scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF COMPONENT SEMANTICS IN MODAL VERB CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE MODAL VERBS OF “OBLIGATION” ON THEIR GRAMMATICAL AND STATISTICAL FEATURES (ON THE BASIS OF THE TECHNICAL DISCOURSE TEXTS)

2018 ◽  
pp. 82-99
Author(s):  
T. Borisenko ◽  
M. Tsinovaya ◽  
L. Tsapenko ◽  
T. Sirotenko
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
The United States ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Verb Semantics ◽  
Text Corpora ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Modal Verb ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
Technical Discourse

The article presents the study of Modal verb constructions with the modal verbs of “obligation” must, have to+ Inf., be to + Inf. functioning in the scientific and technical discourse texts. The material of the research are three technical text corpora, which belong to engineering fields scientifically and technically unrelated to each other – “Electrical Engineering (Energy Supply and Power Management)”, “Automotive Industry” and “Chemical Engineering” – and compiled on the basis of scientific journals of the United States and Great Britain. This allows to obtain the results that are supposedly of a universal nature and can be applied practically to any field of scientific discourse. The goal is to consider: firstly, which semantic groups of verbs (in different grammatical forms) are attached to a particular modal verb, i.e. the following interrelationship is defined: the semantics of a modal verb – semantics and form of a main verb (the second constituent of the modal construction); secondly, to what extent this interdependence affects the usage frequency of the various semantic groups of the main verbs that make up certain MVCs. The results of the research have demonstrated that in Modal verb constructions of this type functioning in the scientific technical discourse texts the predicative meaning of modal verbs is determinant for the semantic features of main verbs connecting to them (modal verbs). The main verb semantics in its turn influences on their (main verbs) grammatical and statistical characteristics. The modal verb must has the highest frequency of use in scientific texts. It gives imperative which underlines the author’s stability of position and faultlessness of the obtained and presented results. Have to + Inf. MVC is much less frequent and it is a result of the modal component semantics of this construction. Modal verb constructions where the modal verb is be to + Inf. are used by the authors of scientific articles quite rarely, which can be also explained by semantic peculiarities of the verb be to + Inf. In Modal verb constructions with the modal verbs of “obligation” must, have to+ Inf., be to + Inf. the passive voice is more preferable than active voice because in the scientific and technical discourse texts human activity does not manifest evidently since the authors should take second place and be present indirectly through their scientific achievements.

Modal verbs and modal constructions in Ladakhi

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bettina Zeisler
Keyword(s):  
Special Focus ◽  
Compositional Process ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Modal Verb ◽  
Complex Modal

AbstractThe paper describes different types of modal expressions, particularly expressions of ability, in Ladakhi, a Tibetic language spoken in Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, India. A special focus lies on the unexpected syntactic behaviour of complex modal verb constructions, where the semantics of both the modal verb and the event verb contribute to the realisation of surface case marking, so that the event verb can no longer be analysed as being a complement of the modal verb. This intertwined syntax appears to be the result of a compositional process. The observable variation in syntactic behaviour across dialects and idiolects further allows for reconstruction of the compositional process.

scholarly journals Actualization of future tense semantics in German subordinate clause

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 18-31
Author(s):  
Elena V. Bodnaruk
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Modal Verb ◽  
Adequate Coverage ◽  
Linguistic Units

The purpose of the article is to identify the features of the expression of temporal future tense semantics in various types of subordinate clauses of complex sentences, which so far have not received adequate coverage in linguistic literature. Analyzed are utterances with complex sentences containing direct speech, obtained with the random sampling method from the German fictional and publicistic texts. The total volume of the analyzed material makes up 1089 linguistic units with future tense semantics. In spite of dependent character of predication in the subordinate clause, the explication of future tense semantics in it is very heterogeneous. The most frequent types of subordinate clauses with future-oriented meaning in both analyzed discourses are conditional clauses, attribute, object, and subject clauses as well as subordinate clauses of time and purpose. The diverse repertoire of linguistic means, among which are not only grammatical ones (for example, Präsens, Futur I, Perfekt, Konditionalis I, Präteritum Konjunktiv), but also lexical and grammatical (for example, modal verb constructions), allows of formal and semantic variation, revealing a certain sensitivity in relation to discursive characteristics of the utterance. The most significant explicators of future tense semantics in the subordinate clause are the grammatical forms Präsens and Futur I. Präsens is characterized by high frequency in all types of subordinate clauses and “neutrality” against Futur I, which has limitations when used, for example, in conditional clauses, subordinate clauses of time and purpose, in view of their future time orientation. Futur I can also serve to focus attention on the upcoming action, which contributes to frequency of its use in dependent predication. The semantics of perfect forms, modal verbs, their functional synonyms and conjunctive forms also reveals certain combination preferences by expressing future tense semantics in a subordinate clause.

scholarly journals Võima, saama ja suutma prantsuse modaalverbi pouvoir vastetena. Võimalikkuse määratlemine ja rõhutamine eituses

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-92
Author(s):  
Marge Käsper
Keyword(s):  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Parallel Corpus ◽  
Meaning Potential ◽  
Modal Particles ◽  
Verb Semantics ◽  
Modal Verb

Kokkuvõte. Artiklis analüüsitakse eesti-prantsuse paralleelkorpuse (www.estfra.ee) põhjal, kuidas jagunevad prantsuse keeles võimalikkuse väljendamisega seotud modaalverbi pouvoir peamised modaalverbilised vasted eesti keeles (võima, saama, suutma). Lausungis väljenduvat tähendust analüüsitakse eituse, määruste tüüpide, verbisemantika ning rõhupartiklite kasutuse kaudu, jälgides modaalsust määravate elementide kombineerumist lausekontekstides. Käsitades eitust kui vormi, mis toob esiplaanile lausungis väljendatavad võimalikkuse piirangud, keskendutakse sageli eitavatena esinevate saama ja suutma tähenduspotentsiaalide määratlemisele, vastandamaks neid sagedaimale tõlkevastele võima, mille kasutuskontekst on enamasti jaatav. Võima kasutuskontekste kirjeldatakse kui tingimuskonstruktsioonide kaudu kujutatavat võimalikkust. Saama puhul näitab analüüs võimalikkuse tingimuste määratlemist ruumiliste vms konkretiseerivalt määratlevate adverbiaalsete konstruktsioonide kaudu, tingivas kõneviisis toetavad selle verbi evidentsiaalsusega seotavat tähenduspotentsiaali leksikaalsed või deiktiliselt osutavad lausekomponendid. Eitavas vormis verbiga suutma koos esinevate ajamääratluste ning rõhupartiklite analüüs näitab ühelt poolt suutlikkuse seost väliste tingimuste muutumise või rõhutatud mittemuutumisega ja teisalt verbiga suutma väljenduvat intensiivistavat tähendusvarjundit tegevussubjekti reaalsusega suhestumisel.Abstract. Marge Käsper: The verbs võima, saama and suutma as equivalents of the French modal verb pouvoir. Definition and intensification of possibility in negation. The article studies three Estonian modal verbs (võima, saama, suutma) as they correspond to the French modal verb pouvoir in examples collected from the Estonian-French parallel corpus (www.estfra.ee). The meaning of possibility is studied by examining variables in expression: negation, adverb types, verb semantics, modal particles. The analysis focuses on the verbs saama and suutma, occurring mainly in negation in the corpus, to determine their meaning potential in contrast to the most frequent equivalent võima. While the possibility expressed by the verb võima appears to be constructed as hypothetical or evaluative, the verb saama is mainly characterized by the presence of spatial or other such determining adverbial constructions. The analysis of the temporal indications occurring with the verb suutma, analysed in its negation forms, shows the importance of external temporally determined conditions in regard to capacity, but also the participant sourced subjectivity of these indications. The analysis of modal particles accompanying suutma shows an effect of intensification in expression in the relation between the participating subject and its reality.Keywords: modality; polysemy; negation; adverbs; evidentiality; intensification; Estonian; French

scholarly journals EXPLORING PRESENT ABILITY: A COLLOSTRUCTIONAL APPROACH

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (48) ◽  
pp. 105-115
Author(s):  
Tiana Tošić Lojanica ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Method ◽  
General Ability ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Modal Verb ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Compare And Contrast ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Present Ability

The paper investigates two constructions commonly thought to be semantically equivalent, S can V and S be able to V. Both modal can and semi-modal be able to are used to express ability that could be described as either mental or acquired accomplishment, pertaining to past or present. The difference between them is typically denoted as general ability or that someone managed to do something on a particular occasion. If not limited by the main verb (e.g. there is a constraint against can after another modal verb), can and be able to are mostly interchangeable. Starting from the premise that every construction carries meaning which is dependent on the meaning of lexical elements occurring in that construction, the aim is to shed light on the usage of the two verb constructions and the degree of their interchangeability by examining their complements. To compare and contrast the two constructions, we rely on a corpus-based and quantitative method of collostructional analysis (Gries and Stefanowitsch 2004), or specifically on distinctive collexeme analysis which allows us to determine if the V slot in the construction is preferred by or restricted to particular lexemes. As S can V and S be able to V are highly attested in the corpus, the research is restricted only to their meaning of the present ability

scholarly journals No Can Do Modal Verbs

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 9-21
Author(s):  
Gašper Ilc
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Text ◽  
Temporal Relations ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Past Time ◽  
Advanced Students ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Modal Verb ◽  
Relative Tense ◽  
Narrative Techniques

The paper presents the systems of modal verbs in Slovene and English, and it focuses on comprehension and usage problems that advanced students of English may have when dealing with modal verb constructions. The paper identifies the key factors that give rise to various problems, such as in-vacuo vs. in-context treatment of modal verbs and absolute vs. relative temporal relations. It is argued that most students fail to fully understand contextualised modal verb constructions mostly due to the polysemy of modal verbs as well as their relative tense value. This is particularly the case when a (narrative) text containing modal verb constructions has a past time reference, and combines different narrative techniques.

An aspectual contour of phrasal verb constructions with English think

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-193
Author(s):  
Iwona Kokorniak
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Model ◽  
Mental Process ◽  
Progressive Aspect ◽  
Additional Tool ◽  
Lexical Aspect ◽  
Verb Semantics ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
Phrasal Verb ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract In English, the internal constituency of an event is obligatorily expressed by means of non-progressive versus progressive aspect. It is also represented linguistically by means of lexical aspect, and thus verb semantics. The two types of distinctions are shown to lie at two different levels of schematicity in the Integrated Model of Aspect (IMA, Kokorniak 2018). Although particles constitute only an additional tool in aspectual profiling in English, they are very productive at the level of lexical aspect in profiling minor aspectual differences that main verb semantics and inflection cannot reflect. The particles that the verb think can be combined with include out, over, through and up. Monolingual learners’ dictionaries suggest that think out, think over and think through can be used interchangeably. Their definitions indicate that in all three cases the particles designate a careful and thorough mental process. The study presents an aspectual contour of think and the particles that the verb can be combined with, and displays that each particle constitutes an elaboration of the mental path in a slightly different way. Their semantic contribution to the aspectual verb profile is shown and located in the IMA continuum, while corpus examples depict their use.

Nollapersoona Kelan virkailijoiden direktiiveissä

Virittäjä ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anu Rouhikoski
Keyword(s):  
Social Insurance ◽  
Service Encounters ◽  
Application Form ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Social Insurance Institution ◽  
Person Pronoun ◽  
The Social ◽  
Modal Verb

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan nollapersoonaisen modaaliverbirakenteen käyttöä direktiivinä (esim. tämä hakemus pitäs vielä täyttää). Aineistona on 11,5 tuntia Kansaneläkelaitoksen eli Kelan toimistoissa videolle tallennettuja aitoja asiakaspalvelutilanteita, 131 yksittäistä tilannetta. Aineistossa esiintyvät neljä virkailijaa ovat noin 30-vuotiaita; asiakkaiden ikä vaihtelee noin 18 ja 80 vuoden välillä. Analyysi osoittaa, että nollapersoonan referenssi on ainakin muodollisesti avoin ja Kelan tilanteissa se usein kattaa sekä paikalla olevan asiakkaan että muut samassa tilanteessa olevat ihmiset. Siten nollapersoonalla ilmaistaan eksplisiittisesti, että kaikkia kohdellaan samoin säännöin eikä asiakkaalta vaadita mitään poikkeuksellista. Se ikään kuin perustelee itse itsensä. Modaaliverbi (esim. kannattaa, pitää, täytyä, voida) puolestaan tuo lausumaan jonkin keskustelun ulkoisen velvoitteen. Aineistossa nollapersoonaisia modaaliverbidirektiivejä käytetään usein silloin, kun virkailija ei käsittele itsestään selvänä, että asiakas tulee noudattamaan saamaansa direktiiviä, vaan direktiiviin liittyy epävarmuustekijöitä. Näitä ovat arkaluonteisuus, erilinjaisuus, toiminnon aiheuttama vaiva tai toiminnon uutuus vuorovaikutustilanteessa. Nollapersoonainen modaaliverbidirektiivi ottaa hienovaraisesti huomioon toimintoon liittyvät epävarmuustekijät mutta osoittaa silti toiminnon olevan tilanteessa tarpeellinen. Nollapersoonalausumia verrataan artikkelissa toiseen direktiivityyppiin, 2. persoonan modaaliverbilausumiin (esim. tää sun pitäs kuitenki täyttää vielä). Niissäkin modaaliverbi välittää tilanteen ulkopuolelta tulevan käskyn, mutta lausuma rajataan koskemaan ainoastaan yhtä asiakasta ja hänen velvollisuutensa tehdään näkyviksi. 2. persoonan modaaliverbidirektiiveillä annetaan yleensä lisäohjeita jo meneillään olevassa prosessissa tai toistetaan jokin jo annettu direktiivi. Lisäksi niitä käytetään yleensä vain silloin, kun asiakas on virkailijaa nuorempi, kun taas nollapersoonadirektiivejä esitetään kaikenikäisille asiakkaille.   Zero-person subjects and modal verbs in directives: a study of employees at the Social Insurance Institution of Finland  The article analyses the directive use of a Finnish zero person + modal verb construction, e.g. tämä hakemus pitäs vielä täyttää (‘one should fill in this application form’). The data comprises 11.5 hours of service encounters videotaped at the offices of the Social Insurance Institution of Finland (in Finnish: Kansaneläkelaitos = Kela), 131 encounters in total. The four employees in these encounters are all in their thirties, while their clients are between 18–80 years of age. The referent of a zero-person construction is formally open, and in the service encounters analysed here its referent is often not only the client but anyone else who finds themselves in a similar situation. Therefore, the zero person explicitly expresses the notion that all clients are treated in an equal manner. The modal verb (e.g. pitää, täytyä ‘must, have to, should’; voida ‘be able to’; kannattaa ‘be worthwhile’) denotes an obligation that comes from outside the situation at hand. The analysis of the data indicates that a zero person + modal verb construction is often used when the directive involves contingencies, such as delicacy, disalignment, imposition, or a previously undiscussed action. The zero person + modal verb construction displays the speaker’s orientation towards contingencies but also indicates the necessity of the action in question. The zero-person construction stands in contrast to another directive construction, that of the 2nd-person subject + modal verb (e.g. tää sun pitäs kuitenki täyttää vielä ‘you should still fill in this one’). The modal verb conveys an external obligation, but the 2nd-person pronoun refers to one sole person and makes explicit his/her responsibilities. This construction is mainly used when reformulating a previous directive or giving additional advice. Moreover, it is usually only used when addressing younger clients, whereas the zero-person construction is suitable to clients of all ages.

scholarly journals Preliminary Techno-Economic Assessment of Animal Cell-Based Meat

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Derrick Risner ◽  
Fangzhou Li ◽  
Jason S. Fell ◽  
Sara A. Pace ◽  
Justin B. Siegel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Animal Cell ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Monoclonal Antibody Production ◽  
Technological Performance ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Cost Factors

Interest in animal cell-based meat (ACBM) or laboratory-grown meat has been increasing; however, the economic viability of these potential products has not been thoroughly vetted. Recent studies suggest monoclonal antibody production technology can be adapted for the industrialization of ACBM production. This study provides a scenario-based assessment of the projected cost per kilogram of ACBM produced in the United States based on cellular metabolic requirements and process/chemical engineering conventions. A sensitivity analysis of the model identified the nine most influential cost factors for ACBM production out of 67 initial parameters. The results indicate that technological performance will need to approach technical limits for ACBM to achieve profitably as a commodity. However, the model also suggests that low-volume high-value specialty products could be viable based on current technology.

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