Improving Children's Bike Helmets

1998 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-37
Author(s):  
Bruce Bradtmiller
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
The Body ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Athletic Fields

Every day, millions of children take to the athletic fields and streets for purposes of competition, transportation, or simple enjoyment. It is likely that by day's end some of them will suffer severe injuries and a few may die. Many of these injuries will involve the head or neck, an area of the body where injuries are most likely to be serious. According to the National Head Injury Foundation, traumatic brain injury is the leading cause of disability in both children and adults.

scholarly journals Study of Traumatic Brain Injury Due To Recent Earthquake in Manipal Teaching Hospital

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-66
Author(s):  
Bal G Karmacharya ◽  
Brijesh Sathian
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injuries ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mild Head Injury ◽  
Associated Injuries

The objective of this study was to review the demographics, causes injury, severity, treatment and outcome of traumatic brain injuries in victims of the April 2015 earthquake who were admitted in Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara. A total of 37 patients was admitted under Neurosurgery Services. Collapse of buildings was the commonest cause of head injury. The majority of them had mild head injury. Associated injuries to other parts of the body were present in 40.54% patients.Nepal Journal of Neuroscience 12:63-66, 2015

scholarly journals Effect of Concomitant Extra cranial Injury in outcome of moderate and severe head injury patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital in western Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (01) ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
Pradeep Ghimire ◽  
Sushil Mishra ◽  
Balgopal Karmacharya ◽  
Nikunja Yogi
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Injury Severity Score ◽  
Severity Score ◽  
Severe Head Injury ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Cranial Injury

Background: Polytrauma is a term used to describe the patients those are severely injured associated with other injuries (i.e. two or more severe injuries in at least two areas of the body), less often with a multiple injury (i.e. two or more severe injuries in one body area). More than 40% of the patient of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) dies due to extra cranial causes. We hypothesized that extra cranial injuries with polytrauma may alter TBI outcomes and perform the study. Materials and methods: An analytical study was done with the patient of moderate to severe head injury admitted to neurosurgery Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of Manipal Teaching Hospital in between January to December 2019. The objective of the study was to assess the impact of concomitant extra cranial injury (Polytrauma) in the outcome of Moderate to severe head injury. Results: In our study it is seen that, those individuals who have presented delayed in emergency department from the time of incidence under the influence of alcohol, likewise with mean Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) below 8.16+/-3.22 and abnormal pupils, high injury severity score (ISS), and with polytrauma have poorer outcomes. Conclusion: Concomitant extra cranial injuries, injury severity score(ISS),injuries associated under the influence  of alcohol, delayed presentation in emergency after incident, GCS below 9  during presentation in ER and abnormal pupils during examinations are the strong predicting factors for the poor outcome of patient with traumatic brain injury.

scholarly journals Prospective Analysis of Coagulopathy Associated with Isolated Traumatic Brain Injury and Clinical Outcome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopal Krishna ◽  
Varun Aggarwal ◽  
Ishwar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Coagulation Abnormalities ◽  
The Mean ◽  
D Dimer

Abstract Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects the coagulation pathway in a distinct way than does extracranial trauma. The extent of coagulation abnormalities varies from bleeding diathesis to disseminated thrombosis. Design Prospective study. Methods The study included 50 patients of isolated TBI with cohorts of moderate (MHI) and severe head injury (SHI). Coagulopathy was graded according to the values of parameters in single laboratory. The incidence of coagulopathy according to the severity of TBI and correlation with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) score, platelets, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), D-dimer, and fibrinogen was observed. The comparison was also made between expired and discharged patients within each group. It also compared coagulation derailments with clinical presentation (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS]) and outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale [GOS]). Results Road traffic accident was the primary (72%) mode of injury. Fifty-two percent had MHI and rest had SHI. Eighty-four percent of cases were managed conservatively. The mean GCS was 12.23 and 5.75 in MHI and SHI, respectively. Sixty-two percent of MHI and 96% of the patients with SHI had coagulation abnormalities. On statistical analysis, DIC score (p < 0.001) strongly correlated with the severity of head injury and GOS. PT and APTT were also significantly associated with the severity of TBI. In patients with moderate TBI, D-dimer and platelet counts showed association with clinical outcome. Fibrinogen levels did not show any statistical significance. The mean platelet counts remained normal in both the groups of TBI. The mean GOS was 1.54 and 4.62 in SHI and MHI, respectively. Conclusion Coagulopathy is common in isolated TBI. The basic laboratory parameters are reliable predictors of coagulation abnormalities in TBI. Coagulopathy is directly associated with the severity of TBI, GCS, and poor outcome.

scholarly journals Differential Leukocyte and Platelet Profiles in Distinct Models of Traumatic Brain Injury

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 500
Author(s):  
William Brad Hubbard ◽  
Meenakshi Banerjee ◽  
Hemendra Vekaria ◽  
Kanakanagavalli Shravani Prakhya ◽  
Smita Joshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Closed Head Injury ◽  
Diffuse Brain Injury ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Closed Head ◽  
Leukocyte Counts ◽  
Neutrophil Aggregation ◽  
Blood Leukocyte

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects over 3 million individuals every year in the U.S. There is growing appreciation that TBI can produce systemic modifications, which are in part propagated through blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and blood–brain cell interactions. As such, platelets and leukocytes contribute to mechanisms of thromboinflammation after TBI. While these mechanisms have been investigated in experimental models of contusion brain injury, less is known regarding acute alterations following mild closed head injury. To investigate the role of platelet dynamics and bioenergetics after TBI, we employed two distinct, well-established models of TBI in mice: the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of contusion brain injury and the closed head injury (CHI) model of mild diffuse brain injury. Hematology parameters, platelet-neutrophil aggregation, and platelet respirometry were assessed acutely after injury. CCI resulted in an early drop in blood leukocyte counts, while CHI increased blood leukocyte counts early after injury. Platelet-neutrophil aggregation was altered acutely after CCI compared to sham. Furthermore, platelet bioenergetic coupling efficiency was transiently reduced at 6 h and increased at 24 h post-CCI. After CHI, oxidative phosphorylation in intact platelets was reduced at 6 h and increased at 24 h compared to sham. Taken together, these data demonstrate that brain trauma initiates alterations in platelet-leukocyte dynamics and platelet metabolism, which may be time- and injury-dependent, providing evidence that platelets carry a peripheral signature of brain injury. The unique trend of platelet bioenergetics after two distinct types of TBI suggests the potential for utilization in prognosis.

scholarly journals Outcome Prediction in Patients of Traumatic Brain Injury Based on Midline Shift on CT Scan of Brain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shrikant Govindrao Palekar ◽  
Manish Jaiswal ◽  
Mandar Patil ◽  
Vijay Malpathak
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Emergency Setting ◽  
Midline Shift ◽  
Ct Head ◽  
Clinical Tools ◽  
Gcs Score

Abstract Background Clinicians treating patients with head injury often take decisions based on their assessment of prognosis. Assessment of prognosis could help communication with a patient and the family. One of the most widely used clinical tools for such prediction is the Glasgow coma scale (GCS); however, the tool has a limitation with regard to its use in patients who are under sedation, are intubated, or under the influence of alcohol or psychoactive drugs. CT scan findings such as status of basal cistern, midline shift, associated traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and intraventricular hemorrhage are useful indicators in predicting outcome and also considered as valid options for prognostication of the patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), especially in emergency setting. Materials and Methods 108 patients of head injury were assessed at admission with clinical examination, history, and CT scan of brain. CT findings were classified according to type of lesion and midline shift correlated to GCS score at admission. All the subjects in this study were managed with an identical treatment protocol. Outcome of these patients were assessed on GCS score at discharge. Result Among patients with severe GCS, 51% had midline shift. The degree of midline shift in CT head was a statistically significant determinant of outcome (p = 0.023). Seventeen out of 48 patients (35.4%) with midline shift had poor outcome as compared with 8 out of 60 patients (13.3%) with no midline shift. Conclusion In patients with TBI, the degree of midline shift on CT scan was significantly related to the severity of head injury and resulted in poor clinical outcome.

scholarly journals The role of salivary vesicles as a potential inflammatory biomarker to detect traumatic brain injury in mixed martial artists

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rani Matuk ◽  
Mandy Pereira ◽  
Janette Baird ◽  
Mark Dooner ◽  
Yan Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Impact Mechanism ◽  
Inflammatory Biomarker ◽  
Potential Biomarker

AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is of significant concern in the realm of high impact contact sports, including mixed martial arts (MMA). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) travel between the brain and oral cavity and may be isolated from salivary samples as a noninvasive biomarker of TBI. Salivary EVs may highlight acute neurocognitive or neuropathological changes, which may be particularly useful as a biomarker in high impact sports. Pre and post-fight samples of saliva were isolated from 8 MMA fighters and 7 from controls. Real-time PCR of salivary EVs was done using the TaqMan Human Inflammatory array. Gene expression profiles were compared pre-fight to post-fight as well as pre-fight to controls. Largest signals were noted for fighters sustaining a loss by technical knockout (higher impact mechanism of injury) or a full match culminating in referee decision (longer length of fight), while smaller signals were noted for fighters winning by joint or choke submission (lower impact mechanism as well as less time). A correlation was observed between absolute gene information signals and fight related markers of head injury severity. Gene expression was also significantly different in MMA fighters pre-fight compared to controls. Our findings suggest that salivary EVs as a potential biomarker in the acute period following head injury to identify injury severity and can help elucidate pathophysiological processes involved in TBI.

Indigenous Theory Building for Māori Children and Adolescents with Traumatic Brain Injury and their Extended Family

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 406-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hinemoa Elder
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Child And Adolescent ◽  
Specific Aspect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Indigenous Research ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Indigenous Theory

Background: International research identifies indigeneity as a risk factor for traumatic brain injury (TBI). Aotearoa New Zealand studies show that mokopuna (grandchildren; used here to encompass the ages and stages of infant, child and adolescent development and those in young adulthood) are significantly overrepresented in TBI populations. The important role of whānau (family) is also well established in child and adolescent TBI scholarship. Despite awareness of these factors, no studies have been identified that explore whānau knowledge about mokopuna TBI. The aim of this study was to explore two questions: (1) What do Māori people say about mokopuna TBI in the context of the Māori cultural belief that the head is the most sacred part of the body? and (2) How could this information be used to build theory that could inform addressing the rehabilitation needs of this group?Method: Eighteen marae wānanga (culture-specific fora in traditional meeting houses) were held. The wānanga typically lasted approximately 2 hours. Footage and written transcripts were analysed using Rangahau Kaupapa Māori (Māori indigenous research methods).Results: The wairua theory of mokopuna TBI proposes that TBI not only injures brain anatomy and physiology but also injures wairua (defined here as a unique connection between Māori and all aspects of the universe). Injury to wairua means that culturally determined interventions are both indicated and expected. The wairua theory of mokopuna TBI thereby provides a guide to intervention.Conclusion: A Māori theory of mokopuna TBI has been identified which describes a culture-specific aspect of TBI. This theory proposes that pre-existing whānau knowledge salient to TBI is critical to optimising recovery. Further research is needed to test this theory not only in TBI but also in other areas such as in mental illness, neurodegenerative disease and addiction.

scholarly journals Spillway-Induced Salmon Head Injury Triggers the Generation of Brain αII-Spectrin Breakdown Product Biomarkers Similar to Mammalian Traumatic Brain Injury

PLoS ONE ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. e4491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Miracle ◽  
Nancy D. Denslow ◽  
Kevin J. Kroll ◽  
Ming Cheng Liu ◽  
Kevin K. W. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Breakdown Product

#3104 Is dipsogenic diabetes insipidus the same condition as psychogenic polydipsia?

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. A11.2-A11
Author(s):  
Ewelina de Leon ◽  
Graeme Yorston
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Endocrine Disruption ◽  
Psychiatric Disease ◽  
List Type ◽  
Psychogenic Polydipsia

Objectives/AimsTraumatic brain injury is a common cause of permanent or long-term disability,1 and up to 80% of people with moderate to severe brain injury have some degree of pituitary insufficiency. Endocrine disruption has been documented in medical literature since the 1940s,2-4 where central diabetes insipidus has been described as a common transient complication which causes polydipsia (insatiable thirst). However, polydipsia can be caused by other conditions. It is classified into dipsogenic, in a syndrome of disordered thirst-regulating mechanism in patients without psychiatric disease called dipsogenic diabetes insipidus, psychogenic, as a compulsive water drinking in patients with psychiatric conditions referred to as psychogenic polydipsia or psychogenic diabetes insipidus and iatrogenic where large quantities of water are consumed for health benefits. All of which are referred to as primary polydipsia if these conditions cannot be distinguished. Dipsogenic diabetes insipidus and psychogenic polydipsia can be easily mixed up, misdiagnosed or even unrecognised, mainly because their pathophysiology is still unclear. Are these conditions different, or is there anything that can relate them to each other? With this literature review, we are aiming to find the link between subsets of polydipsia after brain trauma, to compare proposed differential diagnosis and their functionality in clinical settings.MethodA literature review was conducted following a search of MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus, APA PsycArticles, APA PsycBooks, APA PsycInfo databases from 1858 onwards.ResultsWe will present our findings from the literature review.ConclusionPolydipsia is a common clinical problem and requires careful evaluation and management to prevent long term neurological sequelae, and there are no evidence-based treatment guidelines.References National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2019). Head Injury. CG176. Retrieved from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg176 Escamilla RF, Lisser H. Simmonds disease: A clinical study with revie of the literature; Differentiation from anorexia nervosa by statistical analysis of 595 cases, 101 of which were provided pathologically. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1942;2(2):6596. Porter RJ, Miller RA. Diabetes insipidus following closed head injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1946;11:528562. Webb NE, Little B, Loupee-Wilson S, Power EM. Traumatic brain injury and neuro-endocrine disruption: medical and psychosocial rehabilitation. NeuroRehabilitation (Reading, Mass.) 2014;34(4):625636.

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