Karakalpak Family Ritualism: The Bes Kiyim Custom in the Transformation of Traditional Culture

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 124-133
Author(s):  
Z. I. Kurbanova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Married Women ◽  
The Body ◽  
Status Change ◽  
Patchy Distribution ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Traditional Family ◽  
The Republic

This study describes the bridal and funerary rite of exchanging clothes (Bes Kiyim – ‘Five Costumes’) in the context of the traditions and innovations in the Karakalpak culture. On the basis of fi eld data collected in 2014–2019 and earlier in places with a continuous or patchy distribution of the Karakalpak population (Chimbaysky, Karauzyaksky, Kegeyliysky, Nukussky, Khodzheyliysky, and the Takhiatashsky districts of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, Republic of Uzbekistan) and of earlier sources, changes in ritualism are analyzed. Bridal rites include exchanges of gifts, such as items of clothing. The comparison of sources shows that the Bes Kiyim rite originated in the mid-20th century in the context of socio-cultural changes. It has remained rather stable up to the present time, being an integral part of Karakalpak bridal ritualism. This indicates its importance in the normative culture of that ethnic group. In one district of Karakalpakstan, the term Bes Kiyim was transferred from the bridal to the funerary rituals. The origin of the rite relates to the transformation of the Iyis custom—the distribution of the deceased person’s clothing among those participating in the ablution of the body. In the late 20th century, specially purchased items of clothing began to be used for that purpose. Apparently, the fi ve items distributed among those participating in the rite symbolize the deceased person’s transition to the ancestors’ world. By the same token, the bride’s fi ve outfi ts allude to her passage to the category of married women and the beginning of her marital life. Therefore, the ritual innovations of the Karakalpaks, caused by socio-cultural and economic changes, mirror the logic and content of traditional family festivals whose complex symbolism relates to status change.

The Body in Theory

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicity J Callard
Keyword(s):  
Queer Theory ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Industrial Capitalism ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
Theoretical Investigations ◽  
The One ◽  
Do So

Geographers are now taking the problematic of corporeality seriously. ‘The body’ is becoming a preoccupation in the geographical literature, and is a central figure around which to base political demands, social analyses, and theoretical investigations. In this paper I describe some of the trajectories through which the body has been installed in academia and claim that this installation has necessitated the uptake of certain theoretical legacies and the disavowal or forgetting of others. In particular, I trace two related developments. First, I point to the sometimes haphazard agglomeration of disparate theoretical interventions that lie under the name of postmodernism and observe how this has led to the foregrounding of bodily tropes of fragmentation, fluidity, and ‘the cyborg‘. Second, I examine the treatment of the body as a conduit which enables political agency to be thought of in terms of transgression and resistance. I stage my argument by looking at how on the one hand Marxist and on the other queer theory have commonly conceived of the body, and propose that the legacies of materialist modes of analysis have much to offer current work focusing on how bodies are shaped by their encapsulation within the sphere of the social. I conclude by examining the presentation of corporeality that appears in the first volume of Marx's Capital. I do so to suggest that geographers working on questions of subjectivity could profit from thinking further about the relation between so-called ‘new’ and ‘fluid’ configurations of bodies, technologies, and subjectivities in the late 20th-century world, and the corporeal configurations of industrial capitalism lying behind and before them.

Gender Communication: Understanding the Problem

10.12737/5746 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 47-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Головашенко ◽  
Irina Golovashenko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
New Order ◽  
Gender Theory ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gender Communication ◽  
Philosophical Aspect ◽  
The Subject

The article analyzes problem of gender communication, certain socio-cultural changes and their consequences. It shows that main methodological philosophical approaches of this problem explain features of the communication between men and women. Attention is focused on the philosophical aspect of subject-object dichotomy in gender theory. Object of our investigation is gender communication in modern society. The subject of research is the methodological basis and technology for the gender communication implementation as a culturological socio-forming factor. The author analyses the effects of the individuals interaction in different contexts of gender relations. The basis for the discourse is Michael Foucault’s concept of power, which has had a most powerful effect on gender theory since the late 20th century. The aim of the article is to confirm the possibility of a new order and communication priorities.

Illness, Threat and Systems of Authority in Dunhuang

Inner Asia ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-46
Author(s):  
Lewis Mayo
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
The Public ◽  
Organisational Form ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
The Face ◽  
Administrative Structures ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Administrative Problem

AbstractThis paper analyses the relationships between illness and structures of authority in the oasis of Dunhuang in the late 20th century and during the time of the Guiyijun regime which ruled the area as an independent warlord state from the middle of the 9th to the beginning of the 11th century. Both the medieval and the modern systems for dealing with illness in Dunhuang are analysed here as part of a larger problem of threat as an inherent element in any order of authority. In this paper, illness is taken as a political and administrative problem, both in the sense that political forces are mobilised around it and in the sense that political and administrative structures give illness an organisational form. Guiyijun systems of storage and structures of governance in the political and familial realms are understood as the reference point for the strategies deployed in the face of illness ‘events’ and as explanatory frameworks closely linked to accounts of dysfunction in the internal order of the body. The late 20th century order of disease management in Dunhuang forms a counterpart to these medieval structures, despite the major differences in the forms for responding to and attacking illness in the oasis in the public health regimes of the modern era and in the medical and ceremonial practices used a millennium before.

scholarly journals The Vlachs in Macedonia in the 19th and 20th centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-224
Author(s):  
Nikola Kosto Minov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Way

The article summarizes the known data about the localization and numerical distribution of various Vlach groups in Macedonia in the 19th and 20th centuries. Each Vlach group’s (Moscopolitan; Grammoustian; Farsherot and Moglenite Vlachs) migrations are analyzed separately, following them from their starting points from which they ventured forth and dispersed all over Ottoman Macedonia at the end of the 18th century, all the way to their dwellings in late 20th century in North Macedonia. In the second part of the article we review the thorough, yet unofficial statistics of Gustav Weigand and Vasil Kanchov about the number of Vlachs in Ottoman Macedonia, as well as the number and territorial distribution of the Vlachs in Macedonia, as shown in the 1921 census in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the Yugoslav census from 1931, the six censuses conducted in socialist Yugoslavia in 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981 and 1991, and the two censuses in the Republic of Macedonia from 1994 and 2002. 

Radio Education in the Andes During the Second Half of the 20th Century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Cant
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
Radio Station ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Catholic Organizations

In 1947, a Colombian priest, Padre José Joaquín Salcedo Guarín, established a small radio station in Sutatenza, Boyacá to provide basic literacy education for poor peasants. Over the course of the 1950s and 1960s, Salcedo’s pioneering example gave rise to hundreds of similar initiatives across the Andes. Amid widespread illiteracy, entrenched poverty, and a mountainous terrain that limited access to state institutions and the mainstream media, radio was seen as a technology of immense promise that could increase education levels and stimulate development. The escuelas radiofónicas (radio schools) were an innovative form of distance learning designed to be followed in groups within the home or in a community building. In other parts of the world, radio education was largely delivered by secular agencies, but in the profoundly Catholic Andean region they had a strongly religious character, being operated by priests and funded by international Catholic organizations. Although hailed by many for their transformative impact on rural communities, others criticized their “developmentalist” assumptions and tendency to spread anticommunism. Initially focused on basic numeracy and literacy, radio schools later included programs on agricultural techniques, health, family relationships, music, and spiritual guidance, which were accompanied by newspapers, pamphlets, and readers. Peasant leaders and so-called auxiliaries were recruited and trained to promote radio school attendance and reinforce new ideas and practices. As the tenets of liberation theology filtered out through the Latin American clergy in the 1970s and 1980s, radio education acquired a more activist tone and moved away from didacticism toward community participation, often having a cultural and political impact far beyond that intended in the 1960s. Cultural and economic changes of the late 20th century brought an end to many such radio schools, but a number persist and radio continues to be vitally important among rural Andean populations.

Corporéités, ascétismes et sécularisation dans le discours de la confrérie Naqshbandi turque contemporaine

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ural Manço
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Religious Discourse ◽  
The Body ◽  
Social Mobilization ◽  
Religious Change ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Process Of Urbanization

The author presents the body-related features of Naqshbandi speech from the late 20th century. The order in question is the most orthodox and one of the most influential of the country. The discourse studied is taken from the lectures of its last sheikh, M.E. Cosan (1938—2001). These lectures are the main means of initiating followers. The discursive sample consists of 140 lectures delivered between 1984 and 2001. The analysis relates to references to behaviour, worship and pleasure, and allows the contextualization of religious change as a function of Turkey’s structural changes since 1980, in other words shows the convergence of this religious discourse, which demonstrates rationality and this-worldliness, with the disciples’ process of urbanization and social mobilization.

scholarly journals Cepry w górach. Turystyka masowa w krzywym zwierciadle do lat siedemdziesiątych XX wieku

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 225-236
Author(s):  
Ewa Kolbuszewska
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Physical Effort ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Mass Tourism ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Masses ◽  
The 19Th Century

Lowlanders in the mountains: A satirising view of mass tourism until the 1970sThe sense of tourism lies in disinterested move from place to place for purposes relating to entertainment and exploration. In 1841 Thomas Cook organised a train excursion for 570 people in England and thus began the era of collective tourism. In the 20th century mass tourism became passive tourism. Such tourism does not require a lot of physical effort and the only thing tourists expect is appropriate transport, access to interesting sights and infrastructure that will satisfy their basic needs. Another characteristic of this type of tourism is the fact that participants do not have to organise their journeys themselves. It should be stressed, however, that in the 20th century tourism became a substantial social movement of great economic significance. Its essence can be defined in a concise formula: “maximum satisfaction with minimum personal effort”. As a result of economic changes in the interwar period, tourism became increasingly democratic, popular and accessible to the masses. The development of passive tourism, which as time goes by transforms itself into largescale mass tourism, can best be followed in the case of tourism in the Tatras. The Tatras, which were “discovered” quite late, became a tourist destination for an increasing number of people already at the turn of the 20th century. The number of tourists grew rapidly in the second half of the 19th century. However, the first visitors to the Podhale region and Zakopane were not very well prepared for excursions in the mountains. Such visitors were referred by the term “ceper” or lowlander, from the beginning having negative and, if not contemptuous then certainly disrespectful connotations. Its etymology is not known. The ignorance of non-highlanders, i.e. their naivety and inexperience, was quite irritating for the simple and intellectually uncomplicated, but “sharp” and cunning local inhabitants of the Podhale region. That is why lowlanders were often laughed at and ridiculed by them. Throughout the 20th century interesting sociological and cultural changes happened consistently and systematically in tourism. Initially tourists were representatives of the wealthier classes, but owing to the development of collective tourism tourists began to come from many other groups in society. As a result there emerged the problem of anthropogenic impact on the natural environment, which in turn increased the signifi cance of the problem of nature protection.

scholarly journals Body Pedagogics, Transactional Identities and Human–Animal Relations

Sociology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 003803852110497
Author(s):  
Chris Shilling
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Animal Body ◽  
Sociology Of The Body ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
Cultural Body ◽  
Transactional Approach

The sociology of the body developed as a reaction against Cartesian conceptions of homo clausus that haunted disciplinary thought in the late 20th century but exhibited anthropocentric tendencies in neglecting non-human animals. Building upon recent attempts to address this situation, I develop a transactional approach towards body pedagogics that explores how the shifting borders governing human–animal relations influence people’s embodied identities. Transactions between humans and (other) animals have been an historic constant across contrasting societies, but the patterning of these exchanges is framed by specific cultural body pedagogics. Focusing on the institutional means, characteristic experiences and corporeal outcomes of ‘civilising’ and ‘companionate’ human–animal body pedagogics, I explore the identity-shaping impact of these different modalities of inter-species inter-corporeality and demonstrate the sociological utility of this transactional approach.

‘‘I Think I’m Gonna Throw up...’’

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joy Elizabeth Hayes ◽  
Dana Gravesen
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Women's Bodies ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Cultural Content ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Grotesque Body

<p>Focusing on the period 1999–2003, this study examines the cultural content of the <em>Howard Stern Show</em> in order to develop a theory of shock radio. We argue that while Stern’s sexist and anti-feminist agenda framed his treatment of women’s bodies, his broader obsession with bodily excess reflected the particular cultural moment of the late 20th century and the long-term problem of embodiment via the radio medium. We draw on Linda William’s concept of body genres, M. M. Bakhtin’s grotesque body, and recent radio scholarship in order to conceptualize the relationship among the voice, the body, and the medium in shock radio.</p>

The Achilles Heel of Anglican Mission: The Selwyn Legacy in New Zealand

1978 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-104
Author(s):  
Judith E. Pinnington
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
Body Of Christ ◽  
Mutual Support ◽  
Historical Case ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Case Studies

Historical case studies can be painful. The editorial question must be: does the pain bring forth usable insights? In this analysis, historian Pinnington looks beyond overt, oft-cited problems like “the land issue” and focuses on the unresolved root problems of isolation, individualism — and even rivalry — which wracked the missionary force, depriving them of desperately-needed mutual support, and blunting the cutting edge of their mission. “They were not enough a community in love … The Maoris had already too great a sense of their own community to be built into the Body of Christ by mere missionary committees.” For Western missions in the late 20th Century, relevant insights indeed!

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