scholarly journals Reinforcement learning in probabilistic environment and its role in human adaptive and maladaptive behavior

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 85-96
Author(s):  
G.L. Kozunova
Keyword(s):  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Learning Opportunities ◽  
Maladaptive Behavior ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Probabilistic Reinforcement ◽  
Uncertain Outcomes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Basic Learning ◽  
Striatal System

The article discusses human training in conditions of partly uncertain outcomes of his/her actions that models one of the mechanisms of adaptive behavior in natural environment. Basic learning mechanisms are studied in details through modelling conditional reflexes of animals in experiments, where a certain behavior is reinforced similarly, immediately and repeatedly. At the same time, neurophysiological foundations of learning opportunities in humans under conditions of irregular or delayed reinforcements, despite increased interest to them in recent years, remain poorly studied. Research of mental and neuropsychiatric disorders has made a significant contribution to the development of this problem. Thus, the specific changes in some aspects of learning with probabilistic reinforcement were found in patients with Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome, schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety disorders. In particular, it is shown that susceptibility to positive and negative reinforcement can be violated independently. Taking into consideration the pathogenetic mechanisms of these conditions, it can be concluded that the key structure for this type of training is the cingulate cortex and orbto-frontal cortex involved in bilateral interaction with underlying structures of striatal system, the limbic system and cores of reticular formations of the brain stem.

scholarly journals Affective neuroscience of the emotional BrainMind: evolutionary perspectives and implications for understanding depression

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-545 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Primary Process ◽  
Affective Neuroscience ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Negative Affects ◽  
Rough Form ◽  
Subcortical Regions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Basic Learning

Cross-species affective neuroscience studies confirm that primary-process emotional feelings are organized within primitive subcortical regions of the brain that are anatomically, neurochemically, and functionally homologous in all mammals that have been studied. Emotional feelings (affects) are intrinsic values that inform animals how they are faring in the quest to survive. The various positive affects indicate that animals are returning to "comfort zones" that support survival, and negative affects reflect "discomfort zones" that indicate that animals are in situations that may impair survival. They are ancestral tools for living--evolutionary memories of such importance that they were coded into the genome in rough form (as primary brain processes), which are refined by basic learning mechanisms (secondary processes) as well as by higher-order cognitions/thoughts (tertiary processes). To understand why depression feels horrible, we must fathom the affective infrastructure of the mammalian brain. Advances in our understanding of the nature of primary-process emotional affects can promote the development of better preclinical models of psychiatric disorders and thereby also allow clinicians new and useful ways to understand the foundational aspects of their clients' problems. These networks are of clear importance for understanding psychiatric disorders and advancing psychiatric practice.

scholarly journals The Brain–Skin Axis in Psoriasis—Psychological, Psychiatric, Hormonal, and Dermatological Aspects

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 669
Author(s):  
Luiza Marek-Jozefowicz ◽  
Rafał Czajkowski ◽  
Alina Borkowska ◽  
Bogusław Nedoszytko ◽  
Michał A. Żmijewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Stress Signaling ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Inflammatory Skin Disease ◽  
Skin Cells ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Functional Analog ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
The Brain

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with systemic manifestation, in which psychological factors play an important role. The etiology of psoriasis is complex and multifactorial, including genetic background and environmental factors such as emotional or physical stress. Psychological stress may also play a role in exacerbation of psoriasis, by dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, sympathetic–adrenal–medullary axis, peripheral nervous system, and immune system. Skin cells also express various neuropeptides and hormones in response to stress, including the fully functional analog of the HPA axis. The deterioration of psoriatic lesions is accompanied by increased production of inflammatory mediators, which could contribute to the imbalance of neurotransmitters and the development of symptoms of depression and anxiety. Therefore, deregulation of the crosstalk between endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine stress signaling pathways contributes to clinical manifestations of psoriasis, which requires multidisciplinary approaches.

FC29-02 - Is prenatal exposure to alcohol a factor which re-program the brain?

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1978-1978
Author(s):  
J.H. Sliwowska
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Exposure ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
List Type ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Hpg Axis ◽  
The Brain

IntroductionFetal programming refers to the concept that early environmental factors, including prenatal exposure to stress and drugs, can permanently organize or imprint physiological and behavioural systems and increase vulnerability to disorders such as depression and anxiety later in life.AimsIs prenatal exposure to alcohol a factor which re-programs the brain?ObjectivesEffects of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) on:1)the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis;2)the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis;3)serotonergic (5-HT) system and4)adult hippocampal neurogenesis are presented.MethodsOffspring from prenatal ethanol (PAE), pair-fed (PF) and ad lib-fed control (C) dams are studied across the development or in adulthood. Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization techniques are used.ResultsIn term of the HPA axis: PAE alters the balance of mineralocorticoids/glucocorticoids (MRs/GRs) receptor levels in the hippocampus of adult females. In the case of the HPG axis: PAE delays puberty and changes hormonal profiles in males and females. PAE also decreases numbers of 5-HT-immunoreactive neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus of the brainstem in ovariectomized rats and estradiol and progesterone modulate those effects. Finally, in adult PAE males, but not females stress-induced decrease in neurogenesis is altered.ConclusionsIn our animal model PAE re-programs the brain. Effects of PAE are long-lasting, affect HPA and HPG axes, 5-HT system and adult hippocampal neurogenesis and if seen in humans could contribute to increased vulnerability to depression and anxiety.

ANALYSIS OF SOME NEUROTRANSMITTER MECHANISMS OF THE BRAIN NIGRO-STRIATAL SYSTEM IN REGULATION OF MOTOR ACTIVITY

Abstracts ◽  
1978 ◽  
pp. 640
Author(s):  
A.I. Balakleevsky ◽  
N.P. Bobrova ◽  
A.K. Dastchinsky ◽  
I.V. Maslova ◽  
A.I. Khomenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Striatal System

The development of MMN

2019 ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
Risto Näätänen ◽  
Teija Kujala ◽  
Gregory Light
Keyword(s):  
Neural Development ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Peak Latency ◽  
School Age ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Stimulation Parameters ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Sound Changes ◽  
Infant Brain ◽  
The Brain

The brain can detect sound changes very early on, even prenatally. Both positively and negatively displaced responses to deviant stimuli have been found in infancy, with the majority of studies reporting, however, positive mismatch responses (MMR) in infants within the first few months of life. Besides neural development, stimulation parameters may influence polarity. The positively displaced MMR develops towards the adult-like MMN between the ages of 3 and 9 months, there being a wide inter-individual variation in this development. From school age onwards, sound changes elicit MMNs with negative polarities fairly systematically. The MMN peak latency becomes shorter with development, similar to other event-related potential components, which is consistent with the development of myelination. MMN/MMR studies have illuminated auditory abilities and learning mechanisms in infants, suggesting, for example, that the infant brain can extract information on the regularities of sound input and foetuses can form long-lasting memory traces.

Improving organisational performance – red team policing and partnerships

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff Coliandris ◽  
Colin Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Learning Opportunities ◽  
Organisational Learning ◽  
Team Approach ◽  
Formal Learning ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Alternative Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Documentary Analysis ◽  
Alternative Approach

Purpose – Intra and inter-organisational learning holds important consequences for official agencies’ capabilities to reduce harm, particularly in the field of safeguarding children. A range of formal learning mechanisms exist but as these can be limited there is a case for expanding the learning opportunities relied upon. The concepts of “red teaming” and “alternative analysis” though relatively well established in other sectors are under-developed, under-used and under-promoted within policing. They offer flexible conceptual and practical resources that aim to challenge established models, thinking and practices. Policing organisations would benefit from institutionalising alternative forms of analysis though this would involve an attitudinal commitment and shift. This paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Documentary analysis and reflection. Findings – Consideration of the red team approach by police and partners offers an alternative approach to effective organisational learning to prevent repeating similar mistakes uncovered by Serious Case Reviews. Originality/value – This paper will allow practitioners to reflect upon current serious reviews of cases and offers an alternative and effective way of improving partner agencies capabilities to reduce harm.

scholarly journals POST-STROKE PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS: AN OVERVIEW ON ITS SCREENING AND MANAGEMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Keerthana Chandrasekar ◽  
Nakka Gautam Sai ◽  
Princy Sabu John ◽  
Sruthi Ninan ◽  
Raja D ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
The Third ◽  
Insufficient Amount ◽  
Psychiatric Complications ◽  
The Brain

Stroke is the third leading cause of death. Stroke occurs when an insufficient amount of blood is supplied to the brain due to a thrombus or an emboli leading to permanent tissue damage. Lesions in the brain can lead to psychiatric complications. The prevalence of psychiatric complications after stroke is very common. Psychiatric complications such as depression, anxiety, apathy, pseudobulbar effects (laughing and crying), mania, psychosis, and bipolar disorders are seen after stroke. In this review, various psychiatric disorders are reported among post-stroke survivors in which depression and anxiety are common. Consequently, apathy, pseudobulbar effects, catastrophic reactions, psychosis, bipolar disorder, and mania are also observed after stroke. Therefore, early detection and management of psychiatric disorders prevent further complications and improve the quality of life in post-stroke patients.

Is Isolation Room Time-Out a Punisher?

1981 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald E. P. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Aversive Stimulus ◽  
Maladaptive Behavior ◽  
Theoretical Ground ◽  
Classroom Behaviors ◽  
Isolation Room ◽  
Time Out ◽  
Environmental Stimulation ◽  
Negative Reinforcer ◽  
Mentally Impaired

The commonly held assumption that time-out intervention, as represented by use of an isolation room, constitutes a punisher is disputed on empirical and theoretical ground. Consistent, unemotional use of T-O, without ancillary punishers, is shown to result in typical extinction curves (rather than the steeper gradient of punishment curves) for both autistic and mentally impaired children with widely different abrasive behaviors. Such curves ordinarily result from withdrawal of either a positive or a negative reinforcer. But “maladaptive” classroom behaviors are thought to be maintained by negative reinforcement, the reduction of stress (an aversive stimulus) following agression. Thus, extinction of “maladaptive” behavior will result from withdrawal of the aversive stimulus, (i.e., escape from classroom-induced stress). The danger of using punishers and the therapeutic value of reduced environmental stimulation (RES) are pointed out.

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