FUNCTIONAL-SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SWEDISH MODAL PARTICLE VÄL

Статья посвящена изучению семантики и функций шведской модальной частицы väl в диалогических текстах на материале пьесы современного шведского драматурга Ларса Нурена «Тихая музыка» (Lars Norén «Tyst musik»). Актуальность статьи обусловлена отсутствием исследований шведских модальных частиц на таком материале. Анализ примеров показал, что частица väl отличается функциональной многоплановостью и обладает множеством прагматических значений, которые раскрываются в диалоге и зависят от контекста. Проявление интерактивной функции в большинстве примеров дает право говорить о väl как о диалогической частице, ориентированной на адресата высказывания. The article studies semantics and functions of the Swedish modal particle väl in dialogic texts based on the play of the modern Swedish playwright Lars Norén called «Tyst musik» («Silent Music»). The relevance of the article is due to the lack of studies of Swedish modal particles based on such material. The analysis of the examples showed that väl is distinguished by its functional versatility and has many pragmatic meanings, which are revealed in the dialogue and depend on the context. As the interactive function of väl appears in most examples, the author speaks of väl as a dialogical particle focused on the addressee of the utterance.

ON THE FEATURES OF FORMATION AND FUNCTIONING OF SOME MODAL PARTICLES IN THE LESGIN LANGUAGE

The article is dedicated to the problem of forming and functioning of the affirmative and negative modal particles of Lezghin language.

On the Contrastive Analysis of a Television Text Type

Analysis of media-linguistic aspects by linguists is of great importance because the latest linguistic trends can be understood on the basis of this material. Based on the contrastive studies of the text type weather report on German and Georgian television, the following similarities and differences were highlighted: many media-linguistic aspects (sentence types, common verbs, mood, technical and local expressions, visual effects, etc.) look similar. With regard to the types of sentences, the following tendency has emerged: parataxes are the most common occurrence in TV weather reports. In second place are hypotaxes, followed by simple sentences and ellipses. German moderators tend mainly to use the oral style. This is shown by reductions, colloquial and regional expressions, breaking a sentence frame, demonstrative pronouns and modal particles. In addition, that could also indicate that they are less focused on the teleprompter. The weather report of the Georgian morning TV program "Guten Morgen, Georgia" (Rustavi 2) is broadcast live at various locations. Before the current temperature of the day is presented, the weather moderator chats casually with the studio moderators and their guests. The weather report is contextualized in this way. The weather report is almost always done with an introductory sentence. The weather data is read out by the moderator or by the respective guests. German moderators present both current temperatures and the weather forecast for the next few days. Regarding speaking speed, it can be emphasized that German moderators speak almost twice as fast as Georgian moderators. Both German and Georgian moderators are always in a good mood. The dress style of the morning presenters, in contrast to evening presenters, is mostly unofficial in both the German and Georgian weather reports. It must also be mentioned here that it is very important to deal with various types of text in both school and university foreign language lessons. Since listening to a weather report is a realistic everyday act, this type of text must find a worthy entry into foreign language lessons. It is advantageous to combine visual and linguistic aspects, because in this way both visual and hearing comprehension are trained.

On the Concept of an Anatolian-Greek Language Area

This paper aims at presenting some thoughts on the hypothesis of an Anatolian-Greek language area in the second millennium bc comparing different approaches both in the theoretical frames and in the analysis of the linguistic facts. For this purpose, it is necessary to introduce some terminological premises, followed by a selection of methodological issues, which will help explore the putative features that characterize the Anatolian-Greek area (morphological traits such as actionality markers, particles, verbal prefixes as well as special morphological forms; morphosyntactic traits, such as modal particles, sentence particles, absolute participial constructions; lexical units and phonetic features).

Analysis of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Bi-Modal Nanoparticle-Reinforced Cu-Matrix

Bi-modal particles are used as reinforcements for Cu-matrix. Nano TiC and/or Al2O3 were mechanically mixed with Cu particles for 24 h. The Cu-TiC/Al2O3 composites were successfully produced using spark plasma sintering (SPS). To investigate the effect of TiC and Al2O3 nanoparticles on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu-TiC/Al2O3 nanocomposites, they were added, whether individually or combined, to the copper (Cu) matrix at 3, 6, and 9 wt.%. The results showed that titanium carbide was homogeneously distributed in the copper matrix, whereas alumina nanoparticles showed some agglomeration at Cu grain boundaries. The crystallite size exhibited a clear reduction as a reaction to the increase of the reinforcement ratio. Furthermore, increasing the TiC and Al2O3 nanoparticle content in the Cu-TiC/Al2O3 composites reduced the relative density from 95% for Cu-1.5 wt.% TiC and 1.5 wt.% Al2O3 to 89% for Cu-4.5 wt.% TiC and 4.5 wt.% Al2O3. Cu-9 wt.% TiC achieved a maximum compressive strength of 851.99 N/mm2. Hardness values increased with increasing ceramic content.

Realizations of deonticity in Lithuanian: The case of particles

The present paper focuses on non-epistemic modal particles in contemporary Lithuanian that have received far less attention in the literature than epistemic particles. Based on authentic data drawn from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, the study aims to disclose the formal and functional features of the particles tegu(l), te and lai in spoken discourse and fiction. The study has shown that the particles under investigation occur in hortative constructions where they express the speaker’s desire to get a third person or the addressee to carry out some action. Although tegu(l), te and lai share a number of functions (e.g. hortatives, negative or positive performative optatives), functional extension is more typical of tegu(l) than of te and lai. The formal features of the particles (their co-occurrence with indicative or subjunctive forms) provide evidence for their functional variation.

Discourse and Pragmatic Markers in the Romance Languages

Discourse and pragmatic markers are functional units, universally present in human language, that deictically relate text fragments, propositions, utterances, and discourse chunks to the context of speech. They manage the interaction of the discourse participants in the speech situation and facilitate successful communication. This group of functional units includes elements as diverse as discourse and pragmatic markers in the broad sense, illocutionary markers, sentence particles, modal particles, and connectives. Romance languages, particularly the spoken varieties, exhibit all those types of elements, even modal particles, which have often been claimed to be absent in Romance. As in other languages, discourse and pragmatic markers mostly develop out of adverbs and adverbials (especially prepositional phrases), but nouns, adjectives, verbal forms, and other (parenthetical) phrases are further possible sources. One case that is peculiar to Romance is the ability to combine lexical material with the common complementizer corresponding to ‘that,’ which leads to more or less grammaticalized items that function as discourse and pragmatic markers. The wealth of data for Romance and Latin offers plenty of opportunities for the study of the diachronic evolution of discourse and pragmatic markers. In this context, the question whether discourse and pragmatic markers represent cases of grammaticalization or pragmaticalization and discoursivization remains a matter of some debate. In particular, the increased interest in linguistic interfaces in formal linguistic grammar theory has led to highly detailed investigations of the Romance left periphery, which has been shown to host all kinds of discourse-related phenomena.

The Modal Particles in the Storybook 原我这么棒 Yuánlái Wύ Zhème Bàng By Li Huizhen Partikel Modalitas dalam Buku Cerita 原来我这么棒 Yuánlái Wǒ Zhème Bàng Karya Li Huizhen

Particles in Mandarin can be divided into three kinds, namely structural, aspectual, and modality or modal particles. The particles have their own functions, as well as having grammatical meanings. This article discusses the particles of modality in the children's storybook entitled原我这么棒(Yuánlái Wύ Zhème Bàng) 'I'm So Great' by Li Huizhen. Particles of modality are widely used in the context of the conversation in the storybook, namely 啊 a, 吧 ba, 啦la, 了le, 啰luo, 吗ma, 嘛ma, 哪na, 呢ne, 呀ya, 哟yo. Through distributional analysis methods, as well as with the technique of evaporation and transfer analysis, the modality particles can be matched with phatic particles in Indonesian, such as 'ya', 'lah', 'sih', 'lho', and 'dong' which are generally located behind sentences, and some behind clauses. However, the meaning of the particles is uncertain and unsteady because each depends on the context of the sentence or the meaning of the sentence. The presence of modality particles in a sentence can change the meaning of a sentence, its type of sentence, or its language function.

Egophoricity and Perspective: A View From Spoken Swedish

From the point of view of everyday talk and especially, casual conversation, it is obvious that language use is highly perspectivized with a clear focus on the speech-act participants. This fact is supported by observations regarding the pervasiveness of egophoric pronouns and the frequent use of the modal particles ju and väl in spoken Swedish. The paper demonstrates how egophoric pronouns, modal particles, and mental verbs are used to signal the epistemic perspective of the speech-act participants, i.e., when the knowledge and attention of the speech-act participants are at stake. These formally distinct resources show patterns of co-distribution that permit an analysis of forms in terms of how they signal shared/private access to events from the perspective of the speaker and the addressee.