC STATES AND COMMUNITIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-237
Author(s):  
Elchin Ibrahimov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
First Order ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 19Th Century

The history of the language policy of the Turks begins with the work Divanu lugat at-turk, written by Mahmud Kashgari in the 11th century. Despite the fact that the XI-XVII centuries were a mixed period for the language policy of the Turkic states and communities, it contained many guiding and important questions for subsequent stages. Issues of language policy, originating from the work of Kashgari, continued with the publication in 1277 of the first order in the Turkic language by Mehmet-bey Karamanoglu, who is one of the most prominent figures in Anatolian Turkic history, and culminated in the creation of the impeccable work Divan in the Turkic language by the great Azerbaijani poet Imadaddin Nasimi who lived in the late XIV - early XV centuries. Later, the great Uzbek poet of the 15th century, Alisher Navoi, improved the Turkic language both culturally and literally, putting it on a par with the two most influential languages of that time, Arabic and Persian. The appeal to the Turkic language and the revival of the Turkic language in literature before Alisher Navoi, the emergence of the Turkic language, both in Azerbaijan and in Anatolia and Central Asia, as well as in the works of I. Nasimi, G. Burkhanaddin, Y. Emre, Mevlana, made this the language of the common literary language of the Turkic tribes: Uzbeks, Kazakhs-Kyrgyz, Turkmens of Central Asia, Idil-Ural Turks, Uighurs, Karakhanids, Khorezmians and Kashgharts. This situation continued until the 19th century. This article highlights the history of the language policy of the Turkic states and communities.

scholarly journals Ensimmäisten suomenkielisten murretutkimusten metakieli

Virittäjä ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aila Mielikäinen
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Linguistic Context ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Specific Point ◽  
Language Studies ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Paradigmatic Change ◽  
The 19Th Century

Suomalaisen murteentutkimuksen alku sijoittuu 1800-luvulla ajankohtaan, jolloin tieteellistä suomen kieltä ei vielä ollut olemassa. Kielestäkin oli kirjoitettu suomeksi vähän, ja kieliopit olivat suurimmaksi osaksi muunkielisiä. Suomenkielisistä kieliopeista saatu terminologia ei riittänyt murteiden äänneopin käsittelyyn, eli suomeksi kirjoittavilta tutkijoilta puuttuivat sopivat metakielen mallit. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan, miten eri murteiden tyypillisiä piirteitä nimettiin ja kuvailtiin murteentutkimuksen ensimmäisinä vuosikymmeninä. Aineistona ovat 1860‒1890-luvuilla julkaistut tutkimukset, jotka edustavat vertailevaa, deskriptiivistä tutkimussuuntaa. Euroopassa 1870-luvulla tapahtunut paradigman muutos deskriptiivisestä historioivaan tutkimukseen (nuorgrammaattinen tutkimussuunta) saavutti suomalaisen murteentutkimuksen vasta 1890-luvulla. Sitä ennen murteita verrattiin kieliopeissa esitettyyn kirjakieleen. Tutkijat tunsivat hyvin suomen kielen rakenteen, mutta he pystyivät jossain määrin selittämään myös murrevarianttien taustoja ja syntyä. Analyysit eivät siten ole niin synkronisia kuin käytetyn metodin perusteella voisi olettaa. Artikkelissa tarkastellaan metakieltä myös tutkimusajankohdan kielellisessä kontekstissa. 1800-luvun kielenuudistuksessa oli yhtenä tavoitteena uudissanaston oma­peräisyys, ja tieteellisille termeillekin pyrittiin luomaan suomenkieliset vastineet. Murre­tutkimusten terminologia sisältää sekä vierasperäistä että omaa sanastoa, ja osa siitä on säilynyt dialektologiassa nykypäivään asti. Ennestään tutuille sanoille annettiin kieli­tieteellisessä kontekstissa uusi merkitys, ja lisäksi luotiin tarpeen mukaan uusia johdoksia. Sananvalinnat saattavat joskus kuulostaa kansanomaisilta ja muistuttaa jopa nykyistä kansanlingvististä metakieltä. On kuitenkin otettava huomioon, että sanojen tyylisävyt ovat muuttuneet ja että nykykielen ekspressiivisillä ja affektiivisilla sanoilla on voinut olla 1800-luvulla neutraalimpi merkitys. The metalanguage of the first Finnish-language studies in dialectology The roots of Finnish dialectology go back to a point in the 19th century when scholarly Finnish did not yet exist. Little had been written on linguistics in Finnish, and grammars were often in languages other than Finnish. The terminology gleaned from grammars written in Finnish for the treatment of dialectal phonology was insufficient, i.e., scholars writing in Finnish lacked suitable metalinguistic models. The present article examines the terminology used to describe typical features of a variety of dialects during the first decades of dialectology. The primary corpus of data consists of studies, published from 1860 until the 1890s and which represent a comparative descriptive approach. The paradigmatic change from descriptive to historical dialectology in Europe (during the 1870s) did not reach Finland until two decades later. Prior to this, dialects were compared to the literary language presented in grammars. While scholars were well acquainted with the structure of the Finnish language, they could also explain, to some degree, the background and birth of dialectal variations. For this reason, analyses are not as synchronic as the method used might suggest. The article also studies metalanguage in the linguistic context of the specific point of time in question. One of the aims of the language reforms of the 19th century was a Finnish-language-based collection of neologisms, an attempt to create Finnish equivalents for scholarly terms. Dialectological terminology employs both foreign and Finnish vocabulary, and some of these terms persist to this day. Familiar words were given a new meaning in a linguistic context, and new derivatives were created. The choice of words was sometimes popular in tone, occasionally reminiscent of a modern folk linguistic metalanguage. It is, nevertheless, to be noted, that the stylistics of words has changed, and that the stylistic values of expressive and affective words could have had a more neutral shade during the 19th century.

scholarly journals The Traditional Lexical Layer Of The Works Of Avaz Otar

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (05) ◽  
pp. 442-445
Author(s):  
Sarvinoz Sharipova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article deals with the lexical features of Avaz Otar's works of the 19th century. Literary language and living colloquial words in the works are selected and analyzed. Special attention is paid to the ways in which words of different dialects enter the Uzbek literary language.

scholarly journals Особенности калмыцкого письменного языка XIX в. (на материале калмыцких писем И. Я. Шмидта (1800–1810 гг.))

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 652-659
Author(s):  
Evgeny V. Bembeev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Past Participle ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
The Past ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Short Vowels ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Traditional Indicator

Introduction. The article examines some phonetic and morphological features of the Kalmyk language traced in written monuments published by the famous Mongolists John Krueger and Robert Service in the ‘Kalmyk Old-Manuscript Documents of Isaac Jacob Schmidt’ (2002). The book presents facsimiles, transcriptions and translations of epistolary documents into English, which cover the period from 1800 to 1810. Most of the letters — 54 out of 80 — reflect correspondence with the Baga Dorbet Princes Tundutovs, including 18 from Erdeni Taisha, 27 from Tsebek, and 9 more from Jamba Taisha. These written monuments are kept in the archives of the Moravian Brothers Community in Herrnhut (Unitas Fratrum, Eng. ‘United Brothers’) in folder R.15.R.IIa No. 5. Goals. The paper aims at investigating some phonetic and morphological features of the then Kalmyk language discovered in the published letters. Results. The language of I. H. Schmidt’s letters reflects the stage in the development of the Kalmyk language in the late 18th – early 19th centuries characterized by a natural convergence of the phonetic and grammatical norms inherent to the written literary language and living folk speech. The materials of the texts show that the beginning of the 19th century witnessed a process of transition of the combinations -ou and -öü into the long vowels [u:] and [ü:], respectively. It is also noted that in words where the diphthong -iu is historically (traditionally) used, e.g., in the word alčiur — in letters it is transmitted as alčuur, which meets the requirements of live pronunciation. In the language of letters of I. J. Schmidt, when it comes to construct the imperative form of the 2nd person plural, several cases of using the colloquial formant -tan are recorded, instead of the traditional indicator -qtün / -qtun. The past participle, which is historically formed with -qsan / -qsen affixes, also approaches colloquial forms, therefore, there are frequent cases of using -san / -sen forms, which are closer to modern Kalmyk (e.g., xara torγon irsen bolxuna ‘if the black silk arrives’). Linguistic processes associated with the reduction of short vowels of non-first syllables of a word, reduction of morphological formants, etc., are reflected to a greater or lesser extent in the text of the studied monument. Conclusions. Thus, the language of I. Ya. Schmidt’s letters reflects the stage of development of the Kalmyk language at the end of the 18th – beginning of the 19th centuries characterized by a natural convergence of phonetic and grammatical norms of the written literary language and living folk speech.

scholarly journals Nowe stronice (nie)znanej historii

2019 ◽  
pp. 357-364
Author(s):  
Mariola Walczak-Mikołajczakowa
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article discusses the book by Diana Ivanova История на новобългарския книжовен език – a new textbook on the history of literary Bulgarian language. Starting from a discussion of terminology related to concepts the Old Bulgarian and New Bulgarian language, first presents the history of the scientific discipline as the history of the New Bulgarian literary language (NBKE), and then the textbooks used so far in the university didactics. It is necessary to indicate a new content of the discussed monograph, in which a significant novum is the different perception of the beginnings of NBKE and chapters on the activities of the literary society from Brasov and biblical translations into a language understandable to the reader in the 19th century.

scholarly journals Prepositional phrases with verba dicendi from Dalmatin's translation of the Bible (1584) in relation to foreign language translations

Linguistica ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-179
Author(s):  
Irena Orel
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Semantic Group ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
The 19Th Century

In a diachronic perspective from the 16th century to the present, this article inves­ tigates translated interlinguistic agreement and difference in the use of the temporally marked Slovenian prepositional phrases that appeared in the semantic group of verba dicendi in the first two books of the Old Testament and the New Testament of the old­ est Slovenian translation of the Bible, from 1584, and that were replaced in the mod­ em literary language in the 19th century by the introduction of prepositionless or other prepositional patterns. A comparison is made on the basis of Internet publications of parallel sections of six foreign language translations (Latin, German, two English [17th century and modem], French and Russian), and the extent to which these preposition­ al phrases are covered by older or modem literary Slovenian syntactic patterns is deter­ mined .

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