Osservazioni Intorno al Bosforo Tracio Overo Canale di Constantinopoli Rappresentate in Lettera Alla Sacra Real Maestá Cristina Regina di Svezia da Luigi Ferdinando Marsilii, 1681: First English Translation, with Notes

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Soffientino ◽  
Michael Pilson
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
English Translation ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Natural Scientist ◽  
Seasonal Migrations ◽  
Modern Context ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
Layer Flow ◽  
One Year

Count Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli (1658-1730) was a natural scientist and soldier of remarkable and idiosyncratic accomplishment. His first book reported observations and experiments that he carried out during and shortly after his one-year visit to Istanbul during 1679 and 1680. This work is recognized by oceanographers because it contains the first description of a simple laboratory-scale hydrological experiment to show how differences in the density of two water masses lead to two-layer flow. The range of observations and experiments that Marsigli made during that year, however, went well beyond this experiment, and are poorly known: he measured currents using the first example of a paddle-wheel current meter; he determined the water density in the Mediterranean and Black Sea; he estimated the depth of the Bosporus undercurrent; he made detailed meteorological observations and described the effect of weather on current and water levels; he described seasonal migrations of fish to and from the Black Sea, and illustrated the internal anatomy of a mollusk. We present here a complete English translation of Observations and set Marsigli's results in their historical as well as the modern context of the oceanography of the Bosporus region.

Translation

2020 ◽  
pp. 56-91
Author(s):  
Graham Shipley
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
English Translation ◽  
The Black Sea

This section of the book contains the English translation of the text. It contains the following sections: Introduction; Europe: Antion to Iapygia; the Adriatic; Epeiros; continuous Hellas; Peloponnese with Crete and southern Cyclades; Macedonia to the Tanaïs; the Black Sea; length of Europe; Asia: Tanaïs to Propontis; Mysia to Kilikia; Cyprus; Syria-Phoenicia to Egypt; length of Asia; Libyē: Non-Carthaginian Libyē; Carthaginian territory; length of Libyē; Beyond the Pillars of Hercules; end matter.

Evaluation of hydrodynamic characteristics of the Bosphorus regarding the performance of the marine outfall systems

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-93
Author(s):  
Adnan Akyarli ◽  
Yalçin Arisoy
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Hydrodynamic Characteristics ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Marine Outfall ◽  
Oceanographic Data ◽  
Layer Flow ◽  
Reliable Design

Considering strong interrelations between hydrodynamic features of the Bosphorus and the tube-tunnel crossing which may affect the performance of marine outfall systems, the Institute of Marine Science and Technology (IMST) conducted a comprehensive meteo-oceanographic data acquisition campaign to collect information both for the reliable design of marine outfall systems and for the environmental impact assessment (EIA) of the railroad tunnel, on the joint request of the owners of the projects. The main objectives of this paper are to outline the results of the EIA, and also to discuss the newly adopted plan which proposes to divert the sewage collected in the Kadìköy drainage area to Riva, located along the Black Sea. Recent evaluations by the authors on the blocking of lower layer flow, and findings presented on the mixing along the Bosphorus, have been included as scientific evidences in this discussion.

The View through the Russian Prism, 1760–1805

The Great Sea ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Abulafia
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Persian Empire ◽  
Naval Stores ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Baltic

The increasing debility of the Ottoman Empire brought the Mediterranean to the attention of the Russian tsars. From the end of the seventeenth century Russian power spread southwards towards the Sea of Azov and the Caucasus. Peter the Great sliced away at the Persian empire, and the Ottomans, who ruled the Crimea, felt threatened. For the moment, the Russians were distracted by conflict with the Swedes for dominion over the Baltic, but Peter sought free access to the Black Sea as well. These schemes had the flavour of the old Russia Peter had sought to reform, just as much as they had the flavour of the new technocratic Russia he had sought to create. The idea that the tsar was the religious and even political heir to the Byzantine emperor – that Muscovy was the ‘Third Rome’ – had not been swept aside when Peter established his new capital on the Baltic, at St Petersburg. Equally, the Russians could now boast hundreds of vessels capable of challenging Turkish pretensions in the Black Sea, even if they were far from capable of mounting a full naval war, and the ships themselves were badly constructed, notwithstanding Peter the Great’s famous journey to inspect the shipyards of western Europe, under the alias Pyotr Mikhailovich. In sum, this was a fleet that was ‘poor in discipline, training, and morale, unskilful in manoeuvre, and badly administered and equipped’; a contemporary remarked that ‘nothing has been under worse management than the Russian navy’, for the imperial naval stores had run out of hemp, tar and nails. The Russians began to hire Scottish admirals in an attempt to create a modern command structure, and they turned to Britain for naval stores; this relationship was further bolstered by the intense trading relationship between Britain and Russia, which had continued to flourish throughout the eighteenth century while England’s Levant trade withered: in the last third of the eighteenth century a maximum of twenty-seven British ships sailed to the Levant in any one year, while as many as 700 headed for Russia.

scholarly journals Forecast of the Maximal Flow for the Caucasus Black Sea Coast Rivers

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Precipitation Amount ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
River Flow Forecasting ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Forecasting System ◽  
Sea Coast

Methods of the maximum river flow forecasting of the Mzymta, Sochi, Zapadnyi Dagomys, Kuapse, Tuapse and Vulan rivers have been developed in order to prevent the flood risk on the rivers of the Black Sea coast. Approach of sufficiently accurate and efficient forecasting of maximum discharges and water levels with a lead time of one day has been developed on the basis of a hydrological model of snowmelt and rainfall runoff formation. A scheme for the computation of daily critical precipitation amount at the meteorological stations causing the exceeding with a given probability of critical flow rates and water levels during the expected day was proposed. Techniques of dangerous flooding probability computation during the next day and next five days depending on the initial hydro/meteorological data available on the forecast issue date of hydro/meteorological information have been developed. The proposed methods can be implemented in the operational automated flood forecasting system and used for warning of dangerous floods on the rivers of the Black Sea coast.

Seasonal Migrations of Mackerel in the Black Sea

Ecology ◽  
1924 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul S. Galtsoff
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Seasonal Migrations

scholarly journals On river plumes along the Turkish coast of the Black Sea

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 63-78
Author(s):  
Andrey G. Kostianoy ◽  
Sergey A. Lebedev ◽  
Dmitry M. Soloviev ◽  
Yalcin Tepe
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
River Runoff ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
River Plumes ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Heavy Rains

Heavy rains have become a serious problem for the coastal zone of the Krasnodar Territory of the Russian Federation and the Black Sea coast of Turkey. They lead to a significant increase in water levels in rivers, flooding of villages and even large cities, damage to urban and tourist infrastructure, roads and railways, bridges, beaches, flushing of garbage and sewage into rivers. This leads to environmental problems and even loss of life. River runoff forms river plumes in the coastal zone of the sea, which, depending on wind speed and direction, speed and direction of coastal currents, river runoff and density difference with sea water, can have various forms and spread in different directions from the mouth of the river, as well as participate in mesoscale and sub-mesoscale circulation of coastal waters. River plumes significantly affect the quality of sea water and the sanitary and epidemiological situation on the beaches of the resort area of Krasnodar Territory and Turkey. The situation is aggravated by the fact that sewage systems are in poor condition in cities or are completely absent in most of small villages along rivers and the coastal zone. After heavy rains, wastewater very often reaches the sea and poses a serious threat to human health. The purpose of this study is to use satellite remote sensing to demonstrate the behavior of river plumes along the Black Sea Turkish coast.

Seasonal Migrations of Mackerel in the Black Sea

Ecology ◽  
1924 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. v
Author(s):  
Paul Galtsoff
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Seasonal Migrations

scholarly journals Seasonal variation of the cold intermediate water in the Southwestern Black Sea and its interaction with the Sea of Marmara during the period of 1996-1998

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. ALTIOK ◽  
H. YUCE ◽  
B. ALPAR
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Coastal Upwelling ◽  
Surface Current ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Intermediate Water ◽  
Sea Of Marmara ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Layer Flow ◽  
June July ◽  
Upper Boundary

Seasonal variations of the cold intermediate water (CIW) in the southwestern Black Sea and its entrance into the Strait of Istanbul (Bosphorus) within the upper layer flow have been studied by using monthly oceanographic data sets collected in 1996-1998 period. In addition, the advection of the CIW via Strait Of Istanbul to the Sea of Marmara has been investigated.The CIW is a permanent and characteristic water mass of the Black Sea, markedly observed in the northwestern Black Sea. It is transported with the Rim Current along the boundary of the basin. The average temperature of the CIW is about 6o C. The 8oC isotherms defines its upper and lower boundaries. The upper boundary of CIW rises up to the 20 m depth in the shelf and coastal upwelling regions with a thickness of 40 m. On the other hand, the depth of the upper boundary may decrease down to 40 m with a thickness of 120 m in the anticyclonic regions.The CIW, located between 30 and 65m depths, was observed from April to September at the northern approaches of the Strait of Istanbul in the Black Sea. However, the CIW, within the Black Sea's upper layer flow, does not enter into the strait in the beginning (April, May) and at the end (September) of this period. The CIW between 20 and 50m water depths was observed in the northern entrance of the strait in summer (June, July and August) and it was carried into the strait by the southbound surface current. Its temperature increases southwards along the strait, due to the mixing with the warmer surface and bottom layers. This increment ranges between 2 and 4oC depending on the rate of mixing. The physically altered waters enter the Sea of Marmara with temperature of 11-14oC.In the Sea of Marmara, a residual cold intermediate layer (CIL) is observed in summer, it is just placed on top of the halocline. The average temperature of the upper layer increases from spring to autumn. In some months, however, there is a decrement in the average temperature of the upper layer. The altered CIW waters entering the Sea of Marmara may be responsible for this cooling.

scholarly journals Nutrient exchange fluxes between the Aegean and Black Seas through the Marmara Sea

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. TUGRUL ◽  
T. BESIKTEPE ◽  
I. SALIHOGLU
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Marmara Sea ◽  
Nutrient Inputs ◽  
Deep Basin ◽  
Layer Flow

Long-term data obtained in the Turkish Strait System (TSS) including the Sea of Marmara, the Dardanelles and Bosphorus straits, during 1990-2000, have permitted us to calculate seasonal and annual fluxes of water and nutrients (nitrate, phosphate) exchanged between the Aegean and Black Seas through the TSS. Two-layer flow regimes in the TSS introduce the brackish waters of the Black Sea into the Aegean basin of the northeastern Mediterranean throughout the year. A counter flow in the TSS carries the salty Mediterranean water into the Black Sea via the Marmara deep basin. The annual volume influx from the Black Sea to the Marmara upper layer is nearly two-fold the salty water exported from the Marmara to the Black Sea via the Bosphorus underflow. The brackish Black Sea inflow is relatively rich in nitrate and phosphate in winter, decreasing to the lowest levels in late summer and autumn. Biologically labile nutrients of Black Sea origin are utilized in photosynthetic processes in the Marmara Sea and are partly exported to the Marmara lower layer. Eventually, the brackish Black Sea waters reach the Dardanelles Strait, with modified bio-chemical properties. On the other hand, the salty Mediterranean waters with low concentrations of nutrients enter the Marmara deep basin. During threir 6-7 year sojourn in the Marmara basin, the salty waters become enriched in nitrate (DIN) and phosphate (DIP), due to oxidation of planktonic particles sinking from the Marmara surface layer. The annual nutrient inputs from the Black Sea to the Marmara basin were estimated as 8.17x108 moles of DIN and 4.25x107 moles of DIP, which are much less than the importation from the Marmara lower layer via the Bosphorus undercurrent. The salty Aegean water introduces nearly 6.13x108 moles of DIN and 2.79x107 moles of DIP into the Marmara lower layer. The estimated DIP outflux from the Aegean Sea is nearly 2 times less than the importation from the Marmara Sea via the Dardanelles Strait.

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